1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JUNHO HYON, No. 2:19-cv-259-KJM-EFB PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 COMMISSION ON JUDICIAL PERFORMANCE, et al., 15 Defendants. 16
17 Plaintiff seeks leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915.1 His 18 declaration makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. §1915(a)(1) and (2). See ECF No. 3. 19 Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis is granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). 20 Determining that plaintiff may proceed in forma pauperis does not complete the required 21 inquiry. Pursuant to § 1915(e)(2), the court must dismiss the case at any time if it determines that 22 the allegation of poverty is untrue, or if the action is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim 23 on which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief against an immune defendant. As 24 discussed below, plaintiff’s second amended complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a 25 claim.2 26
27 1 This case, in which plaintiff is proceeding in propria persona, was referred to the undersigned under Local Rule 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). 28 1 Although pro se pleadings are liberally construed, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 2 520-21 (1972), a complaint, or portion thereof, should be dismissed for failure to state a claim if it 3 fails to set forth “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. 4 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554, 562-563 (2007) (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 5 (1957)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “[A] plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of 6 his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of 7 a cause of action’s elements will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to 8 relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all of the complaint’s allegations are 9 true.” Id. (citations omitted). Dismissal is appropriate based either on the lack of cognizable 10 legal theories or the lack of pleading sufficient facts to support cognizable legal theories. 11 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). 12 Under this standard, the court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in 13 question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976), construe the 14 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor, 15 Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). A pro se plaintiff must satisfy the pleading 16 requirements of Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 8(a)(2) requires a 17 complaint to include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled 18 to relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon 19 which it rests.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957)). 20 Additionally, a federal court is a court of limited jurisdiction, and may adjudicate only 21 those cases authorized by the Constitution and by Congress. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 22 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The basic federal jurisdiction statutes, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 & 1332, 23 confer “federal question” and “diversity” jurisdiction, respectively. Federal question jurisdiction 24 requires that the complaint: (1) arise under a federal law or the U. S. Constitution; (2) allege a 25 “case or controversy” within the meaning of Article III, § 2 of the U. S. Constitution; or (3) be 26 authorized by a federal statute that both regulates a specific subject matter and confers federal 27 2 Plaintiff amended his complaint twice before the court had an opportunity to screen his 28 prior complaints. 1 jurisdiction. Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 198 (1962). To invoke the court’s diversity 2 jurisdiction, a plaintiff must specifically allege the diverse citizenship of all parties, and that the 3 matter in controversy exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a); Bautista v. Pan American World 4 Airlines, Inc., 828 F.2d 546, 552 (9th Cir. 1987). A case presumably lies outside the jurisdiction 5 of the federal courts unless demonstrated otherwise. Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 376-78. Lack of 6 subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time by either party or by the court. Attorneys 7 Trust v. Videotape Computer Products, Inc., 93 F.3d 593, 594-95 (9th Cir. 1996). 8 The second amended complaint alleges that plaintiff sent a letter to defendant Brian K. 9 Taylor, the Court Executive Officer for the Solano County Superior Court, requesting a copy of 10 an agreement under which a superior court judge agreed to resign. ECF No. 10 at 4. Plaintiff 11 claims, however, that defendant Taylor has refused to provide a copy of the agreement. He 12 further alleges that he wrote a letter to Governor Newsom requesting he vacate an order declaring 13 plaintiff a vexatious litigant. Id. That letter was also allegedly ignored. Id. 14 It is not clear from these allegations what specific claim plaintiff is attempting to assert. 15 Accordingly, plaintiff’s complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a claim. See Jones v. 16 Community Redev. Agency, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984) (a complaint must give fair notice 17 and state the elements of the claim plainly and succinctly). 18 However, it is apparent from the second amended complaint and plaintiff’s other filings 19 that he seeks to challenge various state court orders. For instance, plaintiff’s original complaint 20 alleges that several state court judges have entered orders, including an order declaring plaintiff a 21 vexatious litigant, adverse to plaintiff. See generally ECF No. 1 at 1-42. Plaintiff’s first amended 22 complaint claims that the Commission on Judicial Performance has refused to review rulings 23 made by state court judge Scott Kays. ECF No. 7 at 4. It also alleges that Judge Kays has 24 engaged in serious misconduct, including declining to grant plaintiff a jury trial. Id.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JUNHO HYON, No. 2:19-cv-259-KJM-EFB PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 COMMISSION ON JUDICIAL PERFORMANCE, et al., 15 Defendants. 16
17 Plaintiff seeks leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915.1 His 18 declaration makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. §1915(a)(1) and (2). See ECF No. 3. 19 Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis is granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). 20 Determining that plaintiff may proceed in forma pauperis does not complete the required 21 inquiry. Pursuant to § 1915(e)(2), the court must dismiss the case at any time if it determines that 22 the allegation of poverty is untrue, or if the action is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim 23 on which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief against an immune defendant. As 24 discussed below, plaintiff’s second amended complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a 25 claim.2 26
27 1 This case, in which plaintiff is proceeding in propria persona, was referred to the undersigned under Local Rule 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). 28 1 Although pro se pleadings are liberally construed, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 2 520-21 (1972), a complaint, or portion thereof, should be dismissed for failure to state a claim if it 3 fails to set forth “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. 4 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554, 562-563 (2007) (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 5 (1957)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “[A] plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of 6 his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of 7 a cause of action’s elements will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to 8 relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all of the complaint’s allegations are 9 true.” Id. (citations omitted). Dismissal is appropriate based either on the lack of cognizable 10 legal theories or the lack of pleading sufficient facts to support cognizable legal theories. 11 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). 12 Under this standard, the court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in 13 question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976), construe the 14 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor, 15 Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). A pro se plaintiff must satisfy the pleading 16 requirements of Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 8(a)(2) requires a 17 complaint to include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled 18 to relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon 19 which it rests.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957)). 20 Additionally, a federal court is a court of limited jurisdiction, and may adjudicate only 21 those cases authorized by the Constitution and by Congress. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 22 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The basic federal jurisdiction statutes, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 & 1332, 23 confer “federal question” and “diversity” jurisdiction, respectively. Federal question jurisdiction 24 requires that the complaint: (1) arise under a federal law or the U. S. Constitution; (2) allege a 25 “case or controversy” within the meaning of Article III, § 2 of the U. S. Constitution; or (3) be 26 authorized by a federal statute that both regulates a specific subject matter and confers federal 27 2 Plaintiff amended his complaint twice before the court had an opportunity to screen his 28 prior complaints. 1 jurisdiction. Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 198 (1962). To invoke the court’s diversity 2 jurisdiction, a plaintiff must specifically allege the diverse citizenship of all parties, and that the 3 matter in controversy exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a); Bautista v. Pan American World 4 Airlines, Inc., 828 F.2d 546, 552 (9th Cir. 1987). A case presumably lies outside the jurisdiction 5 of the federal courts unless demonstrated otherwise. Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 376-78. Lack of 6 subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time by either party or by the court. Attorneys 7 Trust v. Videotape Computer Products, Inc., 93 F.3d 593, 594-95 (9th Cir. 1996). 8 The second amended complaint alleges that plaintiff sent a letter to defendant Brian K. 9 Taylor, the Court Executive Officer for the Solano County Superior Court, requesting a copy of 10 an agreement under which a superior court judge agreed to resign. ECF No. 10 at 4. Plaintiff 11 claims, however, that defendant Taylor has refused to provide a copy of the agreement. He 12 further alleges that he wrote a letter to Governor Newsom requesting he vacate an order declaring 13 plaintiff a vexatious litigant. Id. That letter was also allegedly ignored. Id. 14 It is not clear from these allegations what specific claim plaintiff is attempting to assert. 15 Accordingly, plaintiff’s complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a claim. See Jones v. 16 Community Redev. Agency, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984) (a complaint must give fair notice 17 and state the elements of the claim plainly and succinctly). 18 However, it is apparent from the second amended complaint and plaintiff’s other filings 19 that he seeks to challenge various state court orders. For instance, plaintiff’s original complaint 20 alleges that several state court judges have entered orders, including an order declaring plaintiff a 21 vexatious litigant, adverse to plaintiff. See generally ECF No. 1 at 1-42. Plaintiff’s first amended 22 complaint claims that the Commission on Judicial Performance has refused to review rulings 23 made by state court judge Scott Kays. ECF No. 7 at 4. It also alleges that Judge Kays has 24 engaged in serious misconduct, including declining to grant plaintiff a jury trial. Id. Plaintiff has 25 also filed several documents complaining about state court orders, including state court pleadings 26 that request vacatur of the order declaring plaintiff a vexatious litigant. See ECF Nos. 5-6, 8-9, 27 11-15. 28 ///// 1 These filings demonstrate that plaintiff seeks, through this action, to challenge various 2 state court rulings. Such challenges are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. The Rooker- 3 Feldman doctrine bars jurisdiction in federal district court if the exact claims raised in a state 4 court case are raised in the subsequent federal case, or if the claims presented to the district court 5 are “inextricably intertwined” with the state court’s denial of relief. Bianchi v. Rylaarsdam, 334 6 F.3d 895, 898-99 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 483 7 n.16 (1983). Rooker-Feldman thus bars federal adjudication of any suit where a plaintiff alleges 8 an injury based on a state court judgment or directly appeals a state court’s decision. Id. at 900 9 n.4, 901 (“Stated plainly, ‘Rooker-Feldman bars any suit that seeks to disrupt or ‘undo’ a prior 10 state-court judgment, regardless of whether the state-court proceeding afforded the federal-court 11 plaintiff a full and fair opportunity to litigate her claims.’”). “That the federal district court action 12 alleges the state court’s action was unconstitutional does not change the rule.” Feldman, 460 U.S. 13 at 486. 14 Because plaintiff seeks to challenge state court orders, his claims (whatever they may be) 15 are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Accordingly, plaintiff’s complaint must be 16 dismissed without leave to amend. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987) 17 (while the court ordinarily would permit a pro se plaintiff to amend, leave to amend should not be 18 granted where it appears amendment would be futile). 19 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that plaintiff’s request for leave to proceed in forma 20 pauperis (ECF No. 3) is granted. 21 Further, it is RECOMMENDED that plaintiff’s second amended complaint (ECF No. 10) 22 be dismissed without leave to amend and the Clerk be directed to close the case. 23 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 24 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days 25 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 26 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 27 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Failure to file objections 28 ///// 1 || within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. 2 || Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 3 || DATED: February 5, 2020. 4 tid, PDEA EDMUND F. BRENNAN 5 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28