UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
PROJECT FOR PRIVACY AND : SURVEILLANCE ACCOUNTABILITY, : INC., : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 21-2362 (RC) : v. : Re Document Nos.: 9, 13 : UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF : JUSTICE, : : Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S CROSS-MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
This case arises out of a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) dispute between Plaintiff
Project for Privacy and Surveillance Accountability, Inc. (“the Project”) and Defendant United
States Department of Justice (“DOJ”). The Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) is a
component of DOJ and a member of the Intelligence Community. The FBI engages in foreign
intelligence surveillance, which may incidentally capture information about U.S. persons in the
process. Generally, an intelligence agency must “mask” the names of U.S. persons with a
generic term to protect their identity. Under certain circumstances, however, these names may
be “unmasked.” In this case, the Project wants access to communications between the FBI and
Congress concerning the unmasking of members of Congress. The FBI refused to confirm or
deny the existence of this information. It claimed FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, 6, 7(C), and 7(E). The
FBI is partially right. For the reasons described below, the Court finds that the FBI properly issued a Glomar response for one category of documents but must go back and conduct a search
for the other category. Therefore, it grants in part and denies in part the DOJ’s motion for
summary judgment and denies the Project’s cross-motion for summary judgment.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Statutory Background and the Gates Procedures
Understanding the FOIA request at issue requires a brief overview of the procedures that
govern unmasking. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (“FISA”) permits the federal
government to conduct surveillance on foreign persons, but intelligence agencies cannot
intentionally target U.S. persons absent their consent or a court order. See 50 U.S.C. §§ 1881a,
1881b, 1881c. Still, foreign intelligence collection might incidentally capture information about
U.S. persons. When that happens, the agency must follow so-called “minimization procedures”
to protect the identity of U.S. persons, including masking their identity by substituting their name
with a generic phrase such as “U.S. person 1.” Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 16–17, ECF No. 9-2. An agency
can only disclose the name of a U.S. person “if it itself constitutes foreign intelligence, is
necessary for the recipient to understand the foreign intelligence being transmitted, or is evidence
of a crime.” Id. ¶ 17. In those instances, the agency may unmask the identity of a U.S. person.
Id. Only authorized, high-ranking officials can submit an unmasking request “when revealing [a
U.S. person’s] identity is necessary to the dissemination of needed intelligence to protect
national security.” Id. Unmasking is subject to “strict limitations.” Am. Ctr. for L. & Just. v.
NSA, 474 F. Supp. 3d 109, 117 (D.D.C. 2020) (explaining unmasking); Schaerr v. United States
Dep’t of Just., 435 F. Supp. 3d 99, 105 (D.D.C. 2020) (same).
This case concerns congressional unmasking—that is, the unmasking of the identities of
members of Congress. In 1992, then-CIA Director Robert M. Gates notified Congress that he
2 had developed procedures governing “the dissemination of intelligence information referring to
Members of Congress or their staff.” Pl.’s Response to Def.’s Statement of Material Facts &
Pl.’s Counter-Statement of Material Facts (“Pl.’s Statement of Facts”) ¶ 1, ECF No. 12; Ex. 1 to
Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. and Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Cross-Mot.”), ECF No.
12-1. These so-called “Gates Procedures” were “re-confirm[ed]” in a 2013 memo by Director of
National Intelligence (“DNI”) James R. Clapper. Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 6; Ex. 2 to Pl.’s
Cross-Mot. at 1, ECF No. 12-2. In 2017, the DNI publicly released the latest version of the
Gates Procedures on its social media webpage “in the interest of transparency.” Pl.’s Statement
of Facts ¶ 13; Ex. 3 to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. (“DNI Release”) at 1, ECF No. 12-3; Ex. 4 to Pl.’s
Cross-Mot. (“Gates Procedures”), ECF No. 12-4. The Gates Procedures are enshrined in Annex
A of Intelligence Community Directive 112. See Gates Procedures at 2; Ex. 5 to Pl.’s Cross-
Mot., ECF No. 12-5.
The Gates Procedures “establish[] I[ntelligence] C[ommunity] policy for when an IC
element seeks to disseminate unmasked or masked congressional identity information within the
Executive Branch.” Gates Procedures § (B)(2).1 They explain that when congressional identity
is masked, it is replaced with a generic term such as “Member of U.S. Congress.” Id. § (B)(4).
Generally, an agency must mask congressional identity prior to disseminating foreign
intelligence; exceptions include congressional identity that is overtly collected, related to public
statements by the member of Congress, involves consent, or is necessary to report violations of
1 The Gates Procedures define “congressional identity” to include “current” members of Congress or current “staff officer[s]” of these members or of any congressional committee. Gates Procedures at 1 n.1. Item 35 only seeks communications concerning the unmasking of members of Congress, so the Court’s analysis will not discuss congressional staff. See Ex. A to Compl. (“Request Letter”) ¶ 35, ECF No. 1-1 (seeking communications “concerning the unmasking of Congressmen or Senators”).
3 federal criminal law. Id. §§ (C)(1), (2). In addition, authorized officials can request
congressional unmasking when “necessary to understand and assess the associated intelligence
and further a lawful activity of the recipient’s agency.” Id. § (C)(3)(a)(i). Unmasking requests
involving “sensitive matters” must be approved by the DNI, whereas all other requests may be
approved by the DNI’s Office of General Counsel. Id. § (C)(3)(c). When a dissemination of
unmasked congressional identity occurs, the DNI’s Office of Legislative Affairs must notify “in
writing” the “congressional leadership staff and [ ] the intelligence committee’s staff directors,”
or, in the case of possible violations of the law, “the congressional leadership staff.”
Id. §§ (D)(1)(a)–(c).
B. Procedural History
The Project is a non-profit that “advocates for greater privacy and civil liberty protections
from government surveillance.” Compl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 1. On December 13, 2019, the Project
submitted a FOIA letter to the FBI with a list of forty-four requests for categories of records. See
generally Ex. A to Compl. (“Request Letter”) ¶ 35, ECF No. 1-1. Only one request—what the
parties call “Item 35”—is at issue in this case. Item 35 sought:
All correspondence between individual Senators or Congressman and any agency, or between an agency and Congressional Leadership and/or either or both Congressional intelligence committees, concerning the unmasking of Congressmen or Senators, including but not limited to correspondence from or to Senator Rand Paul (R-KY), Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Congresswoman Jane Harmon (D-CA), Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D-OH), Congressman Lou Barletta (R-PA), Congresswoman/ Senator-elect Marsha Blackburn (R-TN), Congressman Chris Collins (R-NY), Congressman Tom Marino (R-PA), Congressman Devin Nunes (R-CA), Congressman Sean Duffy (R-WI), Congressman Trey Gowdy (R-SC), and Congressman Dennis Ross (R-FL).
Id. ¶ 35. The FBI acknowledged receipt of the Request Letter on February 4, 2020. Ex. B to
Seidel Decl., ECF No. 9-2. On July 7, 2020, the FBI notified the Project that it assigned a
specific tracking number to Item 35. Ex. B to Compl., ECF No. 1-2. The FBI subsequently
4 issued a blanket Glomar response to Item 35 on October 13, 2020. Ex. C to Compl., ECF No. 1-
3. It explained that “FBI can neither confirm nor deny the existence of records responsive to
[the] request,” and claimed FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, 6, 7(C), and 7(E). Id. at 1. The Project
appealed this decision to DOJ’s Office of Information Policy (“OIP”), Ex. E to Seidel Decl.,
ECF No. 9-2, which subsequently affirmed the FBI’s decision, Ex. F to Compl., ECF No. 1-6.
The Project then brought suit in this Court. DOJ now moves for summary judgment on the FBI’s
Glomar response. ECF No. 9. In support of its motion, it relies on two declarations from
Michael G. Seidel, FBI’s Section Chief of the Record/Information Dissemination Section of the
Information Management Division. Seidel Decl. ¶ 1; 2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 14-2. The
Project cross-moves for summary judgment. ECF No. 13. The Court held argument on the
parties’ cross-motions. See Min. Entry (Sept. 21, 2022). The cross-motions are now ripe for
decision.
III. LEGAL STANDARD
The Freedom of Information Act is meant “to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy
and to open agency action to the light of public scrutiny.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S.
164, 173 (1991) (quoting Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976)). It “directs that
‘each agency, upon any request for records . . . shall make the records promptly available to any
person’ unless the requested records fall within one of the statute’s nine exemptions.” Loving v.
Dep’t of Def., 550 F.3d 32, 37 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(a)). “Consistent
with the Act’s goal of broad disclosure,” those exemptions should be “given a narrow compass.”
U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 151 (1989). “The agency bears the burden of
establishing that a claimed exemption applies.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S.
Dep’t of Just. (“CREW”), 746 F.3d 1082, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2014).
5 Because FOIA cases do not ordinarily involve disputed facts, they “are typically and
appropriately decided on motions for summary judgment.” Moore v. Bush, 601 F. Supp. 2d 6, 12
(D.D.C. 2009) (citations omitted). Summary judgment is warranted “if the movant shows that
there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In assessing whether the movant has met that burden, a
court “must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, draw all
reasonable inferences in his favor, and eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the
evidence.” Montgomery v. Chao, 546 F.3d 703, 706 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). “This
burden does not shift even when the requester files a cross-motion for summary judgment
because ‘the Government ultimately has the onus of proving that the documents are exempt from
disclosure . . . .’” Hardy v. ATF, 243 F. Supp. 3d 155, 162 (D.D.C. 2017) (cleaned up) (quoting
Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp. v. FDA, 185 F.3d 898, 904–05 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). Even if a
FOIA exemption applies, an agency cannot withhold information unless it also “reasonably
foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected by” the exemption. 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I); see Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 350, 369 (D.C.
Cir. 2021) (explaining the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016’s “foreseeable harm” requirement).
Instead of searching for and withholding exempt records, “an agency may issue a Glomar
response, i.e., refuse to confirm or deny the existence or nonexistence of responsive records if
the particular FOIA exemption at issue would itself preclude the acknowledgement of such
documents.” Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. NSA (“EPIC”), 678 F.3d 926, 931 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (citing
Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir. 2007)).2 In considering a Glomar response, courts
The term “Glomar response” is derived from a ship, the Glomar Explorer, at issue in a 2
FOIA case, Phillippi v. CIA, 546 F.2d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 1976). See Knight First Amend. Inst. at Columbia Univ. v. CIA, 11 F.4th 810, 813 (D.C. Cir. 2021).
6 apply the “general exemption review standards established in non-Glomar cases.” Knight First
Amend. Inst. at Columbia Univ. v. CIA, 11 F.4th 810, 813 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting Wolf, 473
F.3d at 374). “An agency thus bears the burden to sustain a Glomar response.” Id. (citing 5
U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)).
“[W]hen a Glomar response touches upon issues of national security—‘a uniquely
executive purview’—courts must give agency decisions substantial deference.” Competitive
Enter. Inst. v. NSA, 78 F. Supp. 3d 45, 53 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting EPIC, 678 F.3d at 931). Thus,
courts “consistently defer[] to executive affidavits predicting harm to national security, and have
found it unwise to undertake searching judicial review.” Ctr. for Nat’l Sec. Studies v. U.S. Dep’t
of Justice, 331 F.3d 918, 927 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Courts must sustain an agency’s Glomar
response in the national security context so long as the agency’s explanation appears “logical”
and “plausible.” ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 624 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (in the national
security context, “the government’s burden is a light one”).
IV. ANALYSIS
The Court’s analysis proceeds in two steps. First, the parties dispute whether the FBI has
waived its Glomar response. The Project argues that the FBI cannot issue a Glomar response
due to the existence of several documents in the public record, including the Gates Procedures.
But none of these documents reveals that the FBI has acknowledged the existence of responsive
information to Item 35. Therefore, the FBI has not waived its Glomar response. Second, on the
merits, the Court finds that the FBI’s Glomar response is justified with respect to the agency’s
FISA-obtained or -derived documents that reveal the operation and fruits of congressional
unmasking (the “operational documents”). But there exists a separate category of documents:
communications between the FBI and Congress that are a degree removed from the FISA-
7 derived documents and which discuss congressional unmasking as a matter of legislative interest,
policy, or oversight (the “policy documents”). The FBI must conduct a search for any “policy
documents” in its possession. The FBI will then have an opportunity to withhold information
from the search on the basis of any relevant FOIA exemptions.
A. Whether the FBI has Waived Glomar
The Court will first consider whether the FBI has waived its Glomar response. The
Project claims that the FBI’s Glomar response is unjustified because “the I[ntelligence]
C[ommunity] has already publicized the fact that it advises Congress about Congressional
unmaskings through written notifications.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 10. It cites the Gates Procedures,
which the Project claims reveals that “[f]or at least thirty years, the IC has frankly
admitted . . . that it routinely ‘advise[s] Congress’ about those practices.” Id. The Project also
relies on another disclosure, a 2020 memo from then-Acting DNI Richard Grenell that contains
“the names of federal officials who submitted requests to unmask the identity of former National
Security Advisor Michael Flynn between 2016 and 2017.” Id. at 13; see Ex. 6 to Pl’s. Cross-
Mot. (“Grenell Memo”), ECF No. 12-6.
“An agency waives any right to make a Glomar response by disclosing whether
responsive records exist.” Knight, 11 F.4th at 815 (citation omitted). “Once an agency makes
such an acknowledgment, ‘there is no value in a Glomar response. The secret is out.’” Id.
(quoting Leopold v. CIA, 987 F.3d 163, 167 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 2021)). “To establish official
acknowledgment, a plaintiff must identify information in the public domain that (1) matches the
information requested, (2) is as specific, and (3) has ‘been made public through an official and
documented disclosure.’” Id. (quoting Fitzgibbon v. CIA, 911 F.2d 755, 765 (D.C. Cir. 1990)).
The D.C. Circuit has noted that this test is “strict.” Leopold, 987 F.3d at 170 (citation omitted).
8 “The insistence on exactitude recognizes ‘the Government’s vital interest in information relating
to national security and foreign affairs.’” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 378. “The plaintiff bears
the burden of identifying specific information that is already in the public domain due to official
disclosure.” Mobley v. CIA, 806 F.3d 568, 583 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citations omitted); EPIC, 678
F.3d at 933 (same).
The Court considers the Grenell Memo first. The Grenell Memo is a declassified
document that provides “a list of identities of any officials who submitted requests to the
National Security Agency at any point between 8 November 2016 and 31 January 2017, to
unmask the identity of former National Security Advisor, Lieutenant General Michael T. Flynn
(USA-Ret).” Grenell Memo at 3; Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 23.3 The memo states that “16
authorized individuals requesting unmaskings” for “Lt. Gen Flynn’s identity” within the date
range, and includes a chart documenting these requests. Grenell Memo at 4.
The Grenell Memo cannot constitute public acknowledgement for the simple reason that
disclosures about General Flynn say nothing about the unmasking of members of Congress. Item
35 concerns the unmasking of members of Congress, not just any public official. Thus,
information about the unmasking of General Flynn, who has never served as a member of
Congress, does not undermine the FBI’s Glomar response here. This conclusion is well
supported by American Center. 474 F. Supp. 3d 109 (D.D.C. 2020). That case also considered
the effect of the Grenell Memo on the issue of public acknowledgment. There, the NSA issued a
Glomar response to plaintiff’s request for “unmasking requests from Susan Rice, Cheryl Mills,
Valerie Jarrett, Loretta Lynch, and Ben Rhodes” concerning Donald Trump and forty-six other
3 Because the Grenell Memo lacks page numbers, the Court cites to the ECF page number.
9 specified individuals. Id. at 124. The Court upheld the NSA’s Glomar response. Id. It reasoned
that because the Grenell Memo did not “establish the existence of any records of unmasking
requests from” these five senior Obama Administration officials, “it fails to overcome the
[agency’s] Glomar response.” Id. at 124. So too, here. The Grenell Memo does not undermine
the FBI’s Glomar response because the memo only reveals unmasking information concerning
General Flynn and “does not establish the existence of any records” concerning the unmasking of
members of Congress. Id.
The Gates Procedures are closer to the mark, but they do not waive the FBI’s Glomar
response, either. The Project contends that these “publicly available” congressional unmasking
procedures “readily admit” that “records about Congressional identity information are being
generated and retained” and “written notifications concerning those practices are being sent to
Congress.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 12. To be sure, the Gates Procedures require Congress to be
notified “in writing” in the event of congressional unmasking. Gates Procedures § (D). And the
DNI has also publicly acknowledged that congressional unmasking occurs “on occasion.” See
DNI Release. Furthermore, the DNI is the head of the Intelligence Community, so it could speak
on the FBI’s behalf for Glomar purposes. See American Center at 123 n.10 (DNI’s statements
can waive State Department’s Glomar response) (quoting ACLU, 710 F.3d at 429 n.7)). At first
glance, one might think that the Gates Procedures have effectively acknowledged the FBI’s
unmasking activities.
But upon closer inspection, none of the Project’s evidence shows that the FBI has
acknowledged possessing such information. The Project, which “bears the burden” to show
public acknowledgment, cannot make this showing for two reasons. Mobley, 806 F.3d at 583.
First, the Gates Procedures do not say that the FBI possesses communications with Congress
10 about its unmasking activities. The Gates Procedures apply to the Intelligence Community,
which consists of over a dozen agencies besides the FBI. See 50 U.S.C. § 3003(4)(H). At best,
the existence of the procedures, coupled with the DNI’s statement that congressional unmasking
occurs “on occasion,” reveal that members of the Intelligence Community engage in
congressional unmasking—but not necessarily the FBI in particular. The public
acknowledgment doctrine demands “specific information that matches the information sought,”
but the Gates Procedures do not match what Item 35 seeks. Leopold, 987 F.3d at 171; see Wolf,
473 F.3d at 378 (“[T]he information requested must be as specific as the information previously
released.” (citation omitted)).
Second, assuming (without granting) that the Gates Procedures reveal that the FBI
engages in congressional unmasking, they do not confirm that the FBI possesses communications
with Congress about this activity. To the contrary, the Gates Procedures specify that the DNI’s
Office of Legislative Affairs—not the originating agency—“will notify appropriate congressional
staff that a dissemination of unmasked congressional identity information has taken place.”
Gates Procedures § (D)(1); see also id. § (E)(3) (assigning “ODNI/OLA” this task under
“ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES”). Under the Gates Procedures, the buck stops at the DNI
for unmasking decisions, see id. § (C)(3)(c), so it is perhaps unsurprising that the DNI’s office is
also tasked with notifying Congress. Of course, the Gates Procedures do not rule out the
possibility that the FBI possesses communications with Congress concerning congressional
unmasking—but that is beside the point. The Project’s burden is to show that these procedures
confirm that the FBI possesses such information, and it has not met it. See Leopold, 987 F.3d at
171 (“To establish official acknowledgment our precedents require certainty, not
11 assumptions . . . .”). Therefore, neither the Grenell Memo nor the Gates Procedures waives the
FBI’s Glomar response.
B. Whether the FBI May Assert Glomar on the Merits
Having established that the FBI has not waived its Glomar response, the Court will
consider whether the FBI is entitled to assert its Glomar response on the merits. As mentioned
above, the FBI’s Glomar response can be organized into two categories of documents: (1) FISA-
obtained or -derived “operational documents” which reveal the FBI’s operations, any fruits of
such operations, and/or any resulting congressional unmasking; and (2) “policy documents”
which discuss congressional unmasking as a matter of legislative interest, policy, or oversight.
The Court will consider each in turn.
1. “Operational Documents”
The FBI’s Glomar response as to “operational documents” is justified by FOIA
Exemptions 1 and 3. Exemption 1 exempts records “specifically authorized under criteria
established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign
policy and [which] are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(b)(1)(A); see also Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 861 (D.C. Cir. 2009). The
applicable classification order, Exec. Order (“E.O.”) No. 13,526, 75 Fed. Reg. 707 (Dec. 29,
2009), sets forth “both substantive and procedural criteria for classification.” Jud. Watch, Inc. v.
U.S. Dep’t of Def., 715 F.3d 937, 941 (D.C. Cir. 2013). It sets forth, in relevant part, the
following conditions: (1) an original classification authority classifies the information; (2) the
information is under the control of the United States Government; (3) the information falls under
one or more of the categories of information listed in § 1.4 of the order; and (4) the classification
authority determines that the unauthorized disclosure of the information reasonably could be
12 expected to result in damage to the national security . . . and the authority is able to identify or
describe the damage. E.O. 13,526 § 1.1; see Competitive Enter. Inst. v. Dep’t of Treasury, 319
F. Supp. 3d 410, 417 (D.D.C. 2018).
The FBI claims that it has satisfied all four requirements. Its declarant, Mr. Seidel, has
original classification authority and determined that disclosing whether this information exists
would reveal classified information. See Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 11, ECF No.
9-1 (citing Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 2, 25, 29). Mr. Seidel represents that this information is under the
control of the United States, a point the Project does not dispute. Id. ¶ 30. He claims that this
information is protected by E.O. 13,526 § 1.4(c), which covers “intelligence activities” and
“intelligence sources or methods.” Id. According to Mr. Seidel, disclosing the existence of this
information jeopardizes national security because it would “reveal the intelligence community’s
interest, or lack of interest, in the implicated individuals” and also “reveal[] strengths,
weaknesses, and gaps in intelligence coverage.” Def.’s Mot. at 13; Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 25, 29, 31.
Indeed, by acknowledging that it possesses or does not possess these “operational documents,”
the FBI would “confirm or refute the FBI’s reliance” on this “particular intelligence activity or
method.” Id. ¶ 34. Finally, Mr. Seidel assures the Court that the withholding of this information
is not for unlawful purposes but rather to protect national security. Id. ¶ 35. The Court finds the
FBI’s explanation logical and plausible.
The Project’s counterarguments are unpersuasive. First, it argues that the FBI’s Glomar
response fails certain procedural requirements of E.O. 13,526. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 6–9; Pl.’s
Reply in Support Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 8–15, ECF No. 16 (citing E.O. 13,526
§§ 1.5-1.7). For example, it claims that the FBI failed to certify that the Glomar fact itself is
marked with declassification instructions or complied with the E.O.’s other transparency
13 procedures. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 9. But this argument “fundamentally misunderstands the general
concept underpinning a Glomar determination,” Def.’s Combined Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. and
Reply in Support of Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Reply”) at 5, ECF No. 14, and was squarely
rejected in Mobley v. CIA, 924 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2013), aff’d, 806 F.3d 568 (D.C. Cir.
2015). Mobley began with the well-established rule that E.O. 13,526 § 1.1 provides four
threshold requirements for proper classification. Id. at 47–48. But it found that an agency need
not establish that a Glomar fact meets E.O. 13,526’s other procedures such as those found in
§§ 1.5-1.6, which require, inter alia, establishing a timeline for declassification. Id. at 49.
Forcing an agency to comply with these other procedures, it reasoned, “would appear to require
agencies to create a record in response to a FOIA request”—“which would be contrary to
longstanding FOIA law.” Id. at 48–49; see Kissinger v. Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press,
445 U.S. 136, 152 (1980) (“The [FOIA] does not obligate agencies to create or retain documents;
it only obligates them to provide access to those which it in fact has created and retained.”).
Mobley recognized the “uniqueness of Glomar responses” as “intangible forms of classified
information [that] . . . arise[] solely in the context of a response to a request for records.”
Mobley, 924 F. Supp. 2d at 49; see Nat’l Sec. Couns. v. CIA, No. 12-cv-284, 2016 WL 6684182,
at *19 (D.D.C. Nov. 14, 2016) (following Mobley); Gov’t Accountability Project v. CIA, 548 F.
Supp. 3d 140, 154 n.7 (D.D.C. 2021) (citing Mobley favorably). The Court agrees with Mobley’s
reasoning and likewise holds that the FBI need not separately show that its Glomar fact complies
with E.O. 13,526’s other procedural requirements. See, e.g., E.O. 13,526 §§ 1.5-1.7.4
4 The Project also argues that a Glomar response is inappropriate because it is “effectively a non-legislative amendment to the FOIA statute” that allows the FBI “to circumvent [its] statutory FOIA duties.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 14. But E.O. 13,526 itself permits a Glomar response, see E.O. 13,526 § 3.6, and courts routinely permit this practice, see, e.g.,
14 Second, the Project argues that a search is required because the FBI’s Glomar response
could rest in part on information that should be declassified and therefore ineligible for
Exemption 1’s protection. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 14–15. As support, the Project points out that
E.O. 13,526 mandates automatic declassification for some documents over ten years old from the
date of original classification. Id. (citing E.O. 13,526 § 1.5). The Project also notes that it did
not specify a date range for Item 35. Id. According to the Project, the scope of the request must
therefore include any declassified documents—which Exemption 1 does not protect. Id.; cf.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Nat’l Institutes of Health, Dep’t of Health &
Hum. Servs. (“PETA”), 745 F.3d 535, 540, 544–45 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (granting agency only
partial Glomar response because “there exists a category of responsive documents for which a
Glomar response would be unwarranted” and asking the agency to search for those documents).
The Project’s argument is creative, but the Court need not reach it because Exemption 3
provides an independent basis to support the FBI’s Glomar response as to any declassified
documents. That is because information need not be classified to fall within Exemption 3’s
protection. See Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1106–07 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (Exemption 3 does not
require “first determining that the withheld information was properly classified under Exemption
1” because “Exemption 3 is independent of Exemption 1 and may be invoked independently”);
Afshar v. Dep’t of State, 702 F.2d 1125, 1137 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (same). As explained below, the
FBI is entitled to assert Exemption 3 over these “operational documents.” Thus, regardless of
whether the FBI possesses declassified “operational documents” that are responsive to Item 35, it
Knight, 11 F.4th at 821 (“The district court correctly concluded that the intelligence agencies’ Glomar responses were valid under Exemption 1.”).
15 is still entitled to assert a Glomar response over these documents.5 The FBI need not conduct a
search for these documents.
The FBI’s Glomar response is also justified under Exemption 3. Exemption 3 permits
the withholding of records that are “specifically exempted from disclosure by [a different]
statute . . . if that statute . . . (i) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a
manner as to leave no discretion on the issue; or (ii) establishes particular criteria for withholding
or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). Under binding
Circuit precedent, the agency must: “[1] show that the statute claimed is one of exemption as
contemplated by Exemption 3 and [2] that the withheld material falls within the statute.”
Larson, 565 F.3d at 865 (citation omitted); see DiBacco v. U.S. Army, 795 F.3d 178, 197 (D.C.
Cir. 2015) (“[T]he sole issue for decision is the existence of a relevant statute and the inclusion
of withheld material within the statute’s coverage.” (citation omitted)).
Here, the FBI’s Glomar response with respect to the “operational documents” is
permitted by section 102A(i)(1) of the National Security Act of 1947, 50 U.S.C. § 3024. Seidel
Decl. ¶ 36. The D.C. Circuit has established that “Section 102A(i)(1) is an Exemption 3
withholding statute that mandates withholding of intelligence sources and methods.” Willis v.
NSA, No. 17-cv-2038, 2019 WL 1924249, at *8 (D.D.C. Apr. 30, 2019) (quoting DiBacco v.
U.S. Army, 795 F.3d 178, 199 (D.C. Cir. 2015)). Section 102A(i)(1) provides that the DNI shall
“protect intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure.” 50 U.S.C.
5 Furthermore, in the event declassified documents responsive to Item 35 exist, that fact would not waive the FBI’s Glomar response, because the act of declassification does not automatically release the documents on the public record. See National Security Counselors, 2016 WL 6684182, at *26 (rejecting plaintiff’s argument that “because the documents they seek may no longer be properly classified, those documents are automatically subject to public disclosure” (emphasis omitted)).
16 § 3024(i)(1). The DNI has delegated enforcement of this statute to the heads of the agencies
constituting the Intelligence Community, which includes the FBI. Def.’s Mot. at 16–17 (citing
20 U.S.C. § 3003(4)(H)); see Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. Dep’t of Just., 296 F. Supp. 3d 109, 121
(D.D.C. 2017) (explaining FBI’s authority to invoke this statute); McClanahan v. U.S. Dep’t of
Just., 204 F. Supp. 3d 30, 49 (D.D.C. 2016) (approving FBI’s invocation of Section 102A(i)(1)
under Exemption 3), aff’d sub nom. McClanahan v. Dep’t of Just., 712 F. App’x 6 (D.C. Cir.
2018).
In addition, the requested information plainly falls within the statute. The Supreme Court
has stated that section 102A gives the agency “wide-ranging authority” to protect intelligence
sources and methods. CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 177 (1985); see also Fitzgibbon, 911 F.2d at
762 (noting that under section 102A, even “apparently innocuous information can be protected
and withheld” so long as it “relates to intelligence sources and methods”); Schaerr, 435 F. Supp.
3d at 114 n.12 (“The protection[] provided by . . . § 3024 [is] absolute.”). Here, for the same
reasons described in detail above, confirming or denying the existence of any “operational
documents” would reveal the FBI’s intelligence sources and methods concerning congressional
unmasking. See Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 31–34, 39–41 (describing how the requested information
constitutes “intelligence sources and methods”). Revealing their existence or absence would
allow a foreign adversary to draw inferences about the FBI’s operations, any fruits of such
operations, and/or any resulting congressional unmasking, and therefore endanger national
security. The Court once again finds the FBI’s explanation logical and plausible. Therefore, this
information is independently entitled to a Glomar response under Exemption 3.6
Because the FBI’s “operational documents” are entitled to a Glomar response under 6
Exemptions 1 and 3, the Court will not separately analyze whether the FBI is also entitled to invoke Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(E). See Schaerr, 435 F. Supp. 3d at 110 n.6 (“Because the
17 2. “Policy Documents”
The Court now turns to the other category of documents at issue: FBI’s “policy
documents.” Recall that the FBI’s position is that disclosure of the existence of any
congressional communications concerning congressional unmasking would “necessarily” reveal
protected information. Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 25, 29, 31. The Project argues that the FBI’s Glomar
response sweeps too broadly because certain “extra-agency correspondence” between Congress
and the FBI that is “one or more degrees removed from actual FISA activities” would not contain
sensitive information protected by FOIA. Pl.’s Reply at 6. By way of example, the Project
suggests that correspondence from a member of Congress to the FBI asking about congressional
unmasking “would not necessarily disclose protected information any more than a FOIA request
asking about congressional unmasking would necessarily do so.” Id. at 5.
At oral argument, the Court gave the FBI an opportunity to clarify its position with
respect to this category of documents. Government counsel stated that the FBI interpreted the
core of the Project’s request as seeking the FBI’s “operational documents” concerning
congressional unmasking. See Def.’s Reply at 10 (“Information about FISA collections, thus
implicating intelligence activities or intelligence sources or methods, is a fundamental element of
the FOIA Request . . . .”). He reasoned that to the extent other categories of documents exist,
they are hypothetical and not encompassed within the scope of the Project’s FOIA request. See
Knight, 11 F.4th at 820 (observing that FOIA does not require agency to contemplate
“hypothetical scenarios” of record categories that fall outside Glomar’s reach).
Court finds that [the agency’s] Glomar response was proper under FOIA Exemptions 1 and 3, it need not analyze whether it was also proper under Exemptions 6 or 7.”).
18 The Court agrees with the FBI that an agency need not rule out every fringe category of
documents potentially in existence before availing itself of Glomar’s protection. But that
principle does not decide the issue here, because the “policy documents” the Project seeks are
well within the four corners of the FOIA request. The FOIA request seeks “[a]ll
correspondence . . . concerning the unmasking of Congressmen or Senators.” Item 35 (emphases
added). Item 35 plainly encompasses communications at the policy level, not just the operational
level. See Corley v. Dep’t of Just., 998 F.3d 981, 987 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (“The use of the word
‘concerning’ in relation to a document typically refers to the subject of the document; a
document concerns a given subject if it is about that subject.”); see also Avila v. U.S. Dep’t of
State, No. 17-cv-2685, 2022 WL 2104483, at *5 (D.D.C. June 10, 2022) (“The word[]
‘concerning’ . . . show[s] that Plaintiffs seek more than just records that have Agent Avila’s
name on them.”). “Policy documents” would include, for example, a letter from a member of
Congress informing the FBI that she contemplated enshrining the Gates Procedures by statute, or
an exchange between Congress and the FBI where Congress solicited the FBI’s views on
unmasking policies in light of media reports on the topic. The FBI has an obligation to account
for “policy documents” like these which are encompassed by the request.
The D.C. Circuit’s decision in PETA provides ample support for the Project’s position.
745 F.3d 535. There, the agency issued a blanket Glomar response under Exemption 7(C) in
response to a FOIA request concerning NIH investigations of animal abuse at a research lab. Id.
at 538. The request sought “all National Institutes of Health (NIH) investigations into
complaints filed 2005–present regarding [three specifically named NIH grant recipients].” Id. at
539 (alterations in original). Based on the named individuals’ strong privacy interests, the D.C.
Circuit approved the agency’s Glomar response with respect to any information that would
19 associate the individuals with the investigation. Id. at 544. But that did not completely resolve
the case. The Circuit liberally construed the FOIA request to “encompasses documents relating
to any ensuing investigation” arising from the complaints against the three individuals. Id. at
544–45 (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the Circuit ruled that the agency could not assert a
Glomar response over records of NIH investigations where the NIH “did not target the
researchers themselves.” Id. at 544. Because this other category of records did not implicate
individual privacy interests under Exemption 7(C), the Circuit concluded that “NIH’s assertion
of a blanket Glomar response . . . cannot be sustained” and ordered the agency to conduct a
search for that narrower category of records. Id. at 545. Thus, PETA instructs that an agency
may issue a blanket Glomar response—in other words, “not conduct any search for responsive
documents”—only when “the circumstances justify a Glomar response” for all categories of
responsive records. Id. at 541.
The circumstances here do not justify the FBI’s Glomar response over the “policy
documents.” At oral argument, government counsel conceded that if the request specifically (or
only) sought “policy documents,” the FBI’s response would likely have been different.7 The
Court agrees. It is difficult to see how the FBI’s “policy documents” would be necessarily
protected under FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, 6, 7(C), and 7(E), which the FBI claims supports its
blanket Glomar response. Unlike with “operational documents,” acknowledging the mere
existence of “policy documents” would not necessarily reveal sensitive information about the
7 The FBI’s summary judgment filings in this case have focused on the argument that it may protect sensitive FISA-obtained or -derived information—that is, “operational documents”— under various FOIA exemptions. See, e.g., Seidel Decl. ¶¶ 20, 21, 23, 34. Similarly, Schaerr v. United States Dep’t of Just., 435 F. Supp. 3d 99 (D.D.C. 2020), which the FBI cites, also concerned a request for “operational documents”—namely, documents concerning the unmasking of twenty-one specific individuals—so its holding is inapposite with respect to the “policy documents” at issue here.
20 FBI’s intelligence activities, sources, or methods under Exemptions 1 and 3. At most, their
existence would show Congress’s interest in this field but not necessarily uncover anything about
the FBI’s activities or capabilities. Nor would “policy documents” be necessarily protected
under Exemptions 6 and 7(C) because policy-level discussions would not necessarily single out
individuals and thereby implicate individual privacy rights. Finally, the existence of “policy
documents” would not necessarily disclose any law enforcement procedure, technique, or
guideline that would risk circumvention of the law under Exemption 7(E), because
acknowledging the existence of congressional inquiries would not necessarily reveal anything
about the FBI’s operations themselves, nor would it necessarily enable a wrongdoer to break the
law or avoid detection. “Because there exists a category of responsive documents for which a
Glomar response would be unwarranted, [FBI’s] assertion of a blanket Glomar
response . . . cannot be sustained.” PETA, 745 F.3d at 545. The FBI must conduct a search for
“policy documents.”8 Of course, it may be the case that some communications entail both policy
and operational aspects, in which case the FBI must sort through what information it may protect
on a document-by-document basis as is the norm under FOIA. Only after conducting a search
and assessing the fruits of such search may the FBI consider anew the propriety of Glomar
and/or withholding documents under any relevant FOIA exemptions.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, DOJ’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 9) is
GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART, and the Project’s cross-motion for summary
8 The Court envisions that such a search would, at a minimum, encompass searches by FBI personnel whose responsibilities include legislative affairs, congressional relations or other such congressional liaison duties.
21 judgment (ECF No. 13) is DENIED. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is
separately and contemporaneously issued.
Dated: September 29, 2022 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS United States District Judge