1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RAGHVENDRA SINGH, No. 2:23-cv-00053 KJM AC PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, and this action accordingly was referred to the undersigned 18 by Local Rule 302(c)(21). Plaintiff was granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis, and his 19 initial complaint was found unsuitable for service. ECF No. 3. Plaintiff filed a First Amended 20 Complaint, which was also found unsuitable for service. ECF Nos. 4, 5. Now before the court is 21 plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. Because the court finds this complaint also to be 22 unsuitable for service, the undersigned recommends that the complaint be dismissed without 23 further leave to amend. 24 I. Screening Standard 25 The federal IFP statute requires federal courts to dismiss a case if the action is legally 26 “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks 27 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 28 Plaintiff must assist the court in determining whether or not the complaint is frivolous, by drafting 1 the complaint so that it complies with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Fed. R. Civ. P.”). 2 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. 3 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the 4 court will (1) accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint, unless they 5 are clearly baseless or fanciful, (2) construe those allegations in the light most favorable to the 6 plaintiff, and (3) resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327; Von 7 Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010). 8 The court applies the same rules of construction in determining whether the complaint 9 states a claim on which relief can be granted. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (court 10 must accept the allegations as true); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974) (court must 11 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff). Pro se pleadings are held to a 12 less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 13 (1972). However, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable 14 inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 15 624 (9th Cir. 1981). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action does not suffice 16 to state a claim. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–57 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 17 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 18 To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must allege enough facts “to 19 state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp., 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 20 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 21 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft, 556 U.S. 22 at 678. A pro se litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an 23 opportunity to amend, unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See 24 Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other grounds by statute as 25 stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir. 2000)). 26 II. The Complaint, the First Amended Complaint, and the Second Amended Complaint 27 Plaintiff’s initial complaint (ECF No. 1) alleged that defendant “caused loss of 28 multimillion dollars’ worth” of his property by denying him the right to pay taxes. ECF No. 1 at 1 1. Plaintiff alleged that his properties were protected by IRS liens, but that the IRS conspired 2 with state officials to allow the state to take his property by lowering the priority of IRS liens 3 without informing plaintiff. Id. Plaintiff alleged all of this was done during his incarceration 4 between 2019 and 2022. Id. Plaintiff further alleged that the Sacramento District Attorney is 5 prosecuting minorities for non-criminal, fabricated charges. Id. at 2. The body of plaintiff’s 6 complaint did not specify a cause of action, but on the civil cover sheet plaintiff marked “other 7 civil rights” and “taxes” when asked to identify the nature of the suit. ECF No. 1-1 at 1. 8 On April 25, 2023, the undersigned issued an order finding the complaint unsuitable for 9 service, noting the complaint does not contain a “short and plain” statement setting forth the basis 10 for federal jurisdiction, plaintiff’s entitlement to relief, or the relief that is sought, even though 11 those things are required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1)-(3). ECF No. 3 at 3. The court also found 12 that the complaint did not state a claim upon which relief can be granted because it did not name a 13 cause of action or allege facts supporting an identifiable cause of action. Id. Rather than 14 recommending dismissal of the action, the undersigned provided plaintiff an opportunity to 15 amend his complaint to allege a cognizable cause of action. Id. 16 Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint on May 16, 2023. ECF No. 4. The FAC was 17 identical to the original complaint except for one paragraph purporting to identify the legal harm 18 in response to the court’s order. ECF No. 4 at 1. This addition stated, in relevant part, “Singh has 19 Right to pay Taxes and Right to have properties. These Rights were violated by lowering the 20 priority of IRS’s LEINS and by taking Singh’s properties without even informing Singh, so his 21 right to due process. Right to have a Fair Trial and Right to keep properties were also denied. I 22 will file amended complaint later on.” Id. at 1. The court found the First Amended Complaint 23 also unsuitable for service, explained the deficiencies, and gave plaintiff a final opportunity to file 24 an amended complaint suitable for service. ECF No. 5. 25 On July 17, 2023, plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint. ECF No. 6. The Second 26 Amended Complaint is identical to the First Amended Complaint, except that it omits the most 27 substantive paragraphs contained in the First Amended Complaint. ECF Nos. 4 and 6. 28 //// 1 III. Analysis 2 A. Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint is Frivolous 3 The two-page Second Amended Complaint, like its two predecessors, fails to specify a 4 cognizable cause of action. The IRS and David Palmer are named as defendants, but plaintiff 5 does not clearly identify what the IRS did that gives him a right to sue.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RAGHVENDRA SINGH, No. 2:23-cv-00053 KJM AC PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, and this action accordingly was referred to the undersigned 18 by Local Rule 302(c)(21). Plaintiff was granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis, and his 19 initial complaint was found unsuitable for service. ECF No. 3. Plaintiff filed a First Amended 20 Complaint, which was also found unsuitable for service. ECF Nos. 4, 5. Now before the court is 21 plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. Because the court finds this complaint also to be 22 unsuitable for service, the undersigned recommends that the complaint be dismissed without 23 further leave to amend. 24 I. Screening Standard 25 The federal IFP statute requires federal courts to dismiss a case if the action is legally 26 “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks 27 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 28 Plaintiff must assist the court in determining whether or not the complaint is frivolous, by drafting 1 the complaint so that it complies with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Fed. R. Civ. P.”). 2 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. 3 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the 4 court will (1) accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint, unless they 5 are clearly baseless or fanciful, (2) construe those allegations in the light most favorable to the 6 plaintiff, and (3) resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327; Von 7 Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010). 8 The court applies the same rules of construction in determining whether the complaint 9 states a claim on which relief can be granted. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (court 10 must accept the allegations as true); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974) (court must 11 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff). Pro se pleadings are held to a 12 less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 13 (1972). However, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable 14 inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 15 624 (9th Cir. 1981). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action does not suffice 16 to state a claim. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–57 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 17 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 18 To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must allege enough facts “to 19 state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp., 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 20 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 21 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft, 556 U.S. 22 at 678. A pro se litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an 23 opportunity to amend, unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See 24 Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other grounds by statute as 25 stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir. 2000)). 26 II. The Complaint, the First Amended Complaint, and the Second Amended Complaint 27 Plaintiff’s initial complaint (ECF No. 1) alleged that defendant “caused loss of 28 multimillion dollars’ worth” of his property by denying him the right to pay taxes. ECF No. 1 at 1 1. Plaintiff alleged that his properties were protected by IRS liens, but that the IRS conspired 2 with state officials to allow the state to take his property by lowering the priority of IRS liens 3 without informing plaintiff. Id. Plaintiff alleged all of this was done during his incarceration 4 between 2019 and 2022. Id. Plaintiff further alleged that the Sacramento District Attorney is 5 prosecuting minorities for non-criminal, fabricated charges. Id. at 2. The body of plaintiff’s 6 complaint did not specify a cause of action, but on the civil cover sheet plaintiff marked “other 7 civil rights” and “taxes” when asked to identify the nature of the suit. ECF No. 1-1 at 1. 8 On April 25, 2023, the undersigned issued an order finding the complaint unsuitable for 9 service, noting the complaint does not contain a “short and plain” statement setting forth the basis 10 for federal jurisdiction, plaintiff’s entitlement to relief, or the relief that is sought, even though 11 those things are required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1)-(3). ECF No. 3 at 3. The court also found 12 that the complaint did not state a claim upon which relief can be granted because it did not name a 13 cause of action or allege facts supporting an identifiable cause of action. Id. Rather than 14 recommending dismissal of the action, the undersigned provided plaintiff an opportunity to 15 amend his complaint to allege a cognizable cause of action. Id. 16 Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint on May 16, 2023. ECF No. 4. The FAC was 17 identical to the original complaint except for one paragraph purporting to identify the legal harm 18 in response to the court’s order. ECF No. 4 at 1. This addition stated, in relevant part, “Singh has 19 Right to pay Taxes and Right to have properties. These Rights were violated by lowering the 20 priority of IRS’s LEINS and by taking Singh’s properties without even informing Singh, so his 21 right to due process. Right to have a Fair Trial and Right to keep properties were also denied. I 22 will file amended complaint later on.” Id. at 1. The court found the First Amended Complaint 23 also unsuitable for service, explained the deficiencies, and gave plaintiff a final opportunity to file 24 an amended complaint suitable for service. ECF No. 5. 25 On July 17, 2023, plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint. ECF No. 6. The Second 26 Amended Complaint is identical to the First Amended Complaint, except that it omits the most 27 substantive paragraphs contained in the First Amended Complaint. ECF Nos. 4 and 6. 28 //// 1 III. Analysis 2 A. Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint is Frivolous 3 The two-page Second Amended Complaint, like its two predecessors, fails to specify a 4 cognizable cause of action. The IRS and David Palmer are named as defendants, but plaintiff 5 does not clearly identify what the IRS did that gives him a right to sue. The only allegation about 6 conduct of the IRS is that it “conspired with state officials to allow them to take Singh’s 7 properties by lowering the priority of IRS’s liens without informing Singh and without any notice 8 to Singh.” ECF No. 6 at 1. As with the first two complaints, there are no factual allegations 9 describing a conspiracy, only this conclusory assertion. There are no factual allegations 10 whatsoever regarding David Palmer. Accordingly, no claim is stated against either defendant. 11 Having scrutinized the pleadings, it appears to the undersigned that plaintiff is saying that 12 while he was incarcerated following a wrongful criminal conviction, the prosecutor and trial 13 judge from his criminal case illegally evaded IRS liens to have plaintiff’s property taken (perhaps 14 via forfeiture). If this is the grievance underlying plaintiff’s complaint, his alleged injury was 15 caused by the judge and prosecutor rather than the IRS. Plaintiff’s persistent emphasis on the 16 wrongdoing of the DA (see ECF No. 4 at 2; ECF No. 6 at 1) indicates that this is the case. Judges 17 and prosecutors, however, are immune from civil liability for case-related conduct. See Stump v. 18 Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356-7 (1978) (judges entitled to absolute immunity for acts within 19 scope of judicial duties); Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 (1976) (prosecutors entitled to 20 absolute immunity when functioning as an advocate). Prosecutorial immunity applies in the 21 context of civil forfeiture proceedings. Torres v. Goddard, 793 F.3d 1046, 1052 (9th Cir. 2015). 22 Plaintiff cannot base a civil claim for damages on the wrongdoing of the judge or DA in the 23 context of his criminal case, any post-trial criminal or civil property forfeiture proceedings, or any 24 other legal process involving plaintiff’s property. 25 To the extent plaintiff alleges his property was taken without due process and a “fair 26 trial,” plaintiff fails to identify the property at issue and specify how (by what legal or extra-legal 27 mechanism) it was taken. This court cannot tell whether there might have been a due process 28 violation without facts regarding the nature of the seizure. A due process claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1 1983 has three elements: (1) a liberty or property interest protected by the Constitution; (2) a 2 deprivation of the interest by the government; (3) lack of process. Portman v. County of Santa 3 Clara, 995 F.2d 898, 904 (9th Cir. 1993). To state a claim for relief, a complaint must set forth 4 specific facts to support each of these elements. The Second Amended Complaint does not do so, 5 even though plaintiff has been informed of this requirement and has twice been given an 6 opportunity to cure the deficiencies of the complaint. 7 B. Further Leave to Amend Would Be Futile 8 For the reasons explained above, the SAC is subject to summary dismissal under 28 9 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Ordinarily, pro 10 se plaintiffs are given the opportunity to amend a deficient complaint. Noll, 809 F.2d at 144. In 11 this case, plaintiff has twice had the opportunity to amend. Despite being given guidance from 12 the court regarding elements of claims and presentation of facts, plaintiff submitted a Second 13 Amended Complaint that fails to cure several fundamental deficiencies of the original and First 14 Amended Complaint. On both the First and Second Amended Complaints, plaintiff wrote “I will 15 File Amended Complaint Later On.” ECF Nos. 4 at 1; 6 at 1. The court has given plaintiff ample 16 opportunity amend and has provided clear instruction; it is evident from plaintiff’s First and 17 Second Amended Complaints that he will not be able to draft a complaint suitable for service. 18 Considering the circumstances of this case, it is clear to the undersigned that further leave to 19 amend would be futile. Accordingly, the undersigned recommends dismissal without further 20 leave to amend. 21 IV. Pro Se Plaintiff’s Summary 22 It is being recommended that your case be dismissed. Your Second Amended Complaint 23 did not fix the problems of your original complaint and your First Amended Complaint. You can 24 object to this recommendation within 21 days. 25 V. Conclusion 26 For the reasons explained above, the undersigned recommends that the Second Amended 27 Complaint (ECF No. 6) be DISMISSED with prejudice. 28 //// ] These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 2 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one days 3 || after being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written objections 4 | with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Id.; see also Local Rule 304(b). Such a document 5 || should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Failure 6 || to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s 7 | order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153, 8 | 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1991). 9 | DATED: August 2, 2023 “~ 10 Aten —Chare ALLISON CLAIRE 11 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28