1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JEAN MARC VAN DEN HEUVEL, No. 2:22–cv–02277-DAD–KJN PS 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IFP REQUEST AND GRANTING LEAVE TO AMEND 13 v. 14 MICHAEL FRAIL, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff, who is proceeding without counsel in this action, requests leave to proceed in 18 forma pauperis (“IFP”).1 (ECF No. 2.) See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (authorizing the commencement of 19 an action “without prepayment of fees or security” by a person who is unable to pay such fees). 20 Plaintiff’s affidavit makes the required financial showing, and so plaintiff’s request is granted. 21 However, the determination that a plaintiff may proceed without payment of fees does not 22 complete the inquiry. Under the IFP statute, the court must screen the complaint and dismiss any 23 claims that are “frivolous or malicious,” fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or 24 seek monetary relief against an immune defendant. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Further, the federal 25 court has an independent duty to ensure it has subject matter jurisdiction in the case. See United 26 Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Waddell & Reed Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir. 2004). 27 1 Actions where a party proceeds without counsel are referred to a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 E.D. Cal. L.R. 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 72. 1 I. Legal Standards 2 Pro se pleadings are to be liberally construed. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 3 (9th Cir. 2010) (liberal construction appropriate even post–Iqbal). Prior to dismissal, the court is 4 to tell the plaintiff of deficiencies in the complaint and provide an opportunity to cure––if it 5 appears at all possible the defects can be corrected. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 6 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). However, if amendment would be futile, no leave to amend need be 7 given. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996). 8 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Frivolity 9 The court must dismiss a case if, at any time, it determines that it lacks subject matter 10 jurisdiction. Rule 12(h)(3).2 A federal district court generally has original jurisdiction over a 11 civil action when: (1) a federal question is presented in an action “arising under the Constitution, 12 laws, or treaties of the United States” or (2) there is complete diversity of citizenship and the 13 amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332(a). Further, a plaintiff 14 must have standing to assert a claim, which requires an injury in fact caused by defendant(s) that 15 may be redressed in court. Harrison v. Kernan, 971 F.3d 1069, 1073 (9th Cir. 2020). Under the 16 well-pleaded complaint rule, “federal jurisdiction exists only when a federal question is presented 17 on the face of the plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint.” Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 18 386, 392 (1987). 19 Federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to consider claims that are “so insubstantial, 20 implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions of this court, or otherwise completely devoid of merit 21 as not to involve a federal controversy.” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 22 83, 89 (1998); Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 537 (1974) (court lacks subject matter jurisdiction 23 over claims that are “essentially fictitious,” “obviously frivolous” or “obviously without merit”); 24 see also Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by & through Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 549-50 (9th Cir. 2018) 25 (noting that the “wholly insubstantial and frivolous” standard for dismissing claims operates 26 under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of federal question jurisdiction). A claim is legally frivolous when it 27
28 2 Citation to the “Rule(s)” are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, unless otherwise noted. 1 lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). A 2 court may dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory 3 or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Id. at 327; Rule 12(h)(3). 4 B. Federal Notice Pleading and a Complaint’s Failure to State a Claim 5 Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading be “(1) a short and plain statement of the grounds for the 6 court’s jurisdiction . . . ; (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 7 entitled to relief; and (3) a demand for the relief sought, which may include relief in the 8 alternative or different types of relief.” Each allegation must be simple, concise, and direct. Rule 9 8(d)(1); see Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (overruled on other grounds) 10 (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, which was adopted to focus 11 litigation on the merits of a claim.”). 12 A claim may be dismissed because of the plaintiff’s “failure to state a claim upon which 13 relief can be granted.” Rule 12(b)(6). A complaint fails to state a claim if it either lacks a 14 cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to allege a cognizable legal theory. Mollett v. Netflix, 15 Inc., 795 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2015). To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, a 16 complaint must contain more than “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic 17 recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 18 555-57 (2007). In other words, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 19 supported by mere conclusory statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 20 (2009). Thus, a complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a 21 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff 22 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is 23 liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 24 When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, 25 the court must accept the well-pleaded factual allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 26 89, 94 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Papasan 27 v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 283 (1986).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JEAN MARC VAN DEN HEUVEL, No. 2:22–cv–02277-DAD–KJN PS 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IFP REQUEST AND GRANTING LEAVE TO AMEND 13 v. 14 MICHAEL FRAIL, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff, who is proceeding without counsel in this action, requests leave to proceed in 18 forma pauperis (“IFP”).1 (ECF No. 2.) See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (authorizing the commencement of 19 an action “without prepayment of fees or security” by a person who is unable to pay such fees). 20 Plaintiff’s affidavit makes the required financial showing, and so plaintiff’s request is granted. 21 However, the determination that a plaintiff may proceed without payment of fees does not 22 complete the inquiry. Under the IFP statute, the court must screen the complaint and dismiss any 23 claims that are “frivolous or malicious,” fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or 24 seek monetary relief against an immune defendant. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Further, the federal 25 court has an independent duty to ensure it has subject matter jurisdiction in the case. See United 26 Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Waddell & Reed Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir. 2004). 27 1 Actions where a party proceeds without counsel are referred to a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 E.D. Cal. L.R. 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 72. 1 I. Legal Standards 2 Pro se pleadings are to be liberally construed. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 3 (9th Cir. 2010) (liberal construction appropriate even post–Iqbal). Prior to dismissal, the court is 4 to tell the plaintiff of deficiencies in the complaint and provide an opportunity to cure––if it 5 appears at all possible the defects can be corrected. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 6 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). However, if amendment would be futile, no leave to amend need be 7 given. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996). 8 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Frivolity 9 The court must dismiss a case if, at any time, it determines that it lacks subject matter 10 jurisdiction. Rule 12(h)(3).2 A federal district court generally has original jurisdiction over a 11 civil action when: (1) a federal question is presented in an action “arising under the Constitution, 12 laws, or treaties of the United States” or (2) there is complete diversity of citizenship and the 13 amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332(a). Further, a plaintiff 14 must have standing to assert a claim, which requires an injury in fact caused by defendant(s) that 15 may be redressed in court. Harrison v. Kernan, 971 F.3d 1069, 1073 (9th Cir. 2020). Under the 16 well-pleaded complaint rule, “federal jurisdiction exists only when a federal question is presented 17 on the face of the plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint.” Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 18 386, 392 (1987). 19 Federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to consider claims that are “so insubstantial, 20 implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions of this court, or otherwise completely devoid of merit 21 as not to involve a federal controversy.” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 22 83, 89 (1998); Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 537 (1974) (court lacks subject matter jurisdiction 23 over claims that are “essentially fictitious,” “obviously frivolous” or “obviously without merit”); 24 see also Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by & through Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 549-50 (9th Cir. 2018) 25 (noting that the “wholly insubstantial and frivolous” standard for dismissing claims operates 26 under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of federal question jurisdiction). A claim is legally frivolous when it 27
28 2 Citation to the “Rule(s)” are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, unless otherwise noted. 1 lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). A 2 court may dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory 3 or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Id. at 327; Rule 12(h)(3). 4 B. Federal Notice Pleading and a Complaint’s Failure to State a Claim 5 Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading be “(1) a short and plain statement of the grounds for the 6 court’s jurisdiction . . . ; (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 7 entitled to relief; and (3) a demand for the relief sought, which may include relief in the 8 alternative or different types of relief.” Each allegation must be simple, concise, and direct. Rule 9 8(d)(1); see Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (overruled on other grounds) 10 (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, which was adopted to focus 11 litigation on the merits of a claim.”). 12 A claim may be dismissed because of the plaintiff’s “failure to state a claim upon which 13 relief can be granted.” Rule 12(b)(6). A complaint fails to state a claim if it either lacks a 14 cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to allege a cognizable legal theory. Mollett v. Netflix, 15 Inc., 795 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2015). To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, a 16 complaint must contain more than “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic 17 recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 18 555-57 (2007). In other words, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 19 supported by mere conclusory statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 20 (2009). Thus, a complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a 21 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff 22 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is 23 liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 24 When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, 25 the court must accept the well-pleaded factual allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 26 89, 94 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Papasan 27 v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 283 (1986). The court is not, however, required to accept as true 28 “conclusory [factual] allegations that are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint,” 1 or “legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.” Paulsen v. 2 CNF Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). 3 II. Analysis 4 The court has reviewed plaintiff’s complaint and supplemental filings. (ECF Nos. 1, 5, 7.) 5 To begin with, plaintiff’s complaint is difficult to understand. It does not contain a description of 6 defendant’s actions, or proper syntax and punctuation. (See e.g., ECF No. 1 at 4, stating “[t]he 7 intent manipulations of due access to a work room to process efficiently documents used to 8 engage in multiple current battles”.) As best as the court can tell, plaintiff alleges that defendant 9 Michael Frail failed to provide plaintiff consistent access to a workroom at the courthouse. (See 10 ECF No. 1 at 4, defendant “lacks consistent grace to simply cordially allow pro-se litigant access 11 to this important “space” to work in.”) 12 Plaintiff has not linked defendant to any violation of his federal rights. Section 1983 13 provides a cause of action for the deprivation of “rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the 14 Constitution or laws of the United States” against a person acting “under color of any statute, 15 ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage.” Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 639 (1980). The 16 Ninth Circuit has held that “[a] person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional 17 right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's 18 affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the 19 deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) 20 (citation omitted). Here, plaintiff has not told the court what defendant actually did that led 21 plaintiff to conclude that his access to courts has been denied, and thus has not linked defendant 22 with any affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of plaintiff’s federal rights. 23 In addition, although meaningful access to courts is constitutionally required, there is no 24 right of access to courts to engage in frivolous litigation. See e.g., Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 25 351 (1996). But see Alvarez v. Hill, 518 F.3d 1152, 1155 n.1 (9th Cir. 2008) ( “[f]ailure to show 26 that a ‘non-frivolous legal claim had been frustrated’ is fatal” to a claim for denial of access to 27 legal materials). Here, plaintiff has not alleged the existence of any non-frivolous legal claim and 28 has therefore failed to properly alleged defendant violated his right to meaningful access to 1 courts.3 2 Accordingly, plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a claim and must be dismissed. In light of 3 plaintiff’s pro se status, the court grants plaintiff an opportunity to amend the complaint. See 4 Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1130. If plaintiff elects to file an amended complaint, this new pleading shall 5 be captioned as the “First Amended Complaint” and should address the defects in the complaint. 6 However, the statement of the claim should be kept relatively “short.” Plaintiff is informed that 7 the court cannot refer to a prior complaint or other filing in order to make the second amended 8 complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended complaint be complete in itself 9 without reference to any prior pleading. Nothing in this order requires plaintiff to file an 10 amended complaint. If plaintiff determines that he is unable to amend the complaint in 11 compliance with the court’s order, he may alternatively file a notice of voluntary dismissal of his 12 claims without prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i). 13 Finally, the court notes that plaintiff has filed multiple actions in this court that border on 14 frivolity or have been found frivolous. See, e.g., Van Den Heuvel v. Sooth, 2:23-cv-361-TLN- 15 KJN-PS, 2023 WL 3752007, at *1 (E.D. Cal. June 1, 2023) (recommending dismissal of 16 plaintiff’s case for failure to prosecute and noting the mostly frivolous nature of the original 17 complaint); Van Den Heuvel v. The Will of Raymond Charles Van Den Heuvel, 2:20-cv-04039- 18 CJC-KS, (June 24, 2020) (dismissing plaintiff's case as frivolous and for lack of jurisdiction 19 because it was his third attempt to file suit in federal court disputing a family estate case). 20 Plaintiff is warned that continued abuse of the court’s process could result in the entry of a 21 vexatious litigant order against him, which would restrict his ability to file cases in this court. 22 Plaintiff is likely aware of this mechanism, as other California courts have entered similar orders 23 against him. (ECF No. 1 at 6-7.) 24 //// 25
3 Among the many pages of documents plaintiff filed with his complaint is an order from the El 26 Dorado Superior Court designating plaintiff a “vexatious litigant” and stating that plaintiff has no 27 legal proceedings pending before the court. (See Copy of Order Denying Request for Records, ECF No. 1 at 6). 28 1 ORDER 2 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 3 1. Plaintiff's request to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED; 4 2. Within 30 days of this order, plaintiff shall file either (a) a first amended complaint in 5 accordance with this order, or (b) a notice of voluntary dismissal of the action; and 6 3. Failure to timely comply with this order will result in a recommendation that the action be 7 dismissed with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). 8 | Dated: June 29, 2023 Foci) Aharon 10 KENDALL J. NE 3977 vand UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28