1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ELISE KING, Case No. 2:17-cv-01257-JDP (PS) 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE 13 v. PLEADINGS 14 CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF ECF No. 33 WATER RESOURCES, 15 Defendant. 16
17 18 This case requires the court to decide whether a plaintiff is precluded from litigating in 19 federal court the issue of disability under the Rehabilitation Act when the State Personnel Board 20 has previously determined that the plaintiff is not disabled under California’s Fair Employment 21 and Housing Act. Although several courts outside this circuit have addressed the availability of 22 issue preclusion under the Rehabilitation Act, the issue has not been addressed by this court. If 23 issue preclusion is generally available under the Rehabilitation Act, the court must consider 24 whether a decision of the State Personnel Board would be entitled to preclusive effect in state 25 court—and, if so, whether issue preclusion should apply in this case. 26 Plaintiff Elise King, a former employee of defendant California Department of Water 27 Resources who is proceeding without counsel, claims that defendant violated Section 504 of the 28 Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, by refusing to accommodate her asserted disability, which 1 involves a claimed inability to work under particular supervisors. See ECF Nos. 14, 16. Ms.
2 King previously filed a complaint with the State Personnel Board, claiming that defendant had
3 denied her reasonable accommodation, such as reassignment to different supervisors. The Board
4 held an evidentiary hearing and then denied her claim, finding that she did not have a disability
5 under California’s Fair Employment and Housing Act (“FEHA”), Cal. Gov’t Code § 12900 et
6 seq. Plaintiff did not appeal. Defendant now moves for judgment on the pleadings, ECF No. 33,
7 arguing that the Board’s determination of the issue of disability precludes reconsideration here.1
8 Plaintiff argues that issue preclusion is inappropriate because the administrative proceedings did
9 not comply with certain procedural rules used in federal court; she urges the court to make its
10 own determination of disability after an opportunity for discovery and a review of all evidence.
11 ECF No. 35.
12 Legal Standard
13 Judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) is proper when, even if all material facts in ` 14 the complaint are taken as true, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 15 Cafasso v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054 (9th Cir. 2011). The court applies the 16 same standard as would govern a motion under Rule 12(b)(6).2 Id. at 1054 n.4. “[A] complaint 17 must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible 18 on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 19 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim has facial plausibility when a plaintiff “pleads factual content 20 that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 21 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. In assessing the sufficiency of the pleadings, 22 “courts must consider the complaint in its entirety, as well as other sources courts ordinarily 23 examine, . . . in particular, documents incorporated into the complaint by reference, and matters 24 1 Defendant also argues that claim preclusion is appropriate. See ECF No. 33-1 at 11-12. 25 Claim preclusion prevents a given claim from being retried in a separate case. The court need not and does not reach this argument because issue preclusion is dispositive. Notably, however, 26 defendant does not address whether plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act claim could have been brought 27 before the State Personnel Board and identifies no instance in which a claim like that raised by plaintiff has been held to be preclusive of another claim. 28 2 The parties have consented to magistrate judge jurisdiction. 1 of which a court may take judicial notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S.
2 308, 322 (2007).
3 Judicial Notice
4 Defendant asks that the court take judicial notice of three decisional documents from
5 plaintiff’s state administrative proceeding, and of the fact that plaintiff did not appeal the final
6 administrative decision. ECF No. 33-2. Plaintiff argues that the specified documents are not
7 appropriate for judicial notice; her arguments focus on the underlying truth of the contents of the
8 documents. See ECF No. 35 at 2-3.
9 Under Rule 201, administrative agency records, including decisional documents, are
10 subject to judicial notice. See Fed. R. Evid. 201(c)(2). Judicial notice establishes only that these
11 documents are as they are; it does not establish the correctness of any determinations therein. See
12 Nugget Hydroelectric, L.P. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 981 F.2d 429, 435 (9th Cir. 1992) (taking
13 judicial notice of the existence of a state administrative agency’s published decisions); see also ` 14 Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 690 (9th Cir. 2001) (“On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to 15 dismiss, when a court takes judicial notice of another court’s opinion, it may do so not for the 16 truth of the facts recited therein, but for the existence of the opinion, which is not subject to 17 reasonable dispute over its authenticity.” (internal quotation omitted)). I will grant defendant’s 18 request that the court take judicial notice of the agency records attached to the request and of the 19 fact that plaintiff did not appeal the final administrative decision. ECF No. 33-2. 20 Analysis 21 “[T]he determination of a question directly involved in one action is conclusive as to that 22 question in a second suit.” Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U.S. 351, 354 (1877). “[S]ubject to 23 certain well-known exceptions, the general rule [for issue preclusion] is that ‘[w]hen an issue of 24 fact or law is actually litigated and determined by a valid and final judgment, and the 25 determination is essential to the judgment, the determination is conclusive in a subsequent action 26 between the parties, whether on the same or a different claim.’” B&B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis 27 Indus., 575 U.S. 138, 148 (2015) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27, p. 250 28 1 (1980)). Preclusion embodies the idea that “a losing litigant deserves no rematch after a defeat
2 fairly suffered.” Astoria Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Solimono, 501 U.S. 104, 107 (1991).
3 i. Availability of Issue Preclusion
4 Issue preclusion, or collateral estoppel, is not limited to instances in which a federal court
5 has decided an issue. It can also apply when “a single issue is before a court and an
6 administrative agency” and the administrative agency is the first entity to consider the issue.
7 B&B Hardware, 575 U.S. at 148. In University of Tennessee v. Elliott, 478 U.S. 788 (1986), the
8 Supreme Court established a two-step inquiry to determine whether a decision by a state
9 administrative body should preclude litigation in federal court. Under that framework, a court
10 considering whether issue preclusion applies first asks “whether a common-law rule of preclusion
11 would be consistent with Congress’ intent.” Elliott, 478 U.S. at 796. If so, the court then asks
12 whether the agency decision would be entitled to preclusive effect in the courts of that state. Id.
13 at 799 (“[W]hen a state agency ‘acting in a judicial capacity resolves disputed issues of fact ` 14 properly before it [that] the parties have had an adequate opportunity to litigate,’ federal courts 15 must give the agency’s factfinding the same preclusive effect to which it would be entitled in the 16 State’s courts.” (quoting United States v. Utah Constr. & Mining Co., 384 U.S. 394, 422 (1966))). 17 Applying Elliott, I first consider whether common-law preclusion would be consistent 18 with Congress’ intent in enacting the Rehabilitation Act. Since Congress legislates against the 19 backdrop of the common law, of which issue preclusion is a part, preclusion will operate unless a 20 contrary intent can be inferred from the statute. 21 In Elliott, the Supreme Court inferred that Congress did not intend for issue preclusion to 22 operate because Title VII referred to state proceedings in a manner abrogating common law. 23 Specifically, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b) required the EEOC to give “substantial weight” to state 24 findings and orders. Elliott, 478 U.S. at 795-96. That provision “would make little sense . . . if 25 state agency findings were entitled to preclusive effect in Title VII actions in federal court” 26 because substantial weight is a lesser level of deference than preclusion. Id. at 795. 27 In Astoria, the Supreme Court reached a similar conclusion regarding the Age 28 Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), holding that Congress did not intend unreviewed 1 state agency findings to preclude claims brought under the that law. The Supreme Court noted
2 that the statute requires plaintiffs to exhaust state remedies and uses the termination of state
3 proceedings to set filing deadlines. Astoria, 501 U.S. at 110-11. These provisions “plainly
4 assume the possibility of federal consideration after state agencies have finished theirs”; “federal
5 proceedings would be strictly pro forma if state administrative findings were given preclusive
6 effect.” Id. at 111. The Court also found that the ADEA’s enforcement provisions showed that
7 Congress did not intend to preclude federal consideration; the statutory language did not provide
8 for deference even to federal administrative findings, implying that state findings would similarly
9 receive no deference. Id. at 112. As the Supreme Court put it, “[a]dministrative findings with
10 respect to the age-discrimination claims of federal employees enjoy no preclusive effect in
11 subsequent judicial litigation, and since there is no reason to believe federal enforcement agencies
12 are any less competent than their state counterparts, it would be anomalous to afford more
13 deference to one than the other.” Id. at 112-13 (internal citations omitted). ` 14 Turning back to Elliott, the Supreme Court reached a different conclusion when assessing 15 congressional intent under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Court found that the absence of any language 16 in § 1983 or the provision’s legislative history relevant to preclusion meant that the “traditional 17 principles of preclusion” should operate. Elliott, 478 U.S. at 797 (citing Allen v. McCurry, 449 18 U.S. 90, 103-04 (1980)). 19 Thus, applying Elliott and Astoria, courts can infer that Congress intended issue 20 preclusion to operate unless it has indicated otherwise, such as by (1) including a statutory 21 requirement that state remedies be exhausted prior to pursuing a claim federally; (2) including 22 federal enforcement provisions that do not allow for agency decisions to have preclusive effect; 23 or (3) referring to state proceedings in a manner abrogating common law preclusion. See Elliott, 24 478 U.S. at 797; Astoria, 501 U.S. at 110-11. 25 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act resembles section 1983 in that it lacks any 26 indication that Congress intended to displace common-law preclusion. Unlike the ADEA, the 27 Rehabilitation Act has no exhaustion requirement or enforcement provisions; unlike Title VII, it 28 does not refer to state proceedings in a way that abrogates the common law. I therefore find—as 1 have several other courts that have examined the availability of common-law preclusion
2 principles under the Rehabilitation Act—that the use of issue preclusion is consistent with
3 congressional intent. See Van Ever-Ford v. New York, No. 13-CV-412, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
4 73035, at *17 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 30, 2019); Dertz v. City of Chi., No. 94 C 542, 1997 U.S. Dist.
5 LEXIS 1956, at *30 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 19, 1997); Johnson-Goeman v. Mich. Dep’t of Commerce, No.
6 5:93-CV-119, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1806, at *15 (W.D. Mich. Jan. 18, 1995); see also Moran v.
7 New York State Dep’t of Health, 95 Civ. 5809, Slip. Op., 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22769
8 (S.D.N.Y. July 29, 1996), aff’d, 111 F.3d 123 (2d Cir. 1997) (finding that plaintiff’s ADA and
9 Rehabilitation Act claims challenging the suspension of his medical license were precluded by
10 collateral estoppel because the state court’s ruling in an Article 78 proceeding contesting the
11 suspension necessarily rejected plaintiff’s disability allegations).
12 I next consider whether the State Personnel Board decision would be entitled to preclusive
13 effect in state court—the second step of the Elliott inquiry. California courts apply the doctrine of ` 14 issue preclusion to state administrative decisions if the state proceedings satisfy the fairness 15 requirements from Utah Construction: “(1) that the administrative agency act in a judicial 16 capacity; (2) that the agency resolve disputed issues of fact properly before it; and (3) that the 17 parties have an adequate opportunity to litigate.” Miller v. Cty. of Santa Cruz, 39 F.3d 1030, 18 1033 (9th Cir. 1994) (citing Utah Construction, 384 U.S. at 422); see also People v. Sims, 32 Cal. 19 3d 468, 479-82 (1982) (using Utah Construction fairness criteria to determine whether an agency 20 decision has collateral estoppel effect). As the California Supreme Court put it:
21 Once a decision has been issued, provided that decision is of a 22 sufficiently judicial character to support collateral estoppel, respect for the administrative decisionmaking process requires that the 23 prospective plaintiff continue that process to completion, including exhausting any available judicial avenues for reversal of adverse 24 findings. Failure to do so will result in any quasi-judicial administrative findings achieving binding, preclusive effect and 25 may bar further relief on the same claims. 26 27 28 1 Murray v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 50 Cal. 4th 860, 867 (2010) (internal citations and quotation
2 marks omitted).
3 Here, the Board reviewed plaintiff’s complaint, heard from witnesses, and then reached a
4 decision on her claims. ECF No. 33-2 at 5-29. Plaintiff had a five-day evidentiary hearing on her
5 FEHA claims. Id. at 5. She was represented by counsel before an administrative law judge
6 (“ALJ”), and she and four other witnesses gave testimony. Id. at 19-21. The ALJ found that
7 plaintiff had failed to prove she had a disability and thus had failed to prove any breach of a duty
8 to reasonably accommodate a disability. Id. at 28. The Board adopted the ALJ’s opinion. Id. at
9 4. Plaintiff petitioned for rehearing, but the Board denied her request. Id. at 32. The first Utah
10 Construction requirement—that the agency acted in a judicial capacity—is thus met. See
11 Peterson v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 451 F. Supp. 2d 1092, 1106 (E.D. Cal. 2006).
12 So is the second: The agency resolved the disputed issues of fact that were properly
13 before it. “An issue is properly before an administrative tribunal if that body has jurisdiction to ` 14 decide it, as a matter of state law.” Misischia v. Pirie, 60 F.3d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1995). Here, 15 the State Personnel Board had the power to adjudicate the dispute that plaintiff raised in her 16 complaint before it. See Cal. Code Regs. tit. 2, §§ 10, 53.3(a)(3), 64.1-64.6. And, although 17 plaintiff disagrees with some of the Board’s findings, the record leaves little doubt that the 18 findings were made. See ECF No. 33-2 at 4-45; State Pers. Bd. v. Fair Emp’t & Hous. Com., 39 19 Cal. 3d 422, 443 (1985) (recognizing that the State Personnel Board can act in its judicial 20 capacity to resolve disputes with preclusive effect as long as the “particular issue presented to [the 21 Board] was sufficiently explored and decided”); Oquendo v. Cal. Inst. for Women, 212 Cal. App. 22 3d 520, 522-23 (1989). 23 In evaluating the final Utah Construction requirement, whether plaintiff had an adequate 24 opportunity to litigate, I consider whether plaintiff had “an adequate opportunity for judicial 25 review.” Peterson, 451 F. Supp. 2d at 1106 (citing Wehrli v. County of Orange, 175 F.3d 692, 26 694-95 (9th Cir. 1999)). Here, after plaintiff’s case was adjudicated, she had the opportunity to 27 apply for a writ of administrative mandate in state superior court. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code 28 § 1094.5. “The purpose of section 1094.5 is to inquire into the validity of any Final 1 administrative order.” State of California v. Superior Ct., 12 Cal. 3d 237, 245 (1974). Review of
2 an administrative decision under this provision falls into two substantive categories: issues of
3 jurisdiction, fair trial, and prejudicial abuse of discretion under section 1094.5(b); and evaluation
4 of whether the findings are supported by the evidence using an abuse of discretion standard under
5 section 1094.5(c). The reviewing court has many options, including remand, rehearing, entering
6 judgment, or denying the writ. §§ 1094.5(e), (f). This is an adequate opportunity for judicial
7 review.
8 Plaintiff complains that the practices and procedures before the ALJ were not the same as
9 those that a federal judge would have employed. ECF No. 35 at 2. She notes that: (1) a witness
10 for defendant was allowed to sit with the representative for defendant during the entire trial,
11 which could have allowed defendant to coordinate witnesses; and (2) plaintiff was not represented
12 by the same counsel during her prehearing settlement conference and the trial. Id. at 2-4. But,
13 even if the characteristics she identifies distinguish her experience from what she might ` 14 experience in federal court, an administrative hearing need not replicate federal court procedure 15 to have preclusive effect. See Elliott, 478 U.S. at 796-99; Sims, 32 Cal. 3d at 480 (“Although the 16 fair hearing was not conducted according to the rules of evidence applicable to judicial 17 proceedings, this difference does not preclude a finding that the [agency] was acting in a ‘judicial 18 capacity.’”). And plaintiff had the opportunity to challenge these aspects of her experience before 19 the agency both in the first instance and on appeal. She did not appeal, however, and in turning 20 instead to this court she risked the application of collateral estoppel. See Murray, 50 Cal. 4th at 21 867. 22 In sum, issue preclusion is available to prevent a federal court from reconsidering an issue 23 in a Rehabilitation Act claim that has already been decided by the California State Personnel 24 Board. I next consider whether it should have such an effect here. 25 ii. Application of Issue Preclusion 26 This court looks to state law to determine whether issue preclusion should follow from a 27 state court decision, San Remo Hotel L.P. v. S.F. City & Cty., 364 F.3d 1088, 1096 (9th Cir. 28 2004), or a state administrative decision, Einheber v. Regents of the Univ., 266 F. App’x 596, 1 598-600 (9th Cir. 2008). In California, there are five threshold requirements for issue preclusion:
2 “1) the issue to be precluded must be identical to that decided in the prior proceeding; 2) the issue
3 must have been actually litigated at that time; 3) the issue must have been necessarily decided;
4 4) the decision in the prior proceeding must be final and on the merits; and 5) the party against
5 whom preclusion is sought must be in privity with the party to the former proceeding.” People v.
6 Garcia, 39 Cal. 4th 1070, 1077 (2006). Here, four are easily satisfied: the parties in the
7 administrative adjudication are the same, the State Personnel Board actually and necessarily
8 reached a final judgment on whether plaintiff proved that she had a disability, and the Board
9 evaluated the same factual circumstances as plaintiff presents to this court. The only question is
10 whether the issue of plaintiff’s disability is “identical” for preclusion purposes.
11 To determine whether issues in two cases are “identical,” California courts consider the
12 similarity of the claims in the two proceedings, whether the facts and arguments involved
13 substantially overlap, and whether the legal standard in the first proceeding is more or less ` 14 demanding than that in the second proceeding. See Garcia, 39 Cal. 4th at 1078 (citing Sims, 32 15 Cal. 3d at 485). For example, in Sims, which was reconsidered and reaffirmed in Garcia, the 16 state had to show welfare fraud by a preponderance of the evidence at defendant’s administrative 17 hearing and failed to do so. Sims, 32 Cal. 3d at 485-86. When the state brought a criminal case 18 for welfare fraud against the same defendant, the administrative decision precluded a finding of 19 guilt in the criminal case. Id. The court reasoned that if the state could not show welfare fraud by 20 a preponderance of the evidence, it necessarily also could not show fraud beyond a reasonable 21 doubt, as would have been required in a criminal case. Id. at 485. 22 Here, the State Personnel Board decided that plaintiff had not proven that she had a 23 disability under California’s Fair Employment and Housing Act, Cal. Gov’t Code § 12900 et seq., 24 which was fatal to her FEHA claim. See Swanson v. Morongo Unified Sch. Dist., 232 Cal. App. 25 4th 954, 969 (2014); accord Villalobos v. TWC Admin. LLC, 720 F. App’x 839, 843 (9th Cir. 26 2017). Under the FEHA, a mental disability includes any mental or psychological condition that 27 limits a major life activity. Cal. Gov’t Code § 12926(j). The Board held that mental disability 28 does not include an employee’s inability to work under a particular supervisor because of anxiety 1 or stress related to the supervisor’s standard oversight of the employee’s job performance. ECF
2 No. 33-2 at 22 (citing Higgins-Williams v. Sutter Med. Found., 237 Cal. App. 4th 78, 84 (2015)).
3 Plaintiff argued that her case was distinguishable from Higgins-Williams, but the Board was not
4 persuaded. ECF No. 33-2 at 23. The Board held that her “inability to work under particular
5 supervisors is not a disability within the meaning of the FEHA.” Id.
6 Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act claim also requires a showing of disability.3 Disability is
7 defined under the Rehabilitation Act as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits
8 one or more major life activities.4 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A). Critically, this standard, requiring
9 an impairment to substantially limit a major life activity, is more demanding than the FEHA
10 standard, which requires only that the relevant condition limit a major life activity. The situation
11 is like that in Sims, in which a party that failed to satisfy a less-demanding standard in an
12 administrative hearing was precluded from relitigating the issue under a more demanding
13 standard in a later state court proceeding. See Sims, 32 Cal. 3d at 485-86. Thus, the issue of ` 14 plaintiff’s disability is “identical” under both this case and the final decision from the state 15 administrative hearing, and plaintiff is precluded from relitigating it. 16 Conclusion 17 In sum, issue preclusion is both available and applicable here, where plaintiff seeks to 18 relitigate the issue of her disability under the Rehabilitation Act after she has been determined to 19 be not disabled in an unappealed state administrative proceeding under California’s Fair 20 Employment and Housing Act. 21 Accordingly: 22 1. Defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, ECF No. 33, is granted. 23 24 3 Specifically, she would need to show that (1) she is disabled, (2) she is able to perform 25 the essential functions of her employment with or without reasonable accommodation, (3) the defendant receives federal financial assistance, and (4) plaintiff was subjected to discrimination 26 on account of her disability. See Zukle v. Regents of Univ. of California, 166 F.3d 1041, 1045 27 (9th Cir. 1999). 4 The Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 705(9)(B), uses the same standards as the 28 Americans with Disabilities Act to determine whether an employee has a disability. 1 2. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment in favor of defendant California 2 | Department of Water Resources and close this case. 3 4 IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: _ September 16, 2021 Q_——_. 6 JEREMY D. PETERSON 7 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11