NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 11 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ALFONZO RAMIREZ-SANTIAGO, No. 21-807 Agency No. Petitioner, A078-755-201 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted October 6, 2023** Pasadena, California
Before: BYBEE, BENNETT, and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner Alfonso Ramirez-Santiago, a native and citizen of Mexico,
petitions for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order dismissing
his appeal from an immigration judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his motion to suppress, and
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We review de novo constitutional questions
and the denial of a motion to suppress. Martinez-Medina v. Holder, 673 F.3d
1029, 1033 (9th Cir. 2011). We review the BIA’s factual findings for substantial
evidence. Villegas Sanchez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1173, 1178 (9th Cir. 2021). We
have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.
1. Ramirez-Santiago asserts that the immigration court lacked
jurisdiction because his Notice to Appear (“NTA”) failed to list the time or date of
his proceedings, and that we should therefore terminate his immigration
proceedings. This argument is foreclosed by our case law. See United States v.
Bastide-Hernandez, 39 F.4th 1187, 1188 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc) (“[T]he failure of
an NTA to include time and date information does not deprive the immigration
court of subject matter jurisdiction.”).
2. The BIA and the IJ (together, “the agency”) did not err in denying
Ramirez-Santiago’s motion to suppress the Form I-213. “[A]lthough as a general
matter the exclusionary rule does not apply in deportation . . . hearings, under the
clearly established law of this circuit evidence must be suppressed if it was
obtained through an egregious violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Orhorhaghe
v. INS, 38 F.3d 488, 493 (9th Cir. 1994). Ramirez-Santiago argues that the officers
egregiously violated his Fourth Amendment rights by stopping him solely because
2 21-807 they “suspect[ed] [him] to be illegal” based on his Hispanic appearance. However,
the officers had “a particularized and objective basis” for suspecting that he was
unlawfully present in the United States. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417
(1981). The officers identified Ramirez-Santiago as someone with prior
immigration and criminal history through a routine database check, obtained an I-
200 warrant for his arrest, and conducted surveillance around his last known
address. The officers saw “an adult Hispanic male matching the target’s
description” leaving his last known address in a vehicle registered to Ramirez-
Santiago’s spouse. Therefore, the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop him,
and Ramirez-Santiago did not make a prima facie showing of an egregious Fourth
Amendment violation.
Ramirez-Santiago further argues that the Form I-213 should have been
suppressed because the statements that form the basis for the Form I-213 were
obtained in violation of his Miranda rights. However, because we have held “that
Miranda warnings are not required before questioning in the civil deportation
context,” United States v. Solano-Godines, 120 F.3d 957, 960 (9th Cir. 1997), the
agency did not err in denying his motion and considering his statements.
3. Ramirez-Santiago argues that he was denied a full and fair hearing in
violation of his right to due process because he was denied an evidentiary hearing
on his motion to suppress, and he was unable to cross-examine the preparer of the
3 21-807 Form I-213. We disagree.
We will reverse an agency’s decision “on due process grounds if (1) the
proceeding was so fundamentally unfair that the [noncitizen] was prevented from
reasonably presenting his case, and (2) the [noncitizen] demonstrates prejudice,
which means that the outcome of the proceeding may have been affected by the
alleged violation.” Ibarra-Flores v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 614, 620–21 (9th Cir.
2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Because he was afforded a
deportation hearing, had an “opportunity to be represented by counsel, to prepare
an application for . . . relief, and to present testimony and other evidence in support
of the application,” Ramirez-Santiago has not shown the proceedings were
fundamentally unfair. Vargas-Hernandez v. Gonzales, 497 F.3d 919, 926 (9th Cir.
2007).
Ramirez-Santiago similarly fails to show how his inability to cross examine
the preparer of the Form I-213 constitutes a due process violation. “Form I-213 is
probative on the issue of entry, and its admission is fair absent evidence of
coercion or that the statements are not those of the petitioner.” Espinoza v. INS, 45
F.3d 308, 310 (9th Cir. 1995). Further, “[t]he [IJ] was not required to permit cross-
examination of the form’s preparer” because Ramirez-Santiago did not put forth
any probative evidence contesting the facts in the I-213. See id. at 311.
4 21-807 4. We find no error in the agency’s determination that Ramirez-Santiago
was ineligible for asylum because he failed to establish an extraordinary
circumstance to warrant an exception to the one-year asylum filing period.
Ramirez-Santiago last entered the United States in 2015; he did not file his asylum
application until 2019. He contends that he did not know the asylum process or the
law, but this is not an extraordinary circumstance under our precedent. See
Alquijay v. Garland, 40 F.4th 1099, 1103–04 (9th Cir. 2022) (rejecting petitioner’s
argument that “ignorance of the legal requirements for filing an asylum application
is an ‘extraordinary circumstance . . .’”).
5. Ramirez-Santiago further argues that the agency erred in denying
withholding of removal because the IJ incorrectly found his testimony not credible.
However, the BIA found that he waived his withholding of removal claim by
failing to argue “with particularity, that he faces a clear probability of persecution
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 11 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ALFONZO RAMIREZ-SANTIAGO, No. 21-807 Agency No. Petitioner, A078-755-201 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted October 6, 2023** Pasadena, California
Before: BYBEE, BENNETT, and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner Alfonso Ramirez-Santiago, a native and citizen of Mexico,
petitions for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order dismissing
his appeal from an immigration judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his motion to suppress, and
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We review de novo constitutional questions
and the denial of a motion to suppress. Martinez-Medina v. Holder, 673 F.3d
1029, 1033 (9th Cir. 2011). We review the BIA’s factual findings for substantial
evidence. Villegas Sanchez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1173, 1178 (9th Cir. 2021). We
have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.
1. Ramirez-Santiago asserts that the immigration court lacked
jurisdiction because his Notice to Appear (“NTA”) failed to list the time or date of
his proceedings, and that we should therefore terminate his immigration
proceedings. This argument is foreclosed by our case law. See United States v.
Bastide-Hernandez, 39 F.4th 1187, 1188 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc) (“[T]he failure of
an NTA to include time and date information does not deprive the immigration
court of subject matter jurisdiction.”).
2. The BIA and the IJ (together, “the agency”) did not err in denying
Ramirez-Santiago’s motion to suppress the Form I-213. “[A]lthough as a general
matter the exclusionary rule does not apply in deportation . . . hearings, under the
clearly established law of this circuit evidence must be suppressed if it was
obtained through an egregious violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Orhorhaghe
v. INS, 38 F.3d 488, 493 (9th Cir. 1994). Ramirez-Santiago argues that the officers
egregiously violated his Fourth Amendment rights by stopping him solely because
2 21-807 they “suspect[ed] [him] to be illegal” based on his Hispanic appearance. However,
the officers had “a particularized and objective basis” for suspecting that he was
unlawfully present in the United States. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417
(1981). The officers identified Ramirez-Santiago as someone with prior
immigration and criminal history through a routine database check, obtained an I-
200 warrant for his arrest, and conducted surveillance around his last known
address. The officers saw “an adult Hispanic male matching the target’s
description” leaving his last known address in a vehicle registered to Ramirez-
Santiago’s spouse. Therefore, the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop him,
and Ramirez-Santiago did not make a prima facie showing of an egregious Fourth
Amendment violation.
Ramirez-Santiago further argues that the Form I-213 should have been
suppressed because the statements that form the basis for the Form I-213 were
obtained in violation of his Miranda rights. However, because we have held “that
Miranda warnings are not required before questioning in the civil deportation
context,” United States v. Solano-Godines, 120 F.3d 957, 960 (9th Cir. 1997), the
agency did not err in denying his motion and considering his statements.
3. Ramirez-Santiago argues that he was denied a full and fair hearing in
violation of his right to due process because he was denied an evidentiary hearing
on his motion to suppress, and he was unable to cross-examine the preparer of the
3 21-807 Form I-213. We disagree.
We will reverse an agency’s decision “on due process grounds if (1) the
proceeding was so fundamentally unfair that the [noncitizen] was prevented from
reasonably presenting his case, and (2) the [noncitizen] demonstrates prejudice,
which means that the outcome of the proceeding may have been affected by the
alleged violation.” Ibarra-Flores v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 614, 620–21 (9th Cir.
2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Because he was afforded a
deportation hearing, had an “opportunity to be represented by counsel, to prepare
an application for . . . relief, and to present testimony and other evidence in support
of the application,” Ramirez-Santiago has not shown the proceedings were
fundamentally unfair. Vargas-Hernandez v. Gonzales, 497 F.3d 919, 926 (9th Cir.
2007).
Ramirez-Santiago similarly fails to show how his inability to cross examine
the preparer of the Form I-213 constitutes a due process violation. “Form I-213 is
probative on the issue of entry, and its admission is fair absent evidence of
coercion or that the statements are not those of the petitioner.” Espinoza v. INS, 45
F.3d 308, 310 (9th Cir. 1995). Further, “[t]he [IJ] was not required to permit cross-
examination of the form’s preparer” because Ramirez-Santiago did not put forth
any probative evidence contesting the facts in the I-213. See id. at 311.
4 21-807 4. We find no error in the agency’s determination that Ramirez-Santiago
was ineligible for asylum because he failed to establish an extraordinary
circumstance to warrant an exception to the one-year asylum filing period.
Ramirez-Santiago last entered the United States in 2015; he did not file his asylum
application until 2019. He contends that he did not know the asylum process or the
law, but this is not an extraordinary circumstance under our precedent. See
Alquijay v. Garland, 40 F.4th 1099, 1103–04 (9th Cir. 2022) (rejecting petitioner’s
argument that “ignorance of the legal requirements for filing an asylum application
is an ‘extraordinary circumstance . . .’”).
5. Ramirez-Santiago further argues that the agency erred in denying
withholding of removal because the IJ incorrectly found his testimony not credible.
However, the BIA found that he waived his withholding of removal claim by
failing to argue “with particularity, that he faces a clear probability of persecution
in Mexico on account of his membership in a particular social group.” On appeal,
Ramirez-Santiago neither addresses the BIA’s decision nor raises the merits of his
withholding of removal claim in his opening brief. We therefore deem this issue
forfeited. See Martinez-Serrano v. INS, 94 F.3d 1256, 1259 (9th Cir. 1996)
(finding a party forfeits an issue by failing to meaningfully discuss it in the
opening brief).
6. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of CAT relief.
5 21-807 Ramirez-Santiago argues that the country reports show that Mexican law
enforcement and its government are willfully blind to persecution and torture, and
he is therefore entitled to CAT relief. Without more, his argument fails because
“evidence that a government has been generally ineffective in preventing or
investigating criminal activities [does not] raise an inference that public officials
are likely to acquiesce in torture, absent evidence of corruption or other inability or
unwillingness to oppose criminal organizations.” Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755
F.3d 1026, 1034 (9th Cir. 2014). Ramirez-Santiago fails to show how he will be
subjected to a “particularized threat of torture” that is different than the general
population of Mexico. Dhital v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1044, 1052 (9th Cir. 2008).
The temporary stay of removal remains in place until the mandate issues.
PETITION DENIED.
6 21-807