United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit No. 25-1857
ELIZABETH PUTNAM; CALE PUTNAM,
Plaintiffs, Appellants,
v.
EPR PROPERTIES; PREMIER PARKS, LLC,
Defendants, Appellees.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Margaret R. Guzman, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Aframe, Howard, and Dunlap, Circuit Judges.
Benjamin R. Zimmermann, with whom Stacey L. Pietrowicz, Sarah Yun, and Sugarman & Sugarman, P.C., were on brief, for appellants.
Peter L. Bosse, with whom Karli J. Grant and Boyle Shaughnessy Law P.C. were on brief, for appellee EPR Properties.
William J. Brennan, with whom Kennedys CMK LLP was on brief, for appellee Premier Parks, LLC.
April 28, 2026 DUNLAP, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs-Appellants Elizabeth
and Cale Putnam ("Plaintiffs") are bereaved parents whose
five-year old son, Anthony, died after an unsecured Murphy bed
fell on him in their room at the Hotel Valcartier in Québec,
Canada, where the family was vacationing. Seeking redress for the
alleged wrongful death of their son, Plaintiffs sued
Defendants-Appellees Premier Parks, LLC ("Premier") and EPR
Properties ("EPR") (together, "Defendants"), who they
believed -- based on public information -- operated and owned the
Hotel Valcartier, respectively. Premier and EPR each moved to
dismiss Plaintiffs' suit for lack of personal jurisdiction, based
on sworn statements denying that Premier or EPR owned, operated,
advertised, or booked rooms for the Hotel Valcartier. Despite
Plaintiffs' submission of documents linking Defendants to the
ownership and management of the Hotel Valcartier, the district
court dismissed Plaintiffs' complaint with prejudice and denied
Plaintiffs any jurisdictional discovery. Following our review of
the record on appeal, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
I.
At all relevant times, Plaintiffs were citizens of
Massachusetts. Premier is a limited liability company that
operates amusement and water parks in several states, not including
Massachusetts. Incorporated in Delaware, Premier has its
- 2 - headquarters in Oklahoma. EPR is a real estate investment trust
incorporated in Maryland and headquartered in Missouri.
From 2022 to 2024, Elizabeth Putnam saw advertisements
and content related to the Ice Hotel on the Hotel Valcartier
property in Québec, Canada. Sometime in late 2022 or early 2023,
she received an issue of Yankee Magazine -- a publication
targeting New England audiences -- that included an article
featuring the Ice Hotel. In October 2022, she sent an email to
info@valcartier.com inquiring about when and how she could book a
room at the Ice Hotel. In April 2023, she booked a room at the
Ice Hotel for January 14, 2024, via valcartier.com. The booking
also included a room at the Hotel Valcartier on the same night so
Plaintiffs could shower and store their luggage. The hotel
emailed Elizabeth Putnam a receipt that included her Massachusetts
mailing address. Thereafter, Elizabeth began receiving regular
marketing emails from the hotel. She also revised her hotel
reservation via email to add an extra night, received direct
marketing emails throughout the year, and later booked an activity
at the hotel's spa and added yet another night to her family's
reservation. The hotel again billed her using her Massachusetts
address. The marketing communications, emails, receipts, and
invoices that Elizabeth received listed "Village Vacances
Valcartier" as the sender. On January 12, 2024, Plaintiffs
arrived at the hotel with their son, where they noticed multiple
- 3 - Massachusetts vehicles in the hotel parking lot. Shortly after the
family arrived at the hotel, an unsecured Murphy bed fell on
Anthony and caused catastrophic head injuries that led to his death
later that night.
In October 2024, Plaintiffs brought a wrongful death
suit against Premier and EPR -- who they alleged were the operator
and owner of the Hotel Valcartier, respectively -- in the federal
district court for the District of Massachusetts, invoking
diversity jurisdiction. Plaintiffs alleged that Premier operated
the Hotel Valcartier, that EPR gave Premier possession and control
of the hotel property through a triple-net lease, and that Premier
and EPR knew or should have known that the Murphy bed that killed
Anthony had inadequate mechanisms for preventing its accidental
rapid descent to the floor. They further alleged that Premier and
EPR "regularly, continuously, and systematically market . . . the
Hotel Valcartier . . . to residents of Massachusetts," and
"solicit business from" and "contract with Massachusetts
residents." In particular, they alleged that their "cause of
action ar[ose] from [Premier and EPR's] transaction of business in
Massachusetts, namely their marketing to and contracting with the
plaintiffs in Massachusetts for the rental of rooms at Hotel
Valcartier, and the provision of [related] services." Each
defendant moved to dismiss the suit for lack of personal
jurisdiction.
- 4 - With its motion, EPR submitted an affidavit from its
director of asset management, Bob Stanion, who asserted that "EPR
does not own the Hotel Valcartier," but "has direct and indirect
ownership interests in various subsidiary entities" that "own
various properties in the United States and Canada." He further
stated that one of those subsidiaries, Valcartier Property LP,
owned "[t]he property on which the Hotel Valcartier sits" and
"entered into a triple-net lease agreement dated June 10,
2022" -- to which EPR "is not a party" -- "with Village Vacances
Valcartier Inc." Under this lease agreement, Stanion stated,
"Valcartier Property LP has no involvement in the operation,
maintenance, or business activities of the Hotel Valcartier" and
only "own[s] the property and collect[s] fixed rent from its
tenant." He averred that "[n]either EPR nor its
subsidiaries . . . direct, coordinate, control, or otherwise have
any involvement in any marketing or advertising of the Hotel
Valcartier in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts or anywhere else,"
"solicit business directly from consumers such as the Plaintiffs,"
"have any direct communications with consumers regarding the Hotel
Valcartier," or operate or maintain the hotel's website or social
media accounts.1
1 Plaintiffs have not attempted to add Valcartier Property LP as a defendant in this suit.
- 5 - In support of its motion to dismiss, Premier submitted
a declaration by its Chief Financial Officer, Jessica Cerbo.
Cerbo declared that Premier does not advertise in Massachusetts,
nor market to or contract with Massachusetts residents, including
for services or rooms at the Hotel Valcartier. She further
declared that "Premier Parks is not involved in travel bookings"
and "did not solicit, market or transact any business in
Massachusetts and/or with the Plaintiffs," but she did not
expressly state that Premier did not operate the hotel.
Plaintiffs opposed both motions to dismiss. In support,
they submitted an affidavit from Elizabeth Putnam explaining her
above-described contacts with the Hotel Valcartier. Accompanying
her affidavit, Elizabeth provided several exhibits showing her
email exchanges with the hotel, the receipts for her room and
service bookings, and marketing emails she received from the hotel.
In addition, Plaintiffs submitted publicly available documents
that they argued linked Premier and EPR to the Hotel Valcartier.
The most relevant of those documents included:
• A company statement from EPR's website from June 2, 2022, titled "EPR Properties Announces $142 Million Acquisition of the Village Vacances Valcartier and Calypso Properties," which indicated that "EPR Properties . . . announced that it is acquiring the Village Vacances Valcartier resort and hotel in Québec City, Québec" and "[s]imultaneous with the acquisition, the Company is leasing these properties to Premier Parks pursuant to a long-term triple net lease." The statement includes a quote from EPR's Chairman and CEO, Gregory Silvers, indicating, "We are delighted to announce
- 6 - the acquisition of two of the top performing attractions in Canada."
• An excerpt of EPR's 10-K filing from 2023,2 which notes that EPR "owned properties . . . in . . . the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Québec," and that, in Québec, it owned 399,437 gross square feet of "building" from which it made approximately $9.4 million in rental revenue for the year that ended on December 31, 2023.
• Screenshots of an undated map and list of EPR's real estate portfolio on EPR's website, which features "Village Vacances Valcartier Resort and Hotel" as part of EPR's portfolio and lists the resort and hotel's "[o]perator" as "Premier Parks."
• A statement posted on Premier's website on June 21, 2022, titled "Calypso-Valcartier Group Resort and Water Parks Joins Premier Parks, LLC," which states that the "Calypso-Valcartier . . . resort company welcomes a new property owner -- EPR Properties, and new management -- Premier Parks, LLC." The statement features a quote from Premier's CEO, Kieran Burke, stating that it was "a very exciting time to welcome . . . Village Vacances Valcartier to our family of parks." It further indicates that "Calypso-Valcartier Group, now part of the Premier Parks family includes" the "Village Vacances Valcartier . . . dynamic tourist and leisure complex," as well as the "Hotel Valcartier" and "Hôtel de Glace" (Ice Hotel).
• The public filing for "Valcartier Holiday Village, SRI" (the anglicized version of Village Vacances Valcartier, SRI ("VVV")) in the Business Register of Québec, listing "Kieran E. Burke" -- Premier's CEO -- as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board for that entity and the "ultimate beneficiary" with "more than 75% of the voting rights."
• A LinkedIn post for Premier sharing the Valcartier acquisition, announcing that Premier was "[d]elighted to
2In its brief on appeal, EPR points out that in another section of its 10-K filing, which Plaintiffs did not include in their exhibit, it stated: "Substantially all of our assets are held through our subsidiaries," which "are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligations . . . to make funds available to [EPR]."
- 7 - welcome Sylvain Lauzon and the talented professionals at Calypso-Valcartier Group to the Premier Parks family."
• A Glassdoor job posting, published by Premier on October 22, 2024, stating: "We are looking for passionate people to join our team at the Aroma Spa located in the Village Vacances Valcartier hotel" and to "[r]epresent the VVV in its activities and ensure complete customer satisfaction." It directs would-be applicants to apply at rh@valcartier.com.
• A screenshot of Premier's website, with the header "The Largest Independent Operator of Parks In North America" and subtitle "Actively seeking to acquire, lease and manage theme parks, water parks, and visitor attractions throughout North America." On the screenshot, the subtitle is immediately followed by logos of various parks and hotels, including the Valcartier logo.
Defendants filed replies, and Premier submitted a new
declaration from Burke stating that Premier "has never owned,
operated, or managed Hotel Valcartier," "contracted or arranged
for the rental of rooms or services at Hotel Valcartier,"
"marketed . . . to potential customers for room rentals or
services at Hotel Valcartier," or had "any employees working at
Hotel Valcartier," "including on or around January 12, 2024," the
date of Anthony Putnam's death. Burke further declared that these
operational, managerial, and advertising services were all handled
by another entity, VVV, whose parent company is CV Operations,
LP.3 Burke's affidavit did not explain how VVV or CV Operations,
Plaintiffs pointed to a discrepancy in the Premier and EPR 3
affidavits, which refer to this entity as Village Vacances Valcartier, SRI and Village Vacances Valcartier, Inc., respectively, but Premier and EPR have explained that this is the same entity, which underwent a name change. We are not persuaded that this discrepancy, which Defendants have clarified, creates a - 8 - LP are related to Premier, or how Burke had personal knowledge of
either of those entities' operations; however, Plaintiffs'
documentary support shows that Burke is the CEO of both Premier
and VVV.4
In July 2025, the district court heard argument on the
motions, and on August 29, 2025, it dismissed all claims with
prejudice and denied Plaintiffs' request for jurisdictional
discovery. This appeal followed.
II.
A. Standard of Review
We review the district court's dismissal for lack of
personal jurisdiction de novo. Rodríguez-Rivera v. Allscripts
Healthcare Sols., Inc., 43 F.4th 150, 160 (1st Cir. 2022). Because
"[t]he jurisdictional determination in this case was made at the
inception of the litigation," we utilize the "prima facie
approach," under which we ask "whether the plaintiff[s] ha[ve]
proffered facts that, if credited, would support all findings
essential to personal jurisdiction." Ward v. AlphaCore Pharma,
LLC, 89 F.4th 203, 208–09 (1st Cir. 2023) (quoting Chen v. U.S.
Sports Acad., Inc., 956 F.3d 45, 51 (1st Cir. 2020) (internal
genuine conflict over jurisdictional facts or alters our analysis of the declarations and affidavit. 4 Plaintiffs have not attempted to add VVV or CV Operations, LP as defendants in their lawsuit.
- 9 - quotations omitted)). "[P]laintiff[s] cannot rely solely on
conclusory averments but must 'adduce evidence of specific
facts.'" Chen, 956 F.3d at 54 (quoting Foster-Miller, Inc. v.
Babcock & Wilcox Canada, 46 F.3d 138, 145 (1st Cir. 1995)). We
draw the relevant facts from the pleadings as well as the
supplemental filings in the record. Motus, LLC v. CarData
Consultants, Inc., 23 F.4th 115, 123 (1st Cir. 2022). Plaintiffs
bear the burden of proffering sufficient evidence to establish
that the district court has personal jurisdiction over Premier and
EPR. See LP Sols. LLC v. Duchossois, 907 F.3d 95, 102 (1st Cir.
2018).
Under the prima facie approach, we "accept the
plaintiff[s'] properly documented evidentiary proffers as true and
give 'credence to the plaintiff[s'] version of genuinely contested
facts.'" Chen, 956 F.3d at 54 (quoting Baskin-Robbins Franchising
LLC v. Alpenrose Dairy, Inc., 825 F.3d 28, 34 (1st Cir. 2016)).
We also, however, consider "undisputed jurisdictional facts"
proffered by the defendants. Id. at 56 (emphasis added).
Defendants may introduce such facts via affidavits by persons with
"adequate knowledge of the situation." Id. It is worth
emphasizing that the facts which the defendants put forward "become
part of the mix only to the extent that they are uncontradicted,"
whereas we "must accept the plaintiff[s'] (properly documented)
evidentiary proffers as true" regardless of "whether the
- 10 - defendant[s] dispute[] them, and . . . 'construe them in the light
most congenial to the plaintiff[s'] jurisdictional claim.'"
Adelson v. Hananel, 510 F.3d 43, 48 (1st Cir. 2007) (first quoting
Foster-Miller, 46 F.3d at 145; and then quoting Mass Sch. of L. at
Andover, Inc. v. A.B.A., 142 F.3d 26, 34 (1st Cir. 1998)).
We review the lower court's decision to deny
jurisdictional discovery for abuse of discretion, a "deferential"
standard under which we will overturn an order "'only upon a clear
showing' that 'the lower court's discovery order was plainly wrong
and resulted in substantial prejudice to the aggrieved party.'"
Motus, 23 F.4th at 128 (quoting United States v. Swiss Am. Bank,
Ltd., 274 F.3d 610, 626 (1st Cir. 2001)).
B. Personal Jurisdiction
To evaluate whether the district court, sitting in
Massachusetts, may exercise personal jurisdiction over Premier and
EPR, we must look to both the U.S. Constitution and the
Massachusetts long-arm statute. Nandjou v. Marriott Int'l, Inc.,
985 F.3d 135, 148 (1st Cir. 2021). Under the Due Process Clause,
a federal court sitting in Massachusetts may only exercise
jurisdiction over out-of-state defendants like Premier and EPR if
they have "sufficient minimum contacts" with Massachusetts, "such
that 'maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions
of fair play and substantial justice.'" Id. (quoting Adelson,
510 F.3d at 49 (internal quotations omitted)). Consistent with
- 11 - due process, a court may exercise specific jurisdiction over an
out-of-state defendant if the case "relates sufficiently to, or
arises from, a significant subset of contacts between the defendant
and the forum." Chen, 956 F.3d at 55 (quoting Baskin-Robbins, 825
F.3d at 35).5 Similarly, under the subsection of the Massachusetts
long-arm statute on which Plaintiffs base their argument, a court
may exercise jurisdiction if Plaintiffs demonstrate that their
cause of action "aris[es] from" Premier and EPR's "transacting any
business in [the] commonwealth" of Massachusetts. Mass. Gen. Laws
ch. 223A, § 3(a); see Tatro v. Manor Care, Inc., 625 N.E.2d 549,
551 (Mass. 1994).
Plaintiffs' theory is that the district court had
personal jurisdiction over Premier and EPR because Defendants
regularly market in Massachusetts and accept hotel reservations
from Massachusetts residents, and they did so in communicating
with Plaintiffs regarding Plaintiffs' reservation at the Hotel
Valcartier. To support this theory, Plaintiffs cite a line of
cases in which courts have exercised personal jurisdiction over
out-of-state hotel companies that marketed to Massachusetts
5 To establish specific jurisdiction, "for each claim and each defendant," Plaintiffs "must make a tripartite showing: that the claim is sufficiently related to the [D]efendant[s'] contacts with Massachusetts, that [those] contacts with Massachusetts constitute purposeful availment of the protections and privileges of conducting business in the Commonwealth, and that the exercise of jurisdiction there is reasonable." Nandjou v. Marriott Int'l, Inc., 985 F.3d 135, 148 (1st Cir. 2021).
- 12 - residents or booked rooms for Massachusetts residents. See
Nandjou, 985 F.3d at 150; Nowak v. Tak How Invs., Ltd., 94 F.3d
708, 712 (1st Cir. 1996); Sigros v. Walt Disney World Co., 129 F.
Supp. 2d 56, 62–69 (D. Mass. 2001). Under these cases, if Premier
and EPR marketed the Hotel Valcartier to, or booked rooms at the
hotel for, Massachusetts residents like Plaintiffs, Anthony
Putnam's wrongful death could plausibly have arisen from Premier
and EPR's transacting business in Massachusetts.
Plaintiffs alleged such activities by Premier and EPR in
their complaint, but they did so in a conclusory fashion, which
does not suffice to show personal jurisdiction under the prima
facie standard. See Ward, 89 F.4th at 209; Chen, 956 F.3d at 54.
Accordingly, we must determine whether Plaintiffs' proffers of
"evidence of specific facts . . . beyond the pleadings"
affirmatively prove their allegations, Vapotherm, Inc. v.
Santiago, 38 F.4th 252, 257 (1st Cir. 2022) (quoting Boit v.
Gar-Tec Prods., Inc., 967 F.2d 671, 675 (1st Cir. 1992)) (emphasis
added), and whether Plaintiffs' factual proffers genuinely
conflict with the jurisdictional facts that Premier and EPR have
articulated in their affidavit and declarations, see Chen, 956
F.3d at 54. If so, we must credit Plaintiffs' version of those
facts and reverse the dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction;
if not, we must credit Defendants' facts and affirm the dismissal.
- 13 - See id. at 54, 56; Escude Cruz v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 619 F.2d
902, 907 (1st Cir. 1980).
1. Plaintiffs' Affidavit and Attached Exhibits
Beginning with Elizabeth Putnam's affidavit and related
exhibits, we conclude that Plaintiffs fail to directly contradict
the jurisdictional facts set forth in Premier and EPR's sworn
statements. While they link the Hotel Valcartier to "Village
Vacances Valcartier" -- which could be the full name of the resort
or an abbreviated reference to the VVV entity -- they do nothing
to show that Premier and EPR were involved in the hotel's
advertising and room booking efforts that were directed toward
Massachusetts residents.
The affidavit itself does not mention Premier or EPR at
all -- let alone indicate that Plaintiffs ever contracted with
them, that either Premier or EPR advertises and solicits business
for the Hotel Valcartier from Massachusetts residents, or that
either Premier or EPR owns or operates the hotel. Rather,
Elizabeth Putnam merely attests that she contacted the hotel at
"info@valcartier.com" and "the Valcartier.com web address," and
received "regular mailings from the Hotel Valcartier," including
"marketing emails . . . from Hotel Valcartier." These statements
certainly link the hotel to Massachusetts; but, critically, they
do not link Premier or EPR to the hotel.
- 14 - Likewise, the exhibits attached to the
affidavit -- including Elizabeth Putnam's emails with the hotel,
receipts, and marketing communications -- do not contradict
Defendants' sworn statements that Valcartier Property LP (not EPR)
owns the land and leases it to VVV, that VVV (not Premier) operates
the hotel, and that VVV handles the hotel's advertising and
booking. The hotel's emails to Elizabeth Putnam are all from
"Valcartier" email domains that could as readily be attributed to
Valcartier Property LP or VVV as to Premier or EPR. Likewise,
Elizabeth Putnam's receipts list the address of the hotel and the
name "Village Vacances Valcartier"; these receipts thus create no
conflict with Defendants' sworn statements that VVV operates the
hotel and handles its marketing and bookings. Further, the
advertisements Elizabeth Putnam alleges seeing online and in
Yankee Magazine discuss the hotel but do not mention Premier or
EPR.
2. Plaintiffs' Additional Documents
Because Plaintiffs' affidavit and attached exhibits do
not create a genuine dispute with Defendants' submissions, the
only evidence by which Plaintiffs may have "genuinely contested"
Defendants' jurisdictional facts consists of their separate,
unauthenticated exhibits. Chen, 956 F.3d at 54 (quoting
Baskin-Robbins, 825 F.3d at 34). We analyze whether those
exhibits contradict each defendant's factual proffers in turn.
- 15 - We must first, however, determine whether Plaintiffs'
unsworn documentary evidence that is not accompanied by an
authenticating affidavit can be considered for purposes of this
jurisdictional analysis. Premier has repeatedly stressed, below
and on appeal, that Plaintiffs' documents are unauthenticated and
therefore "irrelevant" and "improper."6 We are not persuaded that
the unauthenticated nature of the documents means that we must
necessarily disregard them.
In Ward, we observed that the inquiry into whether a
plaintiff has made a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction
"must be governed by 'evidence of specific facts set forth in the
record,'" which will "[o]rdinarily . . . be contained in
affidavits, authenticated documents, and the like." 89 F.4th at
209 (emphases added) (quoting Boit, 967 F.2d at 675).7 In observing
that relevant evidence is "ordinarily" set out in affidavits or
authenticated documents and acknowledging that other documents may
also be considered, we left the door open to considering documents
that are not authenticated -- and wisely so. Authentication
6 EPR has not presented a similar argument before our court. Other courts have similarly stated that written materials 7
can suffice for plaintiffs' prima facie showing that jurisdiction exists, without specifying that they must be authenticated. See, e.g., Dental Dynamics, LLC v. Jolly Dental Grp., LLC, 946 F.3d 1223, 1228 (10th Cir. 2020) (noting that a plaintiff may "make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction . . . through affidavits or other written materials," without discussing authentication (emphasis added)).
- 16 - issues are not easily or fairly resolved at the motion-to-dismiss
stage, see Six v. Generations Fed. Credit Union, 891 F.3d 508,
512-13 (4th Cir. 2018) (noting that challenges to authentication
are "untenable at the motion to dismiss stage"), and plaintiffs
may often lack the ability to fully authenticate documents prior
to discovery.
In this case, Plaintiffs attached relevant documents to
their response to the motions to dismiss, and Premier did not seek
to strike them. Premier has not provided any reason to find the
documents unreliable. Further, when asked at oral argument
whether Premier denied the accuracy and authenticity of the
documents, Premier's counsel said no.
Under these circumstances, and where Plaintiffs have not
yet been able to conduct discovery, we conclude that it was
permissible for Plaintiffs to rely on publicly available
documents. See generally Alt. Energy, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire &
Marine Ins. Co., 267 F.3d 30, 33–34 (1st Cir. 2001) (noting
propriety of considering documents, the authenticity of which are
not disputed, on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion). We have adopted a
"practical, commonsense approach" to considering unauthenticated
documents outside the pleadings that are submitted with a Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Beddall v. State St. Bank & Tr. Co.,
137 F.3d 12, 16–17 (1st Cir. 1998)). Because we are allowed to
"take[]" Plaintiffs' evidentiary proffers "at face value" under
- 17 - the prima facie standard, Baskin-Robbins, 825 F.3d at 34, it is
fully appropriate that this "commonsense approach" also applies in
the Rule 12(b)(2) context. Accordingly, we will review the entire
record for facts relevant to personal jurisdiction. See Rosenthal
v. Bloomingdales.com, LLC, 101 F.4th 90, 94 (1st Cir. 2024)
(explaining that we "mine the relevant facts" from "whatever
supplemental filings . . . are contained in the record" (quoting
Baskin-Robbins, 825 F.3d at 34) (emphasis added)).
a. Premier
We begin with Premier and conclude that Plaintiffs have
sufficiently contested Premier's declarations to make out a
colorable case for personal jurisdiction and justify
jurisdictional discovery. Plaintiffs' submissions, when viewed
together with Burke's declaration, persuade us that there is a
genuine conflict in the parties' evidentiary proffers on
jurisdiction. See Chen, 956 F.3d at 54; Adelson, 510 F.3d at 48.
Plaintiffs' exhibits relating to whether Premier
operates the hotel and handles the hotel's advertising and room
bookings on their face suggest that Premier is involved in the
operation of the hotel. Premier's LinkedIn post welcoming the
"talented professionals at Calypso-Valcartier Group to the Premier
Parks family," along with the job listing in which Premier
advertised for a spa receptionist to join "our team" at the hotel
spa, apparently conflict with Premier's declaration that it never
- 18 - had "any employees working at Hotel Valcartier." Moreover, EPR's
company statement indicating the hotel property was being leased
"to Premier Parks," together with Premier's statement that
Calypso-Valcartier Group had "new management -- Premier Parks,"
the Valcartier logo on Premier's own website following Premier's
description of itself as "The Largest Independent Operator of Parks
in North America," and EPR's listing of Premier as the hotel
operator on its website, create a genuine conflict with Premier's
declaration that it "has never operated or managed Hotel
Valcartier." These statements suggest that Premier is in fact
involved in hotel operations -- including, potentially, with
respect to advertising the Hotel Valcartier to and booking rooms
for Massachusetts residents.
Rather than clearly refuting this inference, the
declaration Premier submitted in fact suggests that there may be
a confused intermingling of operations between Premier and VVV.
In Sigros, the court observed that
affiliated corporations can be presumed to function as agents of one another when "there is a confused intermingling of activity of two or more corporations engaged in a common enterprise with substantial disregard of the separate nature of the corporate entities, or serious ambiguity about the manner and capacity in which the various corporations and their respective representatives are acting."
129 F. Supp 2d at 64 (quoting My Bread Baking Co. v. Cumberland
Farms, Inc., 233 N.E.2d 748, 752 (Mass. 1968)). In his
- 19 - declaration, Burke -- who is not only Premier's CEO, but also the
CEO and chairman of VVV (holding "[m]ore than 75% of voting rights"
for that entity) -- identifies VVV as the true operator of the
Hotel Valcartier but does not explain Premier's relationship to
VVV. Instead, Burke states that VVV operates the Hotel
Valcartier, manages contracting and rental of hotel rooms at the
Hotel Valcartier, and markets for the Hotel Valcartier. Notably,
affidavits or declarations must be based on the personal knowledge
of a competent affiant. See Lopez-Carrasquillo v. Rubianes, 230
F.3d 409, 414 (1st Cir. 2000); Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Oaklawn
Apartments, 959 F.2d 170, 175 n.6 (10th Cir. 1992); Milford Power
Ltd. P'ship v. New England Power Co., 918 F. Supp. 471, 478 (D.
Mass. 1996). By proffering a declaration in his capacity as
Premier's CEO, Burke appears to be asserting "personal knowledge"
of VVV's activities in that capacity. Absent further explanation
of the relationship between the two entities and his role in both,
Burke's assertion of personal knowledge regarding the hotel's
operations, contracting, and marketing is in some tension with his
denial that Premier is involved with the hotel. Burke's declaration
thus suggests a "serious ambiguity about the manner and capacity
in which" Burke "[is] acting," and raises a question of whether
Premier and VVV "function as agents of one another." Sigros, 129
F. Supp. 2d at 64 (quoting My Bread Baking, 233 N.E.2d at 752).
- 20 - In sum, the "evidence adduced by the [P]laintiffs,"
together with Burke's declaration, "give[] rise to a permissible
inference that" Premier may be involved in the operations of Hotel
Valcartier; and, further, "[t]he self-serving [declarations]"
Premier submitted "are not so powerful as to resolve the matter
definitively, . . . where the [P]laintiffs have introduced some
contravening evidence and have had no opportunity to conduct
related discovery." Blair v. City of Worcester, 522 F.3d 105, 114
(1st Cir. 2008) (footnote omitted). Plaintiffs have therefore
sufficiently contested Burke and Cerbo's statements that Premier
is uninvolved in the hotel's operational, advertising, and booking
activities to at least merit jurisdictional discovery.
Generally, "a diligent plaintiff who sues an
out-of-state corporation and who makes out a colorable case for
the existence of in personam jurisdiction may well be entitled to
a modicum of jurisdictional discovery if the corporation
interposes a jurisdictional defense." Sunview Condo. Ass'n v.
Flexel Int'l, Ltd., 116 F.3d 962, 964 (1st Cir. 1997) (emphasis
omitted). The "entitlement" to such discovery "is not absolute."
Id. To merit jurisdictional discovery, plaintiffs must
demonstrate diligence by "present[ing] facts to the court which
show why jurisdiction would be found if discovery were permitted,"
Swiss Am., 274 F.3d at 626, and "explain[ing] . . . what relevant
information [they] hope[] to glean through such discovery," Motus,
- 21 - 23 F.4th at 128. Even where plaintiffs meet those requirements,
"the district court still has 'broad discretion to decide whether
discovery is required.'" Swiss Am., 274 F.3d at 625–26 (quoting
Crocker v. Hilton Int'l. Barb., Ltd., 976 F.2d 797, 801 (1st Cir.
1992)). We will not reverse a district court's decision not to
allow jurisdictional discovery unless the order was "plainly wrong
and resulted in substantial prejudice." Swiss Am., 274 F.3d at
626 (quoting Crocker, 976 F.2d at 801). Plaintiffs have shown to
our satisfaction that this standard has been met as to Premier.
Plaintiffs diligently sought jurisdictional discovery
regarding Premier. Citing to Premier's LinkedIn profile, which
indicates Premier has employees in Canada, Plaintiffs requested
specific discovery into "the roles of these [Premier] employees at
Hotel Valcartier, including its maintenance and marketing."
Unlike their more generic requests to "explore the chasm" between
Premier's public statements and its affidavit and to gather "full
details" regarding Premier's operations, on which the district
court focused, this is a tailored request for discovery on a
specific jurisdictional issue genuinely disputed by the
parties -- that is, whether Premier employees participate in the
maintenance of the Hotel Valcartier and marketing of that hotel to
residents of Massachusetts, and/or whether there is a confused
intermingling of Premier's and VVV's activities. It is plausible
- 22 - that discovery into this question could justify the exercise of
personal jurisdiction.
Thus, the district court abused its discretion by
disallowing jurisdictional discovery into Premier's relationship
to VVV and involvement in the Hotel Valcartier's
operations -- particularly its advertising to, and booking rooms
for, Massachusetts residents -- on the basis of faulty legal
conclusions, namely that Plaintiffs had "fail[ed] to raise
sufficient evidence" that Premier "had any involvement in the
operation or advertising of the Hotel Valcartier," "fail[ed] to
adequately address the affidavits proffered by Defendants," and
"fail[ed] to state why jurisdiction would be found if discovery
were permitted." This abuse of discretion substantially
prejudiced Plaintiffs by making it impossible for them to pursue
their claims against Premier any further. Plaintiffs have
"identif[ied] a non-frivolous dispute about
facts" -- specifically, Premier's involvement with the hotel's
operation (including advertising and room-booking activities) and
the Premier-VVV relationship -- and discovery into these facts
"may yield a sufficient predicate for in personam jurisdiction."
Motus, 23 F.4th at 128. We therefore remand to the district court
with instructions to allow jurisdictional discovery consistent
with this opinion.
- 23 - b. EPR
The outcome is different as to EPR. Seeking to
contradict EPR's declaration that its subsidiary, Valcartier
Property LP -- and not EPR itself -- owns the property on which
the hotel sits and leases that property to VVV, Plaintiffs point
to various public statements by Defendants, although in a manner
that largely bundles their arguments against EPR with those they
assert against Premier. See Rodríguez-Rivera, 43 F.4th at 160
(holding that plaintiff's "bundled arguments and evidence," which
failed to distinguish between two defendants, were insufficient to
establish personal jurisdiction over one of the defendants). We
do not find Plaintiffs' arguments persuasive.
Plaintiffs point first to company statements, including
EPR's "Company Release" that indicates EPR was "acquiring the
Village Vacances Valcartier resort and hotel" and Premier's
similar statement indicating the Calypso-Valcartier Group (which
includes the Village Vacances Valcartier) was welcoming EPR as a
"new property owner." We are not fully convinced these company
statements pose a true conflict with EPR's affidavit: it may be
true both that EPR -- as a real estate investment trust -- was (in
a colloquial sense) "acquiring" the property and that it only did
so via a subsidiary. Similarly, Plaintiffs point to a page from
EPR's website indicating that the Hotel Valcartier was part of
EPR's overall portfolio, but that does not directly contradict the
- 24 - evidence showing that one of EPR's subsidiaries owned the property.
Plaintiffs also point to an excerpt of EPR's 10-K filing, which
indicates EPR owned property in Québec, but this too does not
contradict EPR's declaration, because the 10-K may encompass
subsidiaries' assets.8
Even if Plaintiffs' documents sufficed to genuinely
contest EPR's sworn statement that it does not own the hotel, that
would only get Plaintiffs so far. Plaintiffs must also allege
facts justifying personal jurisdiction under the Massachusetts
long-arm statute, and their theory that such jurisdiction exists
under Section 3(a) of that statute begins and ends with their claim
that EPR advertises and markets the hotel to Massachusetts
residents and contracts with them to reserve rooms. See Mass.
Gen. Laws ch. 223A, § 3(a). Yet none of Plaintiffs' evidentiary
proffers create a genuine conflict with EPR's sworn statements
that it is not involved "in any marketing or advertising of the
Hotel Valcartier in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts" and that it
did not "solicit business directly from consumers such as the
Plaintiffs," "have any direct communications with consumers
regarding the Hotel Valcartier," "contract[] with the Plaintiffs
for the rental of any rooms or the provision of any other services
We note that Plaintiffs do not introduce any argument or 8
evidence suggesting jurisdiction as to EPR based on the actions of its subsidiary. See Sigros v. Walt Disney World Co., 129 F. Supp. 2d 56, 70 (D. Mass. 2001).
- 25 - to them at the Hotel Valcartier," or "operate or maintain the Hotel
Valcartier's website" or "any social media accounts related to the
Hotel Valcartier." Because Plaintiffs failed to counter these
statements, these jurisdictional facts are controlling. See Chen,
956 F.3d at 56.9
To the extent Plaintiffs assert that the district court
abused its discretion in failing to permit discovery as to EPR, we
disagree. As we note above, the district court "has 'broad
discretion to decide whether discovery is required.'" Swiss Am.,
274 F.3d at 626 (quoting Crocker, 976 F.2d at 801). Because
Plaintiffs have not made a "colorable claim of jurisdiction," we
conclude that jurisdictional discovery is not appropriate as to
EPR. Motus, 23 F.4th at 128. Moreover, Plaintiffs' discovery
request as to EPR was made "in a most skeletal manner," Stokinger
v. Armslist, LLC, 166 F.4th 229, 245 (1st Cir. 2026), and by
failing to "flesh out [their] description of the types of contacts
[they] hope[d] to discover," Plaintiffs were not "diligent in
preserving [their] rights to be entitled to jurisdictional
discovery." Swiss Am., 274 F.3d at 626. The district court
therefore did not abuse its discretion in denying Plaintiffs'
For much the same reason, Plaintiffs fail to satisfy the 9
relatedness prong of the relevant analysis under the Due Process Clause. See Ward v. AlphaCore Pharma, LLC, 89 F.4th 203, 208–09 (addressing relatedness); Nandjou, 985 F.3d at 148 (same).
- 26 - request for jurisdictional discovery. Id.; Motus, 23 F.4th at
128.
Accordingly, dismissal as to EPR was appropriate. The
dismissal, however, should have been without prejudice. It is
well-settled that dismissals for lack of personal jurisdiction
"should ordinarily be made without prejudice." Rodríguez-Rivera,
43 F.4th at 162; see also N. Am. Cath. Educ. Programming Found.,
Inc. v. Cardinale, 567 F.3d 8, 13 (1st Cir. 2009). Although EPR
did request dismissal with prejudice, it did not explain in its
briefing why that designation was appropriate. Further, the
district court did not discuss the standard for dismissal with
prejudice nor justify that designation at all. Though it is true
that courts "generally grant the relief requested of them" by the
winning party on a motion to dismiss, Claudio-De León v. Sistema
Universitario Ana G. Méndez, 775 F.3d 41, 50 (1st Cir. 2014), the
district court's dismissal with prejudice does not appear to be
justified. As EPR acknowledges on appeal, this error can be
remedied simply by modifying the judgment. See 28 U.S.C. § 2106.
Accordingly, we "modify the judgment to state that dismissal of
[EPR] is without prejudice." Rodríguez-Rivera, 43 F.4th at 162.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the dismissal of
Plaintiffs' claims against Premier and remand with instructions to
the district court to permit jurisdictional discovery into
- 27 - Premier's relationship to VVV and involvement in the Hotel
Valcartier's operations, including advertising and room booking
activities. We affirm the district court's dismissal of
Plaintiffs' claims against EPR for want of personal jurisdiction
but modify the designation to be without prejudice.
- 28 -