SIMPSON, J.
This was a proceeding in the nature of “quo warranto” under § 3420 of the Code of Alabama, brought by appellee, against appellant.
The demurrers, and argument of counsel, in connection with the petition and answer, show that Samuel P. Prow-ell was elected judge of the probate court of Marengo county at the general election in August, 1898, and that said A. L. Hasty was elected to the same office at the general election on the 8th day of November, 1904; and the question at issue is, that said Prowell claims that he is entitled to hold said office until November, 1905, while the relator, A. S. Hasty claims that, having been duly elected, and having been qualified and commissioned, by the Governor of Alabama, he is entitled to demand that said office be turned over to him.
[83]*83The Constitution of 1875, which was in force when said Prowell went into office, provided that the probate judges should “hold office for the term of six years, and until their successors are elected, or appointed, and qualified.” His term of six years expired on the 3rd day of November, 1904, and his successor has been elected, has qualified and been commissioned. But appellant claims that, inasmuch as sections 3054, and 3354, of the Code of Alabama, stand unrepealed, providing that probate judges, and other officers hold their terms for six years, from the 3rd day of November after their election, and until their successors are elected and qualified, said Hasty’s term is necessarily until November, 1905, and said Prowell is entitled to hold the office, until that time.
We regard it' as the settled law of this State that the words “until his successor is elected and qualified” was never intended to prolong the term of office beyond a reasonable time, after the election, to enable the newly elected officer to qualify. — Hughes v. City Council of Montgomery, 65 Ala. 201, 206-7; Chelmsford v. Demarest, 73 Mass. (7 Gray) 1.
As stated by Chief Justice Bricicbll, in the Hughes case, supra, after the expiration of such reasonable time, the office would become vacant. Consequently, if the law should be declared, as contended for by appellant, it would work no benefit to him. But, without stopping to consider what would be the result as to the relator in this proceeding, and, as the parties to this cause desire, and the interest of the pnblic demand that the rights of the parties be fully decided, without regard to technicalities, we proceed to inquire, did the Legislature of Alabama, by the enactment of the “Act to further regulate elections in the State of Alabama,” (Acts 1903, p. 43S), intend to extend the terms of the probate judges, then in office, for a year, and to provide that the officers elected on Nov. 8th, 1904, should not enter upon the duties of office for a year after their election?
It would seem from the mere statement of the proposition, that if such a decided, not to say unusual change had been intended, the Legislature would certainly have [84]*84expressed itself in apt terms, so that there could be no doubt as to its intentions.
The title of the act shows that it did not intend to change the term of office of any officer. With § 45 of Art. IV. of the Constitution before the Legislature, that body entitled this act, simply one “to further regulate elections.” If such a general title could have been adopt-, ed as to provide this change ■ without being obnoxious to the single subject provision the title adopted certainly did not advertise to the world that a law was about to be enacted which would have the effect of extending the terms of probate judges, who had been elected by the people for a definite term, for a year longer, and requiring the officers, who should be elected to succeed them, to wait a year in order that this gratuity might be enjoyed by the retiring officers; and that too; in spite of.§ 155 of the Constitution (both the old and new one being identical) that probate judges should hold for “six years and until their successors are elected and qualified” and providing that their right to hold for that term “shall not be affected by any change hereafter made in the mode or time of elections.”
It is true that this provision relates specially to shortening the term of office, hut the entire section shows a clear intentan, in the minds of the Constitution makers to fix the term of office, and, without a very clear expression to-that effect, we will not presume that the Legislature intended to extend the term fixed by the Constitution for another year, when no reason has been suggested or can be imagined why such a thing should be done.
Section 158 of the Constitution further shows that a term should not be extended beyond the limit fixed by the Constitution, for it provides that, in case of a vacancy occurring, air appointment shall Ire made, and that the appointee shall “hold his office until the next general election.” Under the construction of the law contended for by appellant if he had died a year before the election the person, appointed in his stead, could have held only until the next general election, and then there would have been a vacancy, of a year, with the man already elected by the people, prohibited by the very law of his [85]*85election, from assuming the duties of the office to which, he had been elected.
“The law abhors vacancies in public offices, and great precautions are taken to avoid their occurrence.”- — ■ Throop on Public Officers, § 308.
It has been decided by the New York court of appeals that, even where the constitution had left it to the legislature to fix the terms of judicial officers, and the legislature had fixed the term, it could not, constitutionally, extend the term of any officer, by act of the legislature, judge Folger in delivering the opinion of that court, very pertinentlv says: “If the Legislature can, by extending the term of such an office, continue in it the holder thereof for one year, it may for any number of years; and thus the duration of the term thereof may be perpetuated by legislative power; and the people, after one exercise of the constitutional power of choosing certain of their officers, be, ever after, deprived of it.”— The People ex rel Fowler v. Bull (46 N. Y.) 7. Am. Rep. 302, 306. And in our own court, Chief Justice Brici-cell, in the case of Plowman v. Thornton, 52 Ala. 567, sustains the action of the Convention, in extending the term of Judge Saffold, beyond six years, because there was no government then, recognized by Congress, so that it devolved on the Convention to organize one, and he plainly intimates such an extension could not be made, by simply legislative action.
Unless some other time is fixed for the beginning of a term of office, the general presumption is that the official term dates from the legal ascertainment of the result of the election, and the officer assumes the duties of the office as soon thereafter as he can qualify and receive his commission. — Atty. Gen. ex rel Haight v. Love, 39 N. J. Law Rep. 476; Throop on Public Officers, § 314; Lawson’s Bights & Bemedies, § 3807.
While we think the language of this statute, shows plainly an intention simply to postpone the time of election and necessarily to postpone the induction into office for a few days, which would be covered by the reasonable time allowed under the expression “until his successor shall be elected and qualified,” yet, if the law needed any [86]
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SIMPSON, J.
This was a proceeding in the nature of “quo warranto” under § 3420 of the Code of Alabama, brought by appellee, against appellant.
The demurrers, and argument of counsel, in connection with the petition and answer, show that Samuel P. Prow-ell was elected judge of the probate court of Marengo county at the general election in August, 1898, and that said A. L. Hasty was elected to the same office at the general election on the 8th day of November, 1904; and the question at issue is, that said Prowell claims that he is entitled to hold said office until November, 1905, while the relator, A. S. Hasty claims that, having been duly elected, and having been qualified and commissioned, by the Governor of Alabama, he is entitled to demand that said office be turned over to him.
[83]*83The Constitution of 1875, which was in force when said Prowell went into office, provided that the probate judges should “hold office for the term of six years, and until their successors are elected, or appointed, and qualified.” His term of six years expired on the 3rd day of November, 1904, and his successor has been elected, has qualified and been commissioned. But appellant claims that, inasmuch as sections 3054, and 3354, of the Code of Alabama, stand unrepealed, providing that probate judges, and other officers hold their terms for six years, from the 3rd day of November after their election, and until their successors are elected and qualified, said Hasty’s term is necessarily until November, 1905, and said Prowell is entitled to hold the office, until that time.
We regard it' as the settled law of this State that the words “until his successor is elected and qualified” was never intended to prolong the term of office beyond a reasonable time, after the election, to enable the newly elected officer to qualify. — Hughes v. City Council of Montgomery, 65 Ala. 201, 206-7; Chelmsford v. Demarest, 73 Mass. (7 Gray) 1.
As stated by Chief Justice Bricicbll, in the Hughes case, supra, after the expiration of such reasonable time, the office would become vacant. Consequently, if the law should be declared, as contended for by appellant, it would work no benefit to him. But, without stopping to consider what would be the result as to the relator in this proceeding, and, as the parties to this cause desire, and the interest of the pnblic demand that the rights of the parties be fully decided, without regard to technicalities, we proceed to inquire, did the Legislature of Alabama, by the enactment of the “Act to further regulate elections in the State of Alabama,” (Acts 1903, p. 43S), intend to extend the terms of the probate judges, then in office, for a year, and to provide that the officers elected on Nov. 8th, 1904, should not enter upon the duties of office for a year after their election?
It would seem from the mere statement of the proposition, that if such a decided, not to say unusual change had been intended, the Legislature would certainly have [84]*84expressed itself in apt terms, so that there could be no doubt as to its intentions.
The title of the act shows that it did not intend to change the term of office of any officer. With § 45 of Art. IV. of the Constitution before the Legislature, that body entitled this act, simply one “to further regulate elections.” If such a general title could have been adopt-, ed as to provide this change ■ without being obnoxious to the single subject provision the title adopted certainly did not advertise to the world that a law was about to be enacted which would have the effect of extending the terms of probate judges, who had been elected by the people for a definite term, for a year longer, and requiring the officers, who should be elected to succeed them, to wait a year in order that this gratuity might be enjoyed by the retiring officers; and that too; in spite of.§ 155 of the Constitution (both the old and new one being identical) that probate judges should hold for “six years and until their successors are elected and qualified” and providing that their right to hold for that term “shall not be affected by any change hereafter made in the mode or time of elections.”
It is true that this provision relates specially to shortening the term of office, hut the entire section shows a clear intentan, in the minds of the Constitution makers to fix the term of office, and, without a very clear expression to-that effect, we will not presume that the Legislature intended to extend the term fixed by the Constitution for another year, when no reason has been suggested or can be imagined why such a thing should be done.
Section 158 of the Constitution further shows that a term should not be extended beyond the limit fixed by the Constitution, for it provides that, in case of a vacancy occurring, air appointment shall Ire made, and that the appointee shall “hold his office until the next general election.” Under the construction of the law contended for by appellant if he had died a year before the election the person, appointed in his stead, could have held only until the next general election, and then there would have been a vacancy, of a year, with the man already elected by the people, prohibited by the very law of his [85]*85election, from assuming the duties of the office to which, he had been elected.
“The law abhors vacancies in public offices, and great precautions are taken to avoid their occurrence.”- — ■ Throop on Public Officers, § 308.
It has been decided by the New York court of appeals that, even where the constitution had left it to the legislature to fix the terms of judicial officers, and the legislature had fixed the term, it could not, constitutionally, extend the term of any officer, by act of the legislature, judge Folger in delivering the opinion of that court, very pertinentlv says: “If the Legislature can, by extending the term of such an office, continue in it the holder thereof for one year, it may for any number of years; and thus the duration of the term thereof may be perpetuated by legislative power; and the people, after one exercise of the constitutional power of choosing certain of their officers, be, ever after, deprived of it.”— The People ex rel Fowler v. Bull (46 N. Y.) 7. Am. Rep. 302, 306. And in our own court, Chief Justice Brici-cell, in the case of Plowman v. Thornton, 52 Ala. 567, sustains the action of the Convention, in extending the term of Judge Saffold, beyond six years, because there was no government then, recognized by Congress, so that it devolved on the Convention to organize one, and he plainly intimates such an extension could not be made, by simply legislative action.
Unless some other time is fixed for the beginning of a term of office, the general presumption is that the official term dates from the legal ascertainment of the result of the election, and the officer assumes the duties of the office as soon thereafter as he can qualify and receive his commission. — Atty. Gen. ex rel Haight v. Love, 39 N. J. Law Rep. 476; Throop on Public Officers, § 314; Lawson’s Bights & Bemedies, § 3807.
While we think the language of this statute, shows plainly an intention simply to postpone the time of election and necessarily to postpone the induction into office for a few days, which would be covered by the reasonable time allowed under the expression “until his successor shall be elected and qualified,” yet, if the law needed any [86]*86further interpretation, it is legitimate to take into consideration the history which led up to its enactment, the surrounding circumstances and the ends intended to be accomplished by the act.
When the Constitution of 1868, changed the time of general elections from August until November, in order to prevent a vacancy, the interval was bridged over by an ordinance of the Convention providing for an election in February and also providing that the officers then elected should hold office for the precribed term of years, beginning from the day of th'e next general election, after the admission of the state into the Union.
There followed the Act 1868, p. 271, § 7, fixing tlie first Tuesday in November, 1868, (being November 3rd) as the date of the general electon..
Then when the Constitution of 1875, returned to August as the time for general elections, it was specially provided, in the schedule (§3) that “all judicial officers elected * * ' on the 3rd day of November, 1874 * * * shall continue in office * * until their respective terms expire, as provided by the presenc Constitution and laws of the State.”
The act of 1876-7 p. 103, § 8, while providing for the general election in August, also provided that the officers elected should “not enter on the discharge of their duties of their respective offices until after the first Tuesday after the fourth Monday in November.”
Then the Constitution of 1901, having returned to November as the time for general elections, provided, in its schedule (§3) that “all * * * judicial officers * * elected in August * * * continue in office, and exercise the duties thereof until their respective terms shall expire as provided by the Constitution of 1875, or the laws of this State.”
Then the act of 1903 was enacted for the purpose of conforming our election laws to this last Constitution.
The Constitution and laws, in existence at the time of appellant’s election in 1898, fixed the termination of his term and the commencement of that of his successor, at November, 1904. The Constitution of 1901, fixed the same term, and specifically provides for the same to terminate at the same time, which time in the previous [87]*87Constitution and laws had been fixed as the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
We hold that the legislative intent to preserve the terms of office, notwithstanding the changes in the time of holding the elections, is so clear, that the mere fact that two sections of the Code, which belong to the old system, when elections were held in August, have been left, without being specially repealed, cannot operate to defeat the plain purpose of the Constitution and laws as they now stand.
The act of 1903, p. 438, is a general revision of the election laws of the state. “It is an old and well defined rule of statutory construction that a subsequent statute, revising the whole subject matter of a former one, and evidently intended as a substitute for it, although it contains no express words to that effect, must operate a repeal of the former.” — Lemay v. Walker, 62 Ala. 39, 40.
The judgment of the court is affirmed.
McClellan, C. J., Tyson and Anderson, J.J., concurring.