25-995 Puchtler v. Barclays PLC
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 3 5th day of December, two thousand twenty-five. 4 5 Present: 6 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, 7 Chief Judge, 8 REENA RAGGI, 9 MICHAEL H. PARK, 10 Circuits Judges. 11 _____________________________________ 12 13 MICHAEL PUCHTLER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF 14 OF ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED, 15 16 Plaintiff-Appellant, 17 18 v. 25-995 19 20 BARCLAYS PLC, BARCLAYS BANK PLC, JAMES E. 21 STALEY, TUSHAR MORZARIA, C.S. 22 VENKATAKRISHNAN, 23 24 Defendants-Appellees, 25 _____________________________________ 26 27 For Plaintiff-Appellant: TIMOTHY SPERLING, Bruce S. Sperling, Jerry 28 Santangelo, Nathan A. Shev, Sperling Kenny 29 Nachwalter, LLC, Chicago, IL. 30
1 1 Frederic S. Fox, Robert N. Kaplan, Donald R. Hall, 2 Melinda Campbell, Kaplan Fox & Kilsheimer LLP, 3 New York, NY. 4 5 For Defendants-Appellees: JEFFREY T. SCOTT, Matthew J. Porpora, Julia A. 6 Malkina, Jacob E. Cohen, Sullivan & Cromwell 7 LLP, New York, NY. 8 9 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
10 New York (Liman, J.).
11 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
12 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 1
13 Plaintiff-Appellant Michael Puchtler appeals a decision and order of the United States
14 District Court for the Southern District of New York, entered on March 21, 2025, granting
15 Defendants-Appellees Barclays PLC, Barclays Bank PLC, James E. Staley, Tushar Morzaria, and
16 C.S. Venkatakrishnan’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and dismissing with prejudice
17 his putative class action complaint alleging violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities
18 Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The district court determined that
19 many of the alleged misstatements in the complaint were immaterial, that Puchtler failed to plead
20 scienter under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), and that he failed
21 to plead loss causation.
22 This putative securities class action concerns the over-issuance of Barclays’ VXX ETN. 2
23 Following a 2017 settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), Barclays
24 lost its status as a well-known seasoned issuer (“WKSI”) under the securities laws. Consequently,
25 Barclays had to comply with stricter securities registration requirements. With WKSI status,
1 We grant Puchtler’s June 13, 2025 motion to take judicial notice of four documents. 2 The VXX ETN is a security issued by Barclays that aims to track the VIX, an index that measures the volatility of the S&P 500. Because the VIX is only a numerical calculation that itself cannot be traded, issuers like Barclays have created tradeable securities for investors who want to bet on market volatility.
2 1 Barclays could issue securities and pay the required SEC filing fees on a “pay-as-you-go” basis.
2 Without it, Barclays needed to quantify in advance how many securities it planned to issue and
3 pay its filing fees up front. But Barclays failed to develop the necessary internal controls to track
4 how many securities it had issued, so as not to sell more than it had registered with the SEC. On
5 March 14, 2022, Barclays alerted regulators that, due to the lack of such controls, it had issued
6 more securities than it had registered. Barclays immediately suspended further sales and issuances
7 of the VXX ETN. As a result, the price of VXX securities rose to more than 140% of their
8 indicative value, causing large losses for short sellers of the VXX ETN.
9 Puchtler, a short seller, alleges that Staley, Morzaria, and Venkatakrishnan (the “Individual
10 Defendants”) knew about or recklessly disregarded Barclays’ lack of internal controls to track
11 securities issuances and that they made material misstatements concerning the same. On appeal,
12 he argues that the putative class action complaint adequately pleads (1) that the Individual
13 Defendants materially misrepresented the internal controls at Barclays, (2) that the Individual
14 Defendants acted with scienter, and (3) loss causation. Concluding that the district court was
15 correct in determining that Puchtler failed to allege with particularity facts giving rise to a strong
16 inference of scienter, we affirm on this basis without reaching any of the other issues. We assume
17 the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues
18 on appeal, which we set forth in this summary order only as necessary to explain our decision to
19 AFFIRM.
20 * * *
21 To successfully plead scienter under the PSLRA, a plaintiff must allege “with particularity
22 facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.” 15
23 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(2)(A). A “strong inference” of scienter is an inference that is “more than merely
3 1 plausible or reasonable—it must be cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference
2 of nonfraudulent intent.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rts., Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 314 (2007). In
3 making this determination, “the court must take into account plausible opposing inferences.” Id.
4 at 323. Because “[t]he strength of an inference cannot be decided in a vacuum,” “[t]he inquiry is
5 inherently comparative.” Id. Accordingly, “a court must consider plausible, nonculpable
6 explanations for the defendant’s conduct, as well as inferences favoring the plaintiff.” Id. at 324.
7 And only if “a reasonable person would deem the inference of scienter cogent and at least as
8 compelling as any opposing inference one could draw from the facts alleged” will the complaint
9 survive. Id. In short, the court is to ask: “When the allegations are accepted as true and taken
10 collectively, would a reasonable person deem the inference of scienter at least as strong as any
11 opposing inference?” Id. at 326.
12 “In addition to intent, recklessness is a sufficiently culpable mental state for securities fraud
13 in this circuit.” ECA, Loc. 134 IBEW Joint Pension Tr. of Chi. v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d
14 187, 198 (2d Cir. 2009). We define recklessness as “an extreme departure from the standards of
15 ordinary care . . . to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious that
16 the defendant must have been aware of it.” Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 308 (2d Cir. 2000)
17 (alteration in original) (quoting Rolf v. Blyth, Eastman Dillon & Co., Inc., 570 F.2d 38, 47 (2d Cir.
18 1978)).
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25-995 Puchtler v. Barclays PLC
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 3 5th day of December, two thousand twenty-five. 4 5 Present: 6 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, 7 Chief Judge, 8 REENA RAGGI, 9 MICHAEL H. PARK, 10 Circuits Judges. 11 _____________________________________ 12 13 MICHAEL PUCHTLER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF 14 OF ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED, 15 16 Plaintiff-Appellant, 17 18 v. 25-995 19 20 BARCLAYS PLC, BARCLAYS BANK PLC, JAMES E. 21 STALEY, TUSHAR MORZARIA, C.S. 22 VENKATAKRISHNAN, 23 24 Defendants-Appellees, 25 _____________________________________ 26 27 For Plaintiff-Appellant: TIMOTHY SPERLING, Bruce S. Sperling, Jerry 28 Santangelo, Nathan A. Shev, Sperling Kenny 29 Nachwalter, LLC, Chicago, IL. 30
1 1 Frederic S. Fox, Robert N. Kaplan, Donald R. Hall, 2 Melinda Campbell, Kaplan Fox & Kilsheimer LLP, 3 New York, NY. 4 5 For Defendants-Appellees: JEFFREY T. SCOTT, Matthew J. Porpora, Julia A. 6 Malkina, Jacob E. Cohen, Sullivan & Cromwell 7 LLP, New York, NY. 8 9 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
10 New York (Liman, J.).
11 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
12 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 1
13 Plaintiff-Appellant Michael Puchtler appeals a decision and order of the United States
14 District Court for the Southern District of New York, entered on March 21, 2025, granting
15 Defendants-Appellees Barclays PLC, Barclays Bank PLC, James E. Staley, Tushar Morzaria, and
16 C.S. Venkatakrishnan’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and dismissing with prejudice
17 his putative class action complaint alleging violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities
18 Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The district court determined that
19 many of the alleged misstatements in the complaint were immaterial, that Puchtler failed to plead
20 scienter under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), and that he failed
21 to plead loss causation.
22 This putative securities class action concerns the over-issuance of Barclays’ VXX ETN. 2
23 Following a 2017 settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), Barclays
24 lost its status as a well-known seasoned issuer (“WKSI”) under the securities laws. Consequently,
25 Barclays had to comply with stricter securities registration requirements. With WKSI status,
1 We grant Puchtler’s June 13, 2025 motion to take judicial notice of four documents. 2 The VXX ETN is a security issued by Barclays that aims to track the VIX, an index that measures the volatility of the S&P 500. Because the VIX is only a numerical calculation that itself cannot be traded, issuers like Barclays have created tradeable securities for investors who want to bet on market volatility.
2 1 Barclays could issue securities and pay the required SEC filing fees on a “pay-as-you-go” basis.
2 Without it, Barclays needed to quantify in advance how many securities it planned to issue and
3 pay its filing fees up front. But Barclays failed to develop the necessary internal controls to track
4 how many securities it had issued, so as not to sell more than it had registered with the SEC. On
5 March 14, 2022, Barclays alerted regulators that, due to the lack of such controls, it had issued
6 more securities than it had registered. Barclays immediately suspended further sales and issuances
7 of the VXX ETN. As a result, the price of VXX securities rose to more than 140% of their
8 indicative value, causing large losses for short sellers of the VXX ETN.
9 Puchtler, a short seller, alleges that Staley, Morzaria, and Venkatakrishnan (the “Individual
10 Defendants”) knew about or recklessly disregarded Barclays’ lack of internal controls to track
11 securities issuances and that they made material misstatements concerning the same. On appeal,
12 he argues that the putative class action complaint adequately pleads (1) that the Individual
13 Defendants materially misrepresented the internal controls at Barclays, (2) that the Individual
14 Defendants acted with scienter, and (3) loss causation. Concluding that the district court was
15 correct in determining that Puchtler failed to allege with particularity facts giving rise to a strong
16 inference of scienter, we affirm on this basis without reaching any of the other issues. We assume
17 the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues
18 on appeal, which we set forth in this summary order only as necessary to explain our decision to
19 AFFIRM.
20 * * *
21 To successfully plead scienter under the PSLRA, a plaintiff must allege “with particularity
22 facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.” 15
23 U.S.C. § 78u–4(b)(2)(A). A “strong inference” of scienter is an inference that is “more than merely
3 1 plausible or reasonable—it must be cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference
2 of nonfraudulent intent.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rts., Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 314 (2007). In
3 making this determination, “the court must take into account plausible opposing inferences.” Id.
4 at 323. Because “[t]he strength of an inference cannot be decided in a vacuum,” “[t]he inquiry is
5 inherently comparative.” Id. Accordingly, “a court must consider plausible, nonculpable
6 explanations for the defendant’s conduct, as well as inferences favoring the plaintiff.” Id. at 324.
7 And only if “a reasonable person would deem the inference of scienter cogent and at least as
8 compelling as any opposing inference one could draw from the facts alleged” will the complaint
9 survive. Id. In short, the court is to ask: “When the allegations are accepted as true and taken
10 collectively, would a reasonable person deem the inference of scienter at least as strong as any
11 opposing inference?” Id. at 326.
12 “In addition to intent, recklessness is a sufficiently culpable mental state for securities fraud
13 in this circuit.” ECA, Loc. 134 IBEW Joint Pension Tr. of Chi. v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d
14 187, 198 (2d Cir. 2009). We define recklessness as “an extreme departure from the standards of
15 ordinary care . . . to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious that
16 the defendant must have been aware of it.” Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 308 (2d Cir. 2000)
17 (alteration in original) (quoting Rolf v. Blyth, Eastman Dillon & Co., Inc., 570 F.2d 38, 47 (2d Cir.
18 1978)). “At least four circumstances may give rise to a strong inference of the requisite scienter:
19 where the complaint sufficiently alleges that the defendants (1) benefitted in a concrete and
20 personal way from the purported fraud; (2) engaged in deliberately illegal behavior; (3) knew facts
21 or had access to information suggesting that their public statements were not accurate; or (4) failed
4 1 to check information they had a duty to monitor.” 3 ECA, 553 F.3d at 199 (internal quotation marks
2 omitted).
3 Puchtler does not adequately allege facts giving rise to a strong inference of scienter. The
4 complaint is devoid of allegations suggesting that the Individual Defendants knew about the lack
5 of controls at Barclays when the alleged misstatements were made. Instead, Puchtler alleges that
6 the Individual Defendants knew about the consequences of Barclays losing its WKSI status. For
7 example, Puchtler alleges that “Defendants were aware of the additional responsibilities that
8 resulted from losing their WKSI status.” Joint App’x at 34. Likewise, he alleges that “[f]ollowing
9 the loss of WKSI status, certain personnel from [Barclays] understood the consequences of this
10 status change.” Joint App’x at 32. But the complaint does not allege that management regularly
11 met with the working group that had been impaneled to address the loss of WKSI status, that the
12 working group communicated to management the ongoing lack of controls, that any of the
13 Individual Defendants gave a command not to develop controls, or that anyone with knowledge of
14 the lack of controls provided that information to the named Individual Defendants.
15 The allegations that are in the complaint, moreover, fail to give rise to a strong inference
16 that the Individual Defendants knew that Barclays lacked controls at the time of the alleged
17 misstatements. Instead, a consistent non-culpable inference is that the Individual Defendants knew
18 about the consequences of the loss of WKSI status and delegated the task of tracking securities
19 issuances to the working group that they had impaneled. In hindsight, the working group did not
20 track the securities issued by Barclays. But Puchtler does not make any allegations that the
21 Individual Defendants were contemporaneously aware that the working group had not put in place
3 “When the defendant is a corporate entity, . . . the pleaded facts must create a strong inference that someone whose intent could be imputed to the corporation acted with the requisite scienter. Teamsters Loc. 445 Freight Div. Pension Fund v. Dynex Cap. Inc., 531 F.3d 190, 195 (2d Cir. 2008).
5 1 adequate controls to track securities issuances.
2 Without a link between the working group and the Individual Defendants, Puchtler’s
3 allegations do not raise a strong inference of scienter. Accordingly, the district court did not err in
4 dismissing his complaint in full.
5 * * *
6 We have considered Puchtler’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
7 Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
8 FOR THE COURT: 9 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk