SAYRE, J.
Defendant (appellant) moved to quash the indictment, and separately each count thereof, on the ground that count 1 did not conclude “.against the peace and dignity of the state of Alabama,” and that
count 2 likewise failed so to conclude, and,' further, that count 2 did not commence according to the statute, viz.:
“The grand jury of said county charge that before the finding of this indictment * *
[1]
The first objection to the indictment is answered by the decisions in McGuire v. State, 37 Ala. 161, and Harrison v. State, 144 Ala. 20, 40 South. 568.
[2]
The second would have been removed by the nolle prosequi as to the second count entered by the state (Barnett v. State, 54 Ala. 579), had the order in pursuance thereof been made a part of the record proper in the cause. The order of nolle prosequi should have been shown in the judgment entry. Petty v. Dill, 53 Ala. 641; Ross v. State, 62 Ala. 224; Diggs v. State, 77 Ala. 68; Durrett v. State, 133 Ala. 119, 32 South. 234: 1 Mich. Dig. p. 411, § 518.
[3, 4]
The rule — except as to the formal conclusion in respect of which we have noted out decisions supra — is that each count must be sufficient in itself. Harrison v. State, supra. The orderly and full form is to put each count into one paragraph, having a separate commencement (not caption), and, as a rule, any count from which the commencement is omitted is therefore bad. 1 Bishop, Cr. Proc. (2d Ed.) § 429.
[5]
However, defendant’s objection to the second count, appearing on the face thereof and going to the sufficiency of the formal allegation of the charging authority, was more properly matter for demurrer, and it was in the unrevisable discretion of the trial court to overrule the motion and put the defendant to his demurrer. Johnson v. State, 134 Ala. 54, 32 South. 724.
[6]
Defendant and deceased had been neighbors up to the time of the fatal difficulty. Deceased was killed in the road near the house in which ' defendant lived. Defendant’s plea was that he took no part in the killing of deceased, or, in the alternative, that he acted in the excusable defense of his brother, jointly indicted with him. Evidence tended to show that, about dark, defendant or his brother had killed a dog belonging to deceased by shooting him with a gun, and that deceased, hearing the shooting, armed himself and went to the scene. Evidence for the state tended to show that defendant and his brother lay in wait for deceased, and opened fire upon him from opposite sides of the road, inflicting a number of mortal wounds. Eor the defendant the theory was that deceased started the difficulty by opening fire on defendant’s brother. We are unable to say that the trial court erred in excluding evidence — -which defendant proposed to elicit from the state’s witness Elton Grice on cross-examination — that the dog was vicious. If the fact that deceased’s dog was vicious may have tended to show that de-fondant or his brother were not at fault in shooting the dog, still that fact did not tend to show that they were free from fault in the immediate circumstances of the rencoun-ter which came afterwards, nor did it shed light upon any legál constituent of self-defense. It was too remote. Rogers v. State, 117 Ala. 192, 23 South. 82.
[7]
A revolver was found near the body of deceased as it lay in the road. The cartridge in one chamber of the revolver had been discharged. May, a witness for the prosecution, testified that he was familiar with such things, that he had used pistols and shells a good deal, and that the shell in the empty chamber and the barrel of the revolver showed that it had not been discharged recently. The relevancy of this testimony is patent. Further objection was taken on the ground that the witness was not shown to be expert. A witness may have expert knowledge of some of the more ordinary affairs of life (Staples v. Steed, 167 Ala. 241, 52 South. 646, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 480; D. & N. v. Travis, 192 Ala. 453, 68 South. 342), and our opinion is that this witness was qualified to testify as he did.
[8]
There was an order of severance, and this defendant was tried alone, but his brothers Searcy and Fair were jointly indicted with him,.and the evidence went strongly to show that the killing of deceased was the result of a scheme concerted between them and by them jointly executed. In detail, the evidence went to show that Fair participated in the killing by shooting deceased with a gun, by encouraging his brothers to kill, and that after deceased was prostrate in the road this appellant struck him over the head with the gun which had been fired by Fair, breaking the gun and producing a fracture of the skull of deceased. State’s witness Rogers was permitted to testify that after the killing — within 15 to 30 minutes thereafter, as other testimony went to prove —“Fair hid it [the gun] after that when he got to the house with it.” The objection was that this testimony was immaterial, illegal, and incompetent. Further testifying, after the ruling just stated and after defendant had duly excepted, this witness said:
“After he got to the house with the gun, it was broke: I don’t know if I ever saw the piece of wood before. I seen it was apart. Edgar laid it in the chair, and he picked it up out of the chair. He carried it in the house and laid it on the chair. Fair picked it up, and carried it in the field and hid it under some grass.”
This excerpt from the record of the evidence adduced at the trial is made because it sheds light upon the true meaning and effect of the ruling to which defendant’s exception was reserved. At the time of the act to which the witness testified the killing was an accomplished fact. But from the
evidence it was possible that the jury find defendant on trial to bave been a principal in the second degree — punishable as a principal. Code, § 6219 — and that either Searcy or Pair, or both, did the actual killing. In this view of the case, evidence of co-operation being offered, it was proper — necessary in fact — to prove the guilt of either or both codefendants as principals. Self v. State, 6 Baxt. (Tenn.) 244. The evidence in question at this point tended to establish the guilt of codefendant Pair Pynes.
[9]
We must assume, there being nothing to the contrary, that the statement of Mr. Lee, who aided the state in its prosecution, was made in good faith. His statement was made in his place as an attorney, was not a statement of fact to the jury, as was the case in the adjudications cited by appellant, but was made in the effort to show the court the relevancy of the fact the state was then offering to prove. In this we find no cause for reversal.
[10]
It was not for the witness Searcy Pynes to say that he could not retreat without adding to his danger. He should have been asked to state the fabts, leaving the conclusion to the jury.
Other rulings on evidence, involving no questions of novelty or difficulty, need not be stated or argued. We find in them no error.
[11]
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SAYRE, J.
Defendant (appellant) moved to quash the indictment, and separately each count thereof, on the ground that count 1 did not conclude “.against the peace and dignity of the state of Alabama,” and that
count 2 likewise failed so to conclude, and,' further, that count 2 did not commence according to the statute, viz.:
“The grand jury of said county charge that before the finding of this indictment * *
[1]
The first objection to the indictment is answered by the decisions in McGuire v. State, 37 Ala. 161, and Harrison v. State, 144 Ala. 20, 40 South. 568.
[2]
The second would have been removed by the nolle prosequi as to the second count entered by the state (Barnett v. State, 54 Ala. 579), had the order in pursuance thereof been made a part of the record proper in the cause. The order of nolle prosequi should have been shown in the judgment entry. Petty v. Dill, 53 Ala. 641; Ross v. State, 62 Ala. 224; Diggs v. State, 77 Ala. 68; Durrett v. State, 133 Ala. 119, 32 South. 234: 1 Mich. Dig. p. 411, § 518.
[3, 4]
The rule — except as to the formal conclusion in respect of which we have noted out decisions supra — is that each count must be sufficient in itself. Harrison v. State, supra. The orderly and full form is to put each count into one paragraph, having a separate commencement (not caption), and, as a rule, any count from which the commencement is omitted is therefore bad. 1 Bishop, Cr. Proc. (2d Ed.) § 429.
[5]
However, defendant’s objection to the second count, appearing on the face thereof and going to the sufficiency of the formal allegation of the charging authority, was more properly matter for demurrer, and it was in the unrevisable discretion of the trial court to overrule the motion and put the defendant to his demurrer. Johnson v. State, 134 Ala. 54, 32 South. 724.
[6]
Defendant and deceased had been neighbors up to the time of the fatal difficulty. Deceased was killed in the road near the house in which ' defendant lived. Defendant’s plea was that he took no part in the killing of deceased, or, in the alternative, that he acted in the excusable defense of his brother, jointly indicted with him. Evidence tended to show that, about dark, defendant or his brother had killed a dog belonging to deceased by shooting him with a gun, and that deceased, hearing the shooting, armed himself and went to the scene. Evidence for the state tended to show that defendant and his brother lay in wait for deceased, and opened fire upon him from opposite sides of the road, inflicting a number of mortal wounds. Eor the defendant the theory was that deceased started the difficulty by opening fire on defendant’s brother. We are unable to say that the trial court erred in excluding evidence — -which defendant proposed to elicit from the state’s witness Elton Grice on cross-examination — that the dog was vicious. If the fact that deceased’s dog was vicious may have tended to show that de-fondant or his brother were not at fault in shooting the dog, still that fact did not tend to show that they were free from fault in the immediate circumstances of the rencoun-ter which came afterwards, nor did it shed light upon any legál constituent of self-defense. It was too remote. Rogers v. State, 117 Ala. 192, 23 South. 82.
[7]
A revolver was found near the body of deceased as it lay in the road. The cartridge in one chamber of the revolver had been discharged. May, a witness for the prosecution, testified that he was familiar with such things, that he had used pistols and shells a good deal, and that the shell in the empty chamber and the barrel of the revolver showed that it had not been discharged recently. The relevancy of this testimony is patent. Further objection was taken on the ground that the witness was not shown to be expert. A witness may have expert knowledge of some of the more ordinary affairs of life (Staples v. Steed, 167 Ala. 241, 52 South. 646, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 480; D. & N. v. Travis, 192 Ala. 453, 68 South. 342), and our opinion is that this witness was qualified to testify as he did.
[8]
There was an order of severance, and this defendant was tried alone, but his brothers Searcy and Fair were jointly indicted with him,.and the evidence went strongly to show that the killing of deceased was the result of a scheme concerted between them and by them jointly executed. In detail, the evidence went to show that Fair participated in the killing by shooting deceased with a gun, by encouraging his brothers to kill, and that after deceased was prostrate in the road this appellant struck him over the head with the gun which had been fired by Fair, breaking the gun and producing a fracture of the skull of deceased. State’s witness Rogers was permitted to testify that after the killing — within 15 to 30 minutes thereafter, as other testimony went to prove —“Fair hid it [the gun] after that when he got to the house with it.” The objection was that this testimony was immaterial, illegal, and incompetent. Further testifying, after the ruling just stated and after defendant had duly excepted, this witness said:
“After he got to the house with the gun, it was broke: I don’t know if I ever saw the piece of wood before. I seen it was apart. Edgar laid it in the chair, and he picked it up out of the chair. He carried it in the house and laid it on the chair. Fair picked it up, and carried it in the field and hid it under some grass.”
This excerpt from the record of the evidence adduced at the trial is made because it sheds light upon the true meaning and effect of the ruling to which defendant’s exception was reserved. At the time of the act to which the witness testified the killing was an accomplished fact. But from the
evidence it was possible that the jury find defendant on trial to bave been a principal in the second degree — punishable as a principal. Code, § 6219 — and that either Searcy or Pair, or both, did the actual killing. In this view of the case, evidence of co-operation being offered, it was proper — necessary in fact — to prove the guilt of either or both codefendants as principals. Self v. State, 6 Baxt. (Tenn.) 244. The evidence in question at this point tended to establish the guilt of codefendant Pair Pynes.
[9]
We must assume, there being nothing to the contrary, that the statement of Mr. Lee, who aided the state in its prosecution, was made in good faith. His statement was made in his place as an attorney, was not a statement of fact to the jury, as was the case in the adjudications cited by appellant, but was made in the effort to show the court the relevancy of the fact the state was then offering to prove. In this we find no cause for reversal.
[10]
It was not for the witness Searcy Pynes to say that he could not retreat without adding to his danger. He should have been asked to state the fabts, leaving the conclusion to the jury.
Other rulings on evidence, involving no questions of novelty or difficulty, need not be stated or argued. We find in them no error.
[11]
Several of the charges requested by defendant were properly refused for the reason that they ignored the evidence which tended to show that defendant and his co-defendants plotted to kill deceased and assume that the actual killing w.as done by Searcy alone. Such are charges 14 to both inclusive.
[12]
Some of the charges relate to the question of defendant’s right to act in defense of his brother as affected by the fact (alleged) that his brother was within the curtilage of his dwelling house. These charges, 13, 24, and D, pretermit all statement of the effect of the'evidence from which the jury may have inferred that defendant and his codefendants laid in wait for deceased. If they did lie in wait, they were in no better case than if they had not been within the curtilage. Moreover, the law of this subject was fully stated to the jury in the court’s oral charge and in special instructions given at defendant’s request.
Charges 6 and 7 were well refused, for the reason that they failed to state the proper legal elements of self-defense.
Other charges need no special consideration.
There was no error.
Affirmed.
ANDERSON, C. .L, and GARDNER and MILLER, JJ., concur.