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The land through which the defendants propose to open the highway in question, was formerly the property of the town of Gravesend, and was in the year 1876 acquired by the plaintiff for depot purposes, under the provisions of the general railroad law as amended. (Laws of 1854, chap. 282, § 17.) The value of the land and of the interest of a
lessee of the town in a portion thereof, were appraised at upwards of $5,500 and paid, and the plaintiff acquired a title thereto, in fee, pursuant to the act referred to. The general principle that land once taken and appropriated to a public use, pursuant to law, under the right of eminent domain, cannot, under general laws and without special authority from the legislature, be appropriated to a different public use, is well established (Mills on Em. Dom., chap. 5, §§ 45, 46, etc., and cases cited), and does not appear to be controverted on the part of the defendants, but they seek to take this case out of the operation of the principle on two grounds: First, that the land in question was not necessary for the use of the plaintiff for railroad purposes; and second, that it has never been used by it for such purposes, and that the laying out of the highway in question, through said lands, will not interfere with the property occupied by the plaintiff for railroad purposes, or cause any damage to the business of the plaintiff or affect its franchises.
These facts were found by the trial court in favor of the defendants, but the plaintiff claims that such findings are contrary to the uncontroverted evidence in the case.
The land acquired by the plaintiff, and through which it is proposed to open the highway, consists of a tract containing several acres lying at the terminus of the plaintiff's railroad, on the seashore at Coney Island. The company have erected thereon a depot and waiting room, car houses, a restaurant, track yards and other appliances directly used in the actual operation of the road, and the space between the southerly end of the depot building and the beach, which consists of a strip about seven hundred feet in length, is occupied by railroad tracks running to high-water mark, plank walks by which passengers may walk from the depot to the beach, and by various structures for their accommodation, convenience and pleasure, viz.: benches, seats, places of refreshment, an observatory, newspaper stand, a music stand, and other objects intended to render the place attractive and capable of accommodating a large number of persons.
These appliances are claimed by the plaintiff to be appropriate and necessary for the accommodation of its passengers, for the reason that its railroad is purely an excursion road for the conveyance of passengers to the sea beach for the purposes of bathing and recreation. That it is indispensable that they should have access from the cars to the beach, and that very extensive arrangements are necessary for their reception and accommodation, by reason of the vast numbers of passengers who flock there during the summer season. It being found as a fact that the plaintiffs run from one hundred and ten to one hundred and thirty passenger trains per day, and that the number of passengers conveyed to and from the depot grounds in question is from ten to twenty thousand per day each way.
The question whether all the land taken and now occupied by the plaintiff for these purposes was necessary for its business, was open to litigation in the proceedings for the condemnation of the land, and it was there expressly put in issue by the town of Gravesend, who opposed the condemnation. The court at Special Term necessarily passed upon the question in granting the application for the appointment of commissioners of appraisal, and its order was affirmed by the General Term and by this court.
We do not think it is now open to the officials of the town to question collaterally, in this action, the propriety of the condemnation, on the ground that the land taken was not necessary for railroad purposes, and to appropriate it without any special legislative authority to the purposes of a public highway. Nor do we think that there is any evidence in support of the finding that the opening of the proposed highway through the plaintiff's land will not interfere with the property occupied by the plaintiff for railroad purposes, or cause any damage to its business. No witnesses were called on the part of the defendants on that issue and the case rests wholly on the testimony of the plaintiff's witnesses. From their testimony it appears that the proposed highway will cross that part of the depot grounds which lies between the southerly end of the depot building and the beach. That in the first
place it will deprive the plaintiff of a large part of the area required for the reception of its passengers, and in the second place that it will expose them to danger from passing hacks and other vehicles; that the ground in front of the depot building, now devoted to the use of the passengers, is insufficient for the purpose; that at times it is compacted with people and difficult to walk across it, or from one portion to the other; that a large portion of the passengers consist of women and children, and that it would be unsafe for them to pass over these grounds if they were put beyond the control of the railroad company, and a public road should be permitted to pass through them. These witnesses also concur in testifying that, for the accommodation of the plaintiff's passengers, all the land it has, and more too, is necessary, and that the construction of the road in question would be highly injurious to the railroad company and its business, and dangerous to its passengers. No witness was called by the defendants to contradict these statements of the plaintiff's witnesses, and the only manner in which it was attempted to controvert them was by showing on their cross-examination that some of the structures on the land were devoted to purposes of refreshment and amusement; that there were restaurants, a drug store, an observatory, a newspaper stand, a music stand, etc., on the premises. These, the witnesses stated, were proper adjuncts of the railroad, and necessary to make the place attractive. But assuming that they were not strictly necessary for railroad purposes, the testimony still stands that all the space which the plaintiff had was necessary for the accommodation of its passengers, and that taking away so large a part of that space as the defendants proposed to take, and appropriating it to the purposes of a public road, would be a serious injury to the business of the railroad. It is obvious that from the character of the road, being an excursion road, over which from ten to twenty thousand persons daily passed each way, trains arriving and departing every few minutes, more accommodation was necessary than a mere ordinary station house where passengers could be received into and discharged from the cars, and thence disperse,
and that they would naturally, if not necessarily, congregate on the depot grounds on the sea beach, and that places for their shelter, rest and convenience were not inappropriate.
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The land through which the defendants propose to open the highway in question, was formerly the property of the town of Gravesend, and was in the year 1876 acquired by the plaintiff for depot purposes, under the provisions of the general railroad law as amended. (Laws of 1854, chap. 282, § 17.) The value of the land and of the interest of a
lessee of the town in a portion thereof, were appraised at upwards of $5,500 and paid, and the plaintiff acquired a title thereto, in fee, pursuant to the act referred to. The general principle that land once taken and appropriated to a public use, pursuant to law, under the right of eminent domain, cannot, under general laws and without special authority from the legislature, be appropriated to a different public use, is well established (Mills on Em. Dom., chap. 5, §§ 45, 46, etc., and cases cited), and does not appear to be controverted on the part of the defendants, but they seek to take this case out of the operation of the principle on two grounds: First, that the land in question was not necessary for the use of the plaintiff for railroad purposes; and second, that it has never been used by it for such purposes, and that the laying out of the highway in question, through said lands, will not interfere with the property occupied by the plaintiff for railroad purposes, or cause any damage to the business of the plaintiff or affect its franchises.
These facts were found by the trial court in favor of the defendants, but the plaintiff claims that such findings are contrary to the uncontroverted evidence in the case.
The land acquired by the plaintiff, and through which it is proposed to open the highway, consists of a tract containing several acres lying at the terminus of the plaintiff's railroad, on the seashore at Coney Island. The company have erected thereon a depot and waiting room, car houses, a restaurant, track yards and other appliances directly used in the actual operation of the road, and the space between the southerly end of the depot building and the beach, which consists of a strip about seven hundred feet in length, is occupied by railroad tracks running to high-water mark, plank walks by which passengers may walk from the depot to the beach, and by various structures for their accommodation, convenience and pleasure, viz.: benches, seats, places of refreshment, an observatory, newspaper stand, a music stand, and other objects intended to render the place attractive and capable of accommodating a large number of persons.
These appliances are claimed by the plaintiff to be appropriate and necessary for the accommodation of its passengers, for the reason that its railroad is purely an excursion road for the conveyance of passengers to the sea beach for the purposes of bathing and recreation. That it is indispensable that they should have access from the cars to the beach, and that very extensive arrangements are necessary for their reception and accommodation, by reason of the vast numbers of passengers who flock there during the summer season. It being found as a fact that the plaintiffs run from one hundred and ten to one hundred and thirty passenger trains per day, and that the number of passengers conveyed to and from the depot grounds in question is from ten to twenty thousand per day each way.
The question whether all the land taken and now occupied by the plaintiff for these purposes was necessary for its business, was open to litigation in the proceedings for the condemnation of the land, and it was there expressly put in issue by the town of Gravesend, who opposed the condemnation. The court at Special Term necessarily passed upon the question in granting the application for the appointment of commissioners of appraisal, and its order was affirmed by the General Term and by this court.
We do not think it is now open to the officials of the town to question collaterally, in this action, the propriety of the condemnation, on the ground that the land taken was not necessary for railroad purposes, and to appropriate it without any special legislative authority to the purposes of a public highway. Nor do we think that there is any evidence in support of the finding that the opening of the proposed highway through the plaintiff's land will not interfere with the property occupied by the plaintiff for railroad purposes, or cause any damage to its business. No witnesses were called on the part of the defendants on that issue and the case rests wholly on the testimony of the plaintiff's witnesses. From their testimony it appears that the proposed highway will cross that part of the depot grounds which lies between the southerly end of the depot building and the beach. That in the first
place it will deprive the plaintiff of a large part of the area required for the reception of its passengers, and in the second place that it will expose them to danger from passing hacks and other vehicles; that the ground in front of the depot building, now devoted to the use of the passengers, is insufficient for the purpose; that at times it is compacted with people and difficult to walk across it, or from one portion to the other; that a large portion of the passengers consist of women and children, and that it would be unsafe for them to pass over these grounds if they were put beyond the control of the railroad company, and a public road should be permitted to pass through them. These witnesses also concur in testifying that, for the accommodation of the plaintiff's passengers, all the land it has, and more too, is necessary, and that the construction of the road in question would be highly injurious to the railroad company and its business, and dangerous to its passengers. No witness was called by the defendants to contradict these statements of the plaintiff's witnesses, and the only manner in which it was attempted to controvert them was by showing on their cross-examination that some of the structures on the land were devoted to purposes of refreshment and amusement; that there were restaurants, a drug store, an observatory, a newspaper stand, a music stand, etc., on the premises. These, the witnesses stated, were proper adjuncts of the railroad, and necessary to make the place attractive. But assuming that they were not strictly necessary for railroad purposes, the testimony still stands that all the space which the plaintiff had was necessary for the accommodation of its passengers, and that taking away so large a part of that space as the defendants proposed to take, and appropriating it to the purposes of a public road, would be a serious injury to the business of the railroad. It is obvious that from the character of the road, being an excursion road, over which from ten to twenty thousand persons daily passed each way, trains arriving and departing every few minutes, more accommodation was necessary than a mere ordinary station house where passengers could be received into and discharged from the cars, and thence disperse,
and that they would naturally, if not necessarily, congregate on the depot grounds on the sea beach, and that places for their shelter, rest and convenience were not inappropriate. And the court having adjudicated in the condemnation proceedings, that all the land acquired by the plaintiff was necessary for depot purposes, that adjudication should not be impeached collaterally, especially by the officers of the town which was a party to those proceedings, and had raised therein the question of such necessity, and after being defeated on that issue, had received compensation for the full value of the fee.
The erection on the land of decorations and conveniences for passengers, some of which might possibly be deemed superfluous, was not an abandonment by the company of the uses for which it acquired the premises. These structures were intended to promote the comfort and convenience, and perhaps the pleasure, of the public who might patronize the railroad, and thus augment its business, and were not so foreign to the purposes for which the land was acquired, or so reprehensible as to produce a forfeiture of the rights of the company in the adjacent lands, or of the protection of the law in respect to them. But if the company has incurred any such forfeiture, it does not lie with the highway commissioners to enforce it.
Reference has also been made to the statutes relating to laying out highways, and among others to the provisions of 1 R.S. 514, §§ 58, 64, which prohibit laying out highways through improved lands without compensation. The lands in question are certainly improved lands, and the title of the plaintiff thereto is unquestionable. But we do not rest our decision upon that point, but upon the fact that these lands having already been lawfully appropriated, under the right of eminent domain, to a public purpose, express and direct legislative authority is necessary to justify their appropriation by proceedings in invitum to a different public purpose, and that general laws authorizing the laying out of highways are not sufficient. In respect to the crossing of railroad tracks by highways, such express authority is contained in the General Railroad Act, but this authority does not extend to lands taken for
depot purposes. (Alb. N.R.R. Co. v. Brownell, 24 N.Y. 345.)
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered, costs to abide the event.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.