NOT FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER
Electronically Filed Intermediate Court of Appeals CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX 26-JUN-2023 08:46 AM Dkt. 83 MO
NO. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE STATE OF HAWAI‘I
PROPERTY CENTER, INC., Managing Agent, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JR SUDARIA and SCOTTY GEDDINGS, Defendants-Appellants.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE FIRST CIRCUIT HONOLULU DIVISION (CIVIL CASE NO. 1RC17-1-04580)
MEMORANDUM OPINION (By: Ginoza, Chief Judge, Nakasone and McCullen, JJ.)
Defendants-Appellants JR Sudaria and Scotty Geddings
appeal from the District Court of the First Circuit, Honolulu
Division, Regular Claims' (1) December 26, 2017 Denial of
Defendants' Motion to Set Aside Default Judgment and Stay of
Garnishment and (2) January 29, 2018 Order Denying Defendants'
Motion to Set Aside Default, Judgment and Stay Garnishment
(Filed December 8, 2017). 1
1 The Honorable James C. McWhinnie presided. NOT FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST'S HAWAIʻI REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER
On appeal, Sudaria and Geddings contend that the
default judgment was void under Hawai‘i District Court Rules of
Civil Procedure (DCRCP) Rule 60(b)(4). Sudaria and Geddings
argue that they were deprived of due process, DCRCP Rule 55 was
not satisfied, and they met the requirements under BDM, Inc. v.
Sageco, Inc., 57 Haw. 73, 76-77, 549 P.2d 1147, 1150 (1976). 2
For all of these arguments, Sudaria and Geddings primarily rely
on the assertion that notice was improper. For the reasons
discussed below, we vacate and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Small Claims Case – Geddings et al. v. Pirslin (Return of Security Deposit)
Before the complaint in the case underlying this
appeal was filed, Sudaria and Geddings (self-represented) filed
a complaint on May 30, 2017 in the District Court of the First
2Sudaria and Geddings also assert that (1) DCRCP Rule 55 was not satisfied because there was no supporting affidavit, the complaint was not verified, "and no one appeared at the hearing" to request a default; and (2) Plaintiff-Appellee Property Center, Inc. (Property Center) lacked standing because it was not a real party in interest. However, these points were not raised in their motion to set aside and, thus, we consider these points waived. See Ass'n of Apartment Owners of Wailea Elua v. Wailea Resort Co., 100 Hawai‘i 97, 107, 58 P.3d 608, 618 (2002) ("Legal issues not raised in the trial court are ordinarily deemed waived on appeal"); Lagondino v. Maldonado, 7 Haw. App. 591, 596, 789 P.2d 1129, 1132-33 (1990) (explaining that "a real party in interest objection raised for the first time on appeal is untimely").
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Circuit, Small Claims for return of their security deposit from
their former landlord Snezana Pirslin (Pirslin). 3
During the August 23, 2017 hearing on the Small Claims
matter, Geddings and Sudaria were present, along with Pirslin's
property managers, Lynn and Malcolm Shiroma, at District Court
in courtroom 10B at 1:36 p.m. 4 The court minutes stated,
MRS SHIROMA REPRESENTED THAT SHE AND MR SHIROMA REPRESENT SNEZANA PIRSLIN AND THAT THERE IS A DAMAGES CLAIM AGAINST PLTFFS SET ON 9/5/17 10B. BY ORDER OF THE COURT, CASE CONTINUED FOR STATUS TO 10/25/17 10B 1:30 PM. REMINDER NOTICE PROVIDED TO PARTIES. MRS SHIROMA REQUESTS THAT THE DEFENDANT BE AMENDED TO PROPERTY CENTER INC; DENIED.
(Emphasis added.)
As stated in the court minutes, the Small Claims court
continued the Small Claims case to October 25, 2017 "for status"
and denied Lynn Shiroma's request that "Defendant be amended to
Property Center, Inc." (Formatting altered.)
B. Regular Claims Case - Property Center v. Sudaria et al. (Assumpsit-Money Owed)
On July 17, 2017, while the Small Claims case was
pending, Property Center (represented by counsel), filed a
"Complaint (Assumpsit-Money Owed); Declaration; Exhibit(s);
Summons" in Regular Claims court. (Formatting altered.) In the
3 We take judicial notice of this Small Claims case, Case Number 1SC17- 1-001105. See Roxas v. Marcos, 89 Hawai‘i 91, 110 n.9, 969 P.2d 1209, 1228 n.9 (1998) (explaining that "courts have generally recognized that they may, in appropriate circumstances, take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without their judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to the matter at issue") (citations and brackets omitted).
4 The Honorable Hilary B. Gangnes presided.
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Complaint, Property Center asked for judgment in the principal
amount of $8,289.65. Attached to the Complaint were the
following:
(1) A copy of the rental agreement;
(2) A revised tenant ledger showing $8,289.65 owed to
Property Center ($1,950.00 in rental and late
fees, $7,814.65 in repairs, and $75.00 for
security key and garage opener replacements, less
$1,550.00 security deposit) plus attorney's fees
and costs;
(3) An invoice from PLS Builders showing repair work
totaling $7,814.65; and
(4) A two-page summons.
The first page of the summons required the defendant
to appear, stating:
"IF YOU OR YOUR ATTORNEY FAIL TO ATTEND THE COURT HEARING AT THE TIME AND PLACE DESIGNATED, DEFAULT AND DEFAULT JUDMGENT WILL BE TAKEN AGAINST YOU FOR THE RELIEF DEMANDED IN THE COMPLAINT."
(Formatting altered.) The second page of the summons identified
the location as "Honolulu Division, 1111 Alakea Street, 10th
floor Courtroom 10A or 10B" and the time as "1:30 p.m. on the
second Monday following date of service[.]"
The return of service stated that the "Complaint
(Assumpsit, Summary Possession/Landlord-Tenant, Damages;)
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Declaration Exhibits(s)" were served on Sudaria and Geddings
personally on August 23, 2017, 1:04 p.m. at "1111 Alakea Street
10th Floor Honolulu, Hawaii 96813[,]" which was the same day and
place as the hearing in the Small Claims case. (Formatting
altered.)
On September 5, 2017, the day after the second Monday
following the service of the Complaint, the court minutes show
that neither party appeared, and the Regular Claims court
entered default against Sudaria and Geddings:
"ATTY RICHARD YANAGI NOT PRESENT FOR PLTFF PROPERTY CENTER . . . . DEFTS JR SUDARIA AND SCOTTY GEDDINGS NOT PRESENT, BY ORDER OF THE COURT, DEFAULT ENTERED-VERIFIED."
In late September 2017, Property Center filed an "Ex
Parte Motion for Default Judgment; Declaration; Exhibit(s)
1 through 5; Declaration of Counsel re: Attorney's Fees; Order." 5
(Formatting altered.) On September 28, 2017, the Regular Claims
court granted the Ex Parte Motion for Default Judgment, awarding
the principal amount of $8,289.65 requested in the Complaint
plus $1,000.00 in attorney's fees and costs, for a total of
$9,289.65. The Regular Claims court entered a default judgment
5 The document is stamped received by legal documents on September 22, 2017 and stamped filed September 28, 2017.
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against Sudaria and Geddings on October 3, 2017, awarding the
$9,289.65 requested.
C. Post Default Judgment
1. Small Claims Case - Dismissed Without Prejudice
On October 25, 2017, the return date for the Small
Claims case, the court dismissed the case without prejudice. 6
The court minutes note that although Sudaria and Geddings
claimed they were not served with the Complaint in the Regular
Claims case, the Small Claims court determined they were served
and the security-deposit issue was resolved:
"DEFTS CLAIM JUDGMENT FOR SECURITY DEPOSIT WAS ENTERED ON 9/5/2017. PLTFFS CLAIM THEY WERE NOT SERVED WITH THE COMPLAINT. DURING RECESS COURT REVIEWED FILE FROM CASE 1RC17-1-4580, AND DETERMINED THAT DEFTS WERE SERVED AND SECURITY DEPOSIT ISSUE WAS RESOLVED. BY ORDER OF THE COURT, CASE DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE."
2. Regular Claims Case - Garnishment and Motion to Set Aside
In the Regular Claims case, Property Center moved to
garnish Sudaria's and Geddings's wages, which was granted. The
return of service for the issuance of the garnishee summons
6 The Honorable Maura M. Okamoto presided.
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shows that Sudaria's and Geddings's employers were served on
November 27 and 28, 2017.
A little over a week later, on December 8, 2017,
Sudaria and Geddings (still self-represented) filed a motion to
"Set Aside Default, Judgment & Stay Garnishment[.]" (Formatting
altered.) Sudaria and Geddings left blank the portion of the
form that permits the movant to indicate the legal basis for the
motion. In a type-written declaration attached to their motion,
Sudaria and Geddings stated they "were never informed for any
other court date" with a handwritten notation, "Missing Page 2
of Summons - Form 1DC50." (Formatting altered.)
Property Center opposed the motion. At the hearing on
the motion, Geddings explained that they appeared for the
August 23, 2017 hearing in the Small Claims case and received
the summons to appear on September 5, 2017, in the following
exchange:
[Geddings:] And when we left that day -- we had explained to the judge, too, that the date of September 5th, we -- that would create a hardship on our -- on our work because we were already taking off time half of the month of September to go to the mainland for a wedding, family wedding. And we would be back at the beginning of October. So that's why she ordered us to come back October 25th on a status and if we had gotten together to discuss what was going on in this dispute.
[Regular Claims Court:] Okay. But you were also informed at that time about the date of September 5th for the answer.
[Geddings:] Yeah, but we explained the reason why. And, you know, when we received the slip to come back on October 25th, that's where, you know, it -- it became --
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[Regular Claims Court:] There are two different cases, you understand.
[Geddings:] But we were under the understanding that -- or my thought was that if their case were being brought into this because they were submit -- their cases was subject to our security deposit and why they retained it.
. . . .
[Regular Claims Court:] I think you're conflating two different cases. You were told on the one case on August 23rd that you had an answer date of September 5th.
[Geddings:] It was -- I -- we -- were under the impression that we were answering that day because we -- we recognized that we got the summons but we were not in an understanding that we had to come back on the 5th because when we --
[Regular Claims Court:] Well, if you look at the papers they're two different cases.
[Geddings:] I know, Your Honor.
[Regular Claims Court:] And you didn't show up for one of them.
[Geddings:] That was -- that was complete confusion. And on the day that September 5th came we, -- if we were -- if it would have been explicitly explained that that was a necessary thing because we expressed a hardship on that, that taking off that, because we -- we had taken so many days off beforehand to -- to come down, file motions and we just feel like we are due our day in court for a fair trial and -- and justice should be served.
(Emphases added.)
The Regular Claims court then found that Sudaria
and Geddings were told of the September 5, 2017 date to
answer, and denied their motion to set aside the default:
[Regular Claims Court:] . . . . [t]he law in Hawai‘i under the case of BDM, Inc. versus Sageco, Inc., a 1976 case, is that a defendant moving to set aside a default judgment must establish that the plaintiff will not be prejudiced by setting aside the default judgment, that the defendants have a meritorious defense, and that the default was not the result of inexcusable neglect or a willful act.
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It appears clear that the defendants were told at the August 23 or at the -- the hearing on the -- the -- the small claims case that there was a hearing set for September 5th, the answer date for the case, and that their case, the case on the security deposit, was continued to August [sic] 25th. They did not appear on September 5th.
There was also a lot of argument today that was not in the motion. And the requirement is that they have to establish there's a meritorious defense and that their default was [sic] inexcusable and willful.
And, therefore, based on what I have seen and heard today, I am going to deny the motion[.]
After the Regular Claims court denied their motion to
set aside, Sudaria and Geddings moved for reconsideration, which
was also denied "as no new arguments or newly discovered
evidence has been presented."
Sudaria and Geddings (represented by counsel) appeal
from the denial of their motion to set aside the default
judgment.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
This court reviews DCRCP Rule 60(b)(4) decisions under
the de novo standard. See Wagner v. World Botanical Gardens,
126 Hawai‘i 190, 195, 268 P.3d 443, 448 (App. 2011) (explaining a
court's ruling under Hawai‘i Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP)
Rule 60(b)(4) is reviewed de novo); Commentary to DCRCP Rule 60
(noting the language in DCRCP Rule 60 and HRCP Rule 60 is
identical).
Findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly
erroneous standard. Bhakta v. Cnty. of Maui, 109 Hawai‘i 198,
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208, 123 P.3d 943, 953 (2005). A finding "is clearly erroneous
when, despite evidence to support the finding, the appellate
court is left with the definite and firm conviction in reviewing
the entire evidence that a mistake has been committed." Id.
(citation omitted). A finding "is also clearly erroneous when
the record lacks substantial evidence to support the finding."
Id. (citation omitted).
The denial of a motion to set aside an entry of
default is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Chen v. Mah,
146 Hawai‘i 157, 171, 457 P.3d 796, 810 (2020).
III. DISCUSSION
Sudaria and Geddings contend they were deprived of due
process, DCRCP Rule 55 was not satisfied, and they met the
requirements under BDM. For all of these contentions, Sudaria
and Geddings primarily rely on the assertion that they did not
receive page two of the summons.
Sudaria and Geddings claim in their amended opening
brief that "they did not know the answering hearing date and
time" and "[b]ecause they did not have this critical
information, [they] were not present at their answer hearing
. . . ."
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A. Denial Of The Motion To Set Aside Based On DCRCP Rule 60(b)(4) Was Not Error
Sudaria and Geddings contend they were denied due
process because they did not receive page two of the summons,
claiming "they did not know the answering hearing date and
time."
"For good cause shown the court may set aside an entry
of default and, if a judgment by default has been entered, may
likewise set it aside in accordance with Rule 60(b)." DCRCP
Rule 55(c). DCRCP Rule 60(b) provides in relevant part that
"[o]n motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may
relieve a party . . . from a final judgment, order, or
proceeding for the following reasons: . . . (4) the judgment is
void . . . ." DCRCP Rule 60(b)(4).
Whether a judgment is void under DCRCP Rule 60(b)(4)
is not discretionary. In re Application of Hana Ranch Co., 3
Haw. App. 141, 146, 642 P.2d 938, 941 (1982) (examining HRCP
Rule 60(b)(4)). "It has been noted that a judgment is void only
if the court that rendered it lacked jurisdiction of either the
subject matter or the parties or otherwise acted in a manner
inconsistent with due process of law." Id. (citation omitted).
Under due process, notice must be "reasonably
calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested
parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an
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opportunity to present their objections." Eto v. Muranaka, 99
Hawai‘i 488, 498, 57 P.3d 413, 423 (2002) (citation omitted);
Espinosa v. United Student Aid Funds, Inc., 553 F.3d 1193, 1202
(9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).
Here, the Regular Claims court found that Sudaria and
Geddings were told about the September 5, 2017 Regular Claims
answer date:
It appears clear that the defendants were told at the August 23 or at the -- the hearing on the -- the -- the small claims case that there was a hearing set for September 5th, the answer date for the case, and that their case, the case on the security deposit, was continued to August [sic] 25th. They did not appear on September 5th.
The record in this case, and the Small Claims case,
support this finding. The summons filed in the record on appeal
shows a page two, notifying Sudaria and Geddings of when and
where to appear.
During the hearing on the motion to set aside the
default, Geddings acknowledged receiving the summons at the
August 23, 2017 hearing in the Small Claims case, stating, "when
we appeared for court on August 23rd and the day we received the
summons . . . ." Geddings also acknowledged that he and Sudaria
were aware of the September 5, 2017 date, explaining they told
the judge in the Small Claims case that the September 5, 2017
date "would create a hardship[.]" Geddings stated, "we had
explained to the judge, too, that the date of September 5th, we
-- that would create a hardship on our -- on our work because we
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were already taking off time half of the month of September to
go to the mainland for a wedding[.]"
The Regular Claims court asked, "[b]ut you were also
informed at that time about the date of September 5th for the
answer[,]" and Geddings answered, "[y]eah, but we explained the
reason why." After clarifying that there were two separate
cases, the Regular Claims court stated, "[a]nd you didn't show
up for one of them[,]" to which Geddings replied "that was
complete confusion. And on the day that September 5th came we,
-- if we were -- if it would have been explicitly explained that
that was a necessary thing because we expressed a hardship on
that, that taking off that, because we -- we had taken so many
days off beforehand . . . ."
The court minutes for the Small Claims case also
support the Regular Claims court's finding that Sudaria and
Geddings were told of the September 5, 2017 date. The
August 23, 2017 court minutes for the hearing stated, "MRS
SHIROMA REPRESENTED THAT SHE AND MR SHIROMA REPRESENT SNEZANA
PIRSLIN AND THAT THERE IS A DAMAGES CLAIM AGAINST PLTFFS SET ON
9/5/17 10B." (Emphasis added.) With no mention of the summons,
the court minutes for the October 25, 2017 hearing show that
Sudaria and Geddings claimed they were not served the complaint
but the court minutes stated, "DURING RECESS COURT REVIEWED FILE
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FROM CASE 1RC17-1-4580, AND DETERMINED THAT DEFTS WERE SERVED
AND SECURITY DEPOSIT ISSUE WAS RESOLVED."
Based on the record in this case, and the court
minutes in the Small Claims case, the finding that Sudaria and
Geddings were told of the September 5, 2017 answer date was not
clearly erroneous.
With this finding, we cannot say that Sudaria and
Geddings were deprived of due process. Instead, the record
shows that they were apprised of the Regular Claims case and the
September 5, 2017 date to answer in that case.
B. As To DCRCP Rule 55 And BDM, Denying The Motion To Set Aside Was An Abuse Of Discretion
Again relying on their assertion that they did not
receive page two of the summons, Sudaria and Geddings argue that
the Regular Claims court "erred by denying [their] Motion to set
aside the entry of default pursuant to DCRCP 55(c)[,]" and that
they satisfied the three BDM factors.
"A civil action is commenced by the filing of a
complaint . . . ." DCRCP Rule 3. "Upon the filing of a
complaint the clerk shall forthwith issue a summons. Plaintiff
shall deliver the complaint and summons to a person authorized
to serve process." DCRCP Rule 4(a).
The summons must "be directed to the defendant,"
"state the time within which these rules require the defendant
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to appear and defend, and shall notify the defendant that in
case of defendant's failure to do so judgment by default will be
rendered against the defendant for the relief demanded in the
complaint," and "contain a warning to the person summoned that
failure to obey the summons may result in an entry of default
and default judgment." DCRCP Rule 4(b).
"All defendants shall appear or answer at the time
appointed in the summons, on the second Monday following the
date of service . . . ." DCRCP Rule 12(a) (emphasis added).
"When a party against whom a judgment for affirmative
relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend as
provided by these rules, and the fact is made to appear by
affidavit or otherwise, the clerk shall enter that party's
default." DCRCP Rule 55(a). For a default judgment by the
court, a party entitled to the default judgment "shall apply to
the court therefor." DCRCP Rule 55(b)(2).
In BDM, the Hawai‘i Supreme Court articulated the
standard for granting a motion to set aside entry of default or
default judgment. 57 Haw. at 77, 549 P.2d at 1150.
In general, a motion to set aside a default entry or a default judgment may and should be granted whenever the court finds (1) that the nondefaulting party will not be prejudiced by the reopening, (2) that the defaulting party has a meritorious defense, and (3) that the default was not the result of inexcusable neglect or a wil[l]ful act.
Id. Though Chen v. Mah prospectively abrogated this standard,
the supreme court held decisions prior to January 30, 2020 on
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motions to set aside an entry of default would still be reviewed
under the three-prong test outlined in BDM. Chen, 146 Hawai‘i at
177, 177 n.21, 457 P.3d at 816, 816 n.21. Additionally, "if a
moving party fails to establish any prong of the test, it is not
an abuse of discretion to refuse to set aside the default." 146
Hawai‘i at 170, 457 P.3d at 809 (brackets omitted) (citing
Citicorp Mortg., Inc. v. Bartolome, 94 Hawai‘i 422, 439, 16 P.3d
827, 844 (App. 2000)).
Regarding the first BDM factor, Property Center
acknowledged to the Regular Claims court that "there will be no
undue prejudice by setting aside the default judgment."
As for the second BDM factor, Sudaria and Geddings
argue they have a meritorious defense because there was no
property condition form. Hawaii Revised Statutes § 521-42
(2018) provides in part that
Prior to the initial date of initial occupancy, the landlord shall inventory the premises and make a written record detailing the condition of the premises and any furnishings or appliances provided. Duplicate copies of this inventory shall be signed by the landlord and by the tenant and a copy given to each tenant. In an action arising under this section, the executed copy of the inventory shall be presumed to be correct. If the landlord fails to make such an inventory and written record, the condition of the premises and any furnishings or appliances provided, upon the termination of the tenancy shall be rebuttably presumed to be the same as when the tenant first occupied the premises.
The record on appeal contains no property condition
form. Thus, the presumption is that the condition of the
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property at the end of the rental agreement was the same as when
the tenants first occupied the property pursuant to the
agreement. See Sasaki v. Morisako, 112 Hawai‘i 302, 309, 145
P.3d 845, 852 (App. 2006) (explaining that, without the required
inventory form, "the condition of the property at the
termination of the oral rental agreement was presumed to be the
same as when Appellants first occupied the property pursuant to
the oral agreement").
Although Property Center argues it rebutted this
presumption with receipts and photos, it appears the presumption
in favor of the tenant could be a meritorious defense in this
case. To the extent the Regular Claims court found Sudaria and
Geddings failed to show they had a meritorious defense, that
finding was clearly erroneous.
Finally, as for the third factor, Sudaria and Geddings
argue that "the default occurred when [they] were not notified
of the hearing date and time." Contrary to their argument, and
as discussed above, the record reflects that Geddings
acknowledged they were notified of the answer date and time for
the Regular Claims case. Also discussed above, the finding that
Sudaria and Geddings were apprised of the answer date was not
However, Sudaria and Geddings had no attorney,
actively litigated the Small Claims case, explained to the Small
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Claims court the hardship regarding the Regular Claims case
answer date, and explained to the Regular Claims court that they
thought (albeit incorrectly) the continuance in the Small Claims
case also applied to the Regular Claims case. Given their self-
represented status and the simultaneous cases, it appears
Sudaria and Geddings were understandably confused by the court
dates.
We pause here to emphasize "that defaults and default
judgments are not favored and that any doubt should be resolved
in favor of the party seeking relief, so that, in the interests
of justice, there can be a full trial on the merits." BDM, 57
Haw. at 76, 549 P.2d at 1150 (emphases added). In other words,
any doubt as to whether the failure to appear on September 5,
2017 was due to inexcusable neglect or a willful act should have
been resolved in favor of Sudaria and Geddings. See generally,
57 Haw. at 76, 77, 549 P.2d at 1150. The court, however, made
no mention of how this reasoning factored in its ruling, and
made no credibility determination.
Thus, to the extent the Regular Claims court found
that Sudaria and Geddings failed to meet their burden of proving
their non-appearance was not due to inexcusable neglect or a
willful act, we are "left with the definite and firm conviction
in reviewing the entire evidence that a mistake has been
committed." Bhakta, 109 Hawai‘i at 208, 124 P.3d at 953.
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Accordingly, based on the particular circumstances in
this case, we hold that the Regular Claims court's denial of
Sudaria and Geddings's motion to set aside the entry of default
was an abuse of discretion, and must be vacated. Because the
default judgment was based on the entry of default, it must also
be vacated.
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we vacate the Regular Claims court's
(1) December 26, 2017 Denial of Defendants' Motion to Set Aside
Default Judgment and Stay Garnishment and (2) January 29, 2018
Order Denying Defendants' Motion to Set Aside Default, Judgment
and Stay Garnishment (Filed December 8, 2017), and remand this
case for further proceedings consistent with this memorandum
opinion.
DATED: Honolulu, Hawai‘i, June 26, 2023.
On the briefs: /s/ Lisa M. Ginoza Chief Judge Justin A. Brackett, For Defendants-Appellants. /s/ Karen T. Nakasone Associate Judge Richard A. Yanagi, Michel A. Okazaki, /s/ Sonja M.P. McCullen for Plaintiff-Appellee. Associate Judge