Profade Apparel LLC v. Road Runner Sports, Inc.

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: September 2, 2020
• Docket: 3:18-cv-01254
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 7 8 PROFADE APPAREL, LLC, Case No.: 18cv1254-JAH (MDD)

9 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS' 10 v. MOTION TO DISMISS [Doc. No. 5] 11 ROAD RUNNER SPORTS, INC.; and ROAD RUNNER SPORTS RETAIL, 12 INC., 13 Defendants. 14

15 INTRODUCTION 16 Pending before the Court is Defendants Road Runner Sports, Inc. (“RRS”) and Road 17 Runner Sports Retail, Inc. (“RRSR”) (collectively “Defendants”) motion to dismiss 18 Plaintiff Profade Apparel, LLC’s (“Plaintiff”) trade secret misappropriation, trade dress, 19 and conversion claims. See Doc. No. 5. Plaintiff filed a response to Defendants’ motion 20 and Defendants filed a reply. See Doc. Nos. 6, 7. Having carefully considered the pleadings 21 in this action, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendants’ 22 motion to dismiss. 23 BACKGROUND 24 In or around June 2015, Defendants requested Plaintiff design and develop a “new 25 and proprietary sock” to replace a sock that Defendants carried for years. 1 Doc. No. 1 at 3. 26 27 1 On at least two occasions prior to the June 2015 request, Defendants had asked Plaintiff “to establish 28 1 From approximately June 2015 to March 2017, Defendants’ employees represented that 2 Plaintiff would be compensated for the design, development, production, and supply of the 3 “new and proprietary sock” through the number of bulk orders Defendants would place for 4 the “Trigonomic Arch Support Sock” (“Trigonomic Sock”). Doc. No. 1 at 4. Pursuant to 5 Defendants’ request, Plaintiff independently designed, developed, and named the 6 Trigonomic Sock at a “significant expense,” and without any assistance from Defendants. 7 Id. Plaintiff relied on these representations in deciding to enter into a vendor agreement 8 with Defendant RRS for the design and development of the Trigonomic Sock (“Contract”). 9 Doc. No. 1 at 5. Both parties signed an addendum to the Contract in April 2016 which 10 includes a Confidentiality Agreement. Doc. No. 1-2. 11 In or around April 2016, Defendants placed an order of the Trigonomic Sock with 12 Plaintiff. Doc. No. 1 at 5. Defendants placed additional small batch orders of the 13 Trigonomic Sock in December 2016 and March 2017; however, they did not adhere to 14 prior representations of ordering sufficient bulk orders to fully compensate Plaintiff. Id. 15 Defendants proceeded to terminate communications with Plaintiff and used another 16 vendor, RRSR, to produce replications of the Trigonomic Sock. Id. Plaintiff alleges 17 Defendants violated the Contract by unlawfully utilizing Plaintiff’s Trigonomic Sock 18 design to have RRSR, a vendor other than Plaintiff, to manufacture replications for 19 Defendants. Id. 20 On June 12, 2018, Plaintiff filed the instant action against Defendants 21 (“Complaint”). Doc. No. 1. Plaintiff alleges the following causes of action: (1) copyright 22 infringement; (2) trade secret misappropriation; (3) federal unfair competition; (4) 23 California unfair competition; (5) breach of contract; (6) breach of contract - implied 24 covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (7) breach of contract – quantum meruit; (8) 25 concealment; (9) intentional misrepresentation; (10) negligent misrepresentation; (11) false 26 promise; and (12) conversion. Id. On August 27, 2018, Defendants filed the pending 27 motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s trade Secret misappropriation, trade dress, and conversion 28 1 causes of action pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 8. Doc. No. 5. Plaintiff filed a response 2 to Defendants’ motion and Defendants filed a reply. See Doc. Nos. 6, 7. 3 LEGAL STANDARD 4 Defendants seek dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 8. Rule 12(b)(6) tests 5 the sufficiency of the complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). 6 Dismissal is warranted under Rule 12(b)(6) where the complaint lacks a cognizable legal 7 theory. Robertson v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 749 F.2d 530, 534 (9th Cir. 1984); see 8 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326 (1989) (“Rule 12(b)(6) authorizes a court to dismiss 9 a claim on the basis of a dispositive issue of law”). Further, a pleading must contain “a 10 short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. . . .” 11 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A complaint may be dismissed, however, where it presents a 12 cognizable legal theory yet fails to plead essential facts under that theory. Robertson, 749 13 F.2d at 534. While a plaintiff need not give “detailed factual allegations,” he must plead 14 sufficient facts that, if true, “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic 15 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 545 (2007); see also Pierce v. Wagner, 134 F.2d 958, 959 16 (9th Cir. 1943); Patten v. Dennis, 134 F.2d 137 (9th Cir. 1943). 17 To survive a motion to dismiss, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 18 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 19 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 547). A claim is facially plausible 20 when the factual allegations permit “the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 21 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. In other words, “the non-conclusory 22 ‘factual content’ and reasonable inferences from that content, must be plausibly suggestive 23 of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.” Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 24 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). “Determining whether a complaint states 25 a plausible claim for relief will be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court 26 to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. 27 In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must assume the 28 truth of all factual allegations and must construe all inferences from them in the light most 1 favorable to the nonmoving party. Thompson v. Davis, 295 F.3d 890, 895 (9th Cir. 2002); 2 Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337-38 (9th Cir. 1996). However, legal 3 conclusions need not be taken as true merely because they are cast in the form of factual 4 allegations. Ileto v. Glock, Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2003); Western Mining 5 Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981). When ruling on a motion to dismiss, 6 the Court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the 7 complaint, documents relied upon but not attached to the complaint when authenticity is 8 not contested, and matters of which the Court takes judicial notice. Lee v. City of Los 9 Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir. 2001). If a court determines that a complaint fails 10 to state a claim, the Court should grant leave to amend unless it determines that the pleading 11 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts. See Doe v. United States, 58 12 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995); Knappenberger v. City of Phoenix, 566 F.3d 936, 942 (9th 13 Cir. 2009). 14 Rule 8 requires plaintiffs only to set forth a “short and plain statement of the claim 15 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” and “give the defendant fair notice of what 16 the … claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic Corp., 550 U.S. at 555. 17 Each allegation in the complaint must be “simple, concise, and direct.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 18 8(d)(1). A complaint may not be dismissed for violating Rule 8 simple because it is verbose 19 or lengthy. See Hearns v. San Bernardino Police Dep’t, 530 F.3d 1124, 1131-32 (9th Cir. 20 2008) (citations omitted). However, “the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation[s]” 21 and [a] pleading that offers labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements 22 of a cause of action will not do.” Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678. 23 DISCUSSION 24 A. Judicial Notice 25 Plaintiff has requested the Court to take judicial notice of the Copyright Registration 26 enumerated in Plaintiff’s Complaint and attached to Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants’ 27 motion to dismiss. See Doc. No. 6-1 at 2. However, it appears the Court is being asked to 28 take notice, not just as a government document, but to accept the material depicted truth of 1 the facts contained in that material. Id. The Court may take judicial notice of an 2 adjudicative fact “not subject to reasonable dispute because it can be . . . accurately and 3 readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot be reasonably questioned.” See 4 Fed. R. Evid. 201; Grason Elec. Co. v. Sacramento Mun. Util. Dist., 571 F. Supp. 1504, 5 1521 (E.D. Cal. 1983). Defendants dispute Plaintiff’s request for the Court to take judicial 6 notice of the Copyright Registration for the purpose of distinguishing the Trigonomic 7 Sock’s functional or utilitarian aspects of the materials depicted from the non-utilitarian or 8 artistic design elements that are capable of protection. See Doc. No. 8. The Court agrees. 9 Accordingly, the request for judicial notice is DENIED. 10 B. Trade Secret Misappropriation 11 Plaintiff’s second cause of action is a violation of the federal Defend Trade Secrets 12 Act of 2016 (“DTSA”).2 Doc. No. 1 at 6. Defendant’s argue that Plaintiff’s DTSA claim 13 fails because the existence of a trade secret is not sufficiently alleged. Doc. No. 5 at 8-9. 14 The DTSA contains a federal private cause of action in favor of the “owner of a trade secret 15 that is misappropriated.” 18 U.S.C. § 1836(b)(1). To state a claim for trade secret 16 misappropriation under the DTSA, a plaintiff must allege that: “(1) the plaintiff owned a 17 trade secret; (2) the defendant[s] misappropriated the trade secret; and (3) the defendant[s’] 18 actions damaged the plaintiff.” Alta Devices, Inc. v. LG Elecs., Inc., 343 F. Supp. 3d 868, 19 877 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (citations omitted); see also 18 U.S.C. § 1839(5). The DTSA defines 20 “trade secret” as “financial, business scientific, technical, economic, or engineering 21 information” that “(A) the owner thereof has taken reasonable measures to keep … secret; 22 and (B) … derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being 23 generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable through proper means by, another 24 person who can obtain economic value from the disclosure or use of the information.” 18 25 U.S.C. § 1839(3). 26 27 2 Note that Plaintiff alleges that Defendants engaged in trade secret misappropriation under 18 U.S.C. § 28 1 Here, Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s Complaint fails to provide facts alleging a 2 specific trade secret. Doc. No 5 at 10. Defendants assert that the Complaint merely 3 “provide[] conclusory and nebulous statements regarding its purported trade secret,” and 4 does not sufficiently notify Defendants of the boundaries of the alleged trade secret. Doc. 5 No. 5 at 5. Plaintiff contends it is only required to generally disclose the misappropriated 6 trade secret and not divulge into any details that would compromise its trade secret. Doc. 7 No. 6 at 9-10. “A plaintiff need not spell out the details of the trade secret,” but must 8 “describe the subject matter of the trade secret with sufficient particularity to separate it 9 from matters of general knowledge in the trade or of special persons who are skilled in the 10 trade, and to permit the defendant to ascertain at least the boundaries within which the 11 secret lies.” Alter Devices, Inc. v. LG Elecs., Inc., 343 F. Supp. 3d 868, 881 (N.D. Cal. 12 2018) (internal citations and quotations omitted). 13 Plaintiff’s Complaint describes the trade secret information as “certain proprietary 14 and confidential information regarding the development, design, and manufacture of the 15 Trigonomic Arch Support Sock.” Doc. No. 1 at 6. Plaintiff also asserts to have provided 16 Defendants with a “roadmap” to producing Defendants socks. Id. In addition, Plaintiff’s 17 attached Exhibit A contains the Contract describing the types of confidential information 18 the parties contemplated under the agreement. Doc. No. 1-2 at 5. The Contract describes a 19 few of the confidential information as follows: Prototypes; Preproduction samples; Lab 20 dips; Fabrics; Trims; and items related to the production of the Trigonomic Arch Support 21 Sock. Id. at 2. Here, Plaintiff’s Complaint and Contract merely provide a general high-level 22 overview of Plaintiff’s purported trade secret, but do not satisfy the Rule 8 pleading 23 requirements. Plaintiff’s assertion of “confidential information regarding development, 24 design, and manufacture” do not provide the court or Defendants notice of the boundaries 25 of the purported trade secret. 26 Plaintiff relies on Yeiser Research & Development LLC v. Teknor Apex Co. to claim 27 that it has sufficiently pled a trade secret misappropriation under the DTSA. 281 F.Supp.3d 28 1021 (S.D. Cal. 2017). See Doc. No. 6 at 12. However, Plaintiff’s case is dissimilar for 1 several reasons. First, the plaintiff’s in Yeiser alleged a misappropriation of trade secrets 2 under the Delaware Uniform Trade Secret Acts (DUTSA), and not the DTSA. Yeiser, 281 3 F.Supp.3d at 1043. Second, the court in that case found the plaintiff’s trade secret 4 allegations sufficient when plaintiff alleged three categories of trade secret information, 5 including, among other things: “factual allegations describing how its concepts ‘improved’ 6 on existing hoses in the market and identifies various attributes of its concept, including 7 the use of protective sleeves at the connectors, a change in the design of the inner hose 8 liner, and use of abrasion resistant castings.” Id. at 1044. Here, Plaintiff provides 9 conclusory allegations by stating “proprietary and confidential information” and a 10 “roadmap” as the purported misappropriated trade secrets. Plaintiff’s trade secret 11 allegations are more similar to Space Data Corp. v. X, 2017 WL 5013363, at *1 (N.D. Cal. 12 2017). The plaintiff in that case claimed to identify the trade secrets at issue by alleging 13 they involved “data on the environment in the stratosphere” and “data on the propagation 14 of radio signals from the stratospheric ballon-based transceivers.” Id. at *2. The court 15 concluded that the “high-level overview” of the plaintiff’s purported trade secrets were too 16 vague. Id. Similarly, Plaintiff alleges no specific aspects or features of the Trigonomic Sock 17 to sufficiently identify the trade secret at issue. The Court concludes that Plaintiff fails to 18 provide facts that give rise to a plausible inference of the existence of a trade secret within 19 the meaning of the DTSA.3 20 As such, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s DTSA claim 21 with leave to amend. 22 C. Trade Dress 23 Plaintiff’s third cause of action seeks relief for unfair competition under 15 U.S.C. 24 § 1125(a)(1) by alleging that its Trigonomic Sock contains “distinctive elements of non- 25 functional trade dress protected under federal law.” See Doc. No. 1 at 7. “In contrast to a 26

27 3 The Court does not assess whether Plaintiff’s allegations are adequate to support inferences of reasonable measures to keep 28 the information secret, independent economic value derived from the information not being generally known, or harm from the 1 trademark, ‘trade dress’ refers to the ‘total image of a product’ and may include features 2 such as size, shape, color combinations, textures or graphics.” Int’l Jensen, Inc. v. 3 Metrosound U.S.A., Inc., 4 F.3d 819, 822 (9th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). In order to 4 state a valid claim for relief, Plaintiff must show the alleged trade dress is (1) nonfunctional; 5 (2) distinctive; and (3) creates a likelihood of confusion. Id. at 823. 6 1. Distinctiveness or Secondary Meaning 7 Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s asserted trade dress is not inherently distinctive 8 and has not acquired distinctiveness through secondary meaning. Doc. No. 5 at 13. “If a 9 mark is inherently distinctive it need not be shown to also have a secondary meaning.” Int’l 10 Jensen, Inc. v. Metrosound U.S.A., Inc., 4 F.3d 819, 824 (9th Cir. 1993). A trade dress is 11 inherently distinctive if its “intrinsic nature serves to identify a particular source of a 12 product.” Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 768 (1992). The 13 predominant test for evaluating inherent distinctiveness is whether “(1) the design or shape 14 is common, basic shape or design; (2) it was unique or unusual in a particular field; and (3) 15 it was a mere refinement of a commonly-adopted and well-known form of ornamentation 16 for a particular class of goods which consumers view as mere ornamentation.” See 17 Seabrook Foods, Inc. v. Bar-Well Foods, Ltd., 568 F.2d 1342 (C.C.P.A.1977). 18 Secondary meaning is defined as “the mental association by a substantial segment 19 of consumers and potential consumers between the alleged mark and a single source of the 20 product.” Levi Strauss & Co. v. Blue Bell, Inc., 778 F.2d 1352, 1354 (9th Cir. 1985) 21 (internal quotations omitted). A plaintiff may allege secondary meaning through direct or 22 circumstantial evidence. See Express, LLC v. Forever 21, Inc., 2010 WL 3489308 (C.D. 23 Cal. 2010). A plaintiff may also allege secondary meaning through “exclusivity, manner, 24 and length of use, amount and manner of advertising, amount of sales and the number of 25 customers, and plaintiff’s established place in the market.” Cont’l Lab. Prod., Inc. v. Medax 26 Int’l, Inc., 114 F.Supp.2d 992, 1000 (S.D. Cal. 2000). 27 Here, Plaintiff alleges the Trigonomic Sock is an inherently distinctive trade dress 28 and is protected without secondary meaning. Doc. No. 6 at 16. Plaintiff contends that the 1 depictions of the Trigonomic Sock displayed on the copyright registration certificate 2 provides a feature of the sock that constitute evidence of a trade dress. Id. However, 3 Plaintiff has not provided any evidence or augment to support the “distinctive element” of 4 the Trigonomic Sock. As discussed above, the Court denied taking judicial notice of the 5 copyright registration and the registration as a government document alone does not 6 provide any factual support as to whether the alleged trade dress is distinctive. Moreover, 7 trade dress in product configuration, as those at issue in this case, can never be “inherently 8 distinctive.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Bros., Inc., 529 U.S. 205, 213 (2000) 9 (holding that a consumer’s disposition to equate the features with the source does not exist 10 since product designs almost always serve a different purpose other than source 11 identification). As for the secondary meaning, Plaintiff fails to raise any facts to support 12 the notion that the Trigonomic Sock has acquired distinctiveness through “secondary 13 meaning” or that a customer recognized the sock as belonging to Plaintiff. See PaperCutter, 14 Inc. v. Fay’s Drug Co., 900 F.2d 558, 564 (2d Cir. 1990). Plaintiff’s Complaint does not 15 allege sufficient facts from which a reasonable inference can be drawn to advance the 16 theory that Plaintiff’s trade dress acquired secondary meaning. 17 2. Non-functional 18 Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s Trigonomic Sock is a functional item and that 19 Plaintiff fails to identify which elements or features of the sock are allegedly considered 20 non-functional. Doc. No. 5 at 13. Trade dress protection extends only to design features 21 that are not functional. See 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(3). To determine whether a product’s 22 feature is functional, the court considers several factors: “(1) whether the design yields a 23 utilitarian advantage, (2) whether alternative designs are available, (3) whether advertising 24 touts the utilitarian advantages of the design, and (4) whether the particular design results 25 from a comparatively simple or inexpensive method of manufacture.” Disc. Golf Ass’n, 26 Inc. v. Champion Discs, Inc., 158 F.3d 1002, 1006 (9th Cir. 1998). 27 Here, Plaintiff does not allege any facts to support the non-functionality of its 28 purported trade dress. Instead, Plaintiff provides a conclusory statement in its Complaint 1 contending that the sock “contains distinctive elements of non-functional trade dress.” Doc. 2 No. 1 at 7. Plaintiff does not allege that the design features distinguish the look of the 3 Trigonomic Sock, but rather the design features were created to provide comfort to 4 consumers. A product feature is considered “functional and cannot serve as a trademark if 5 [the product feature is] essential to the use or purpose of the article….” Qualitex Co. v. 6 Jacobson Prods. Co., Inc., 514 U.S. 159, 165 (1995). The functional arch support feature 7 in the sock constitutes the actual benefit a consumer gains in purchasing Plaintiff’s 8 Trigonomic Sock. Although Plaintiff is not required to plead “detailed factual allegations” 9 in its Complaint, Rule 8 does require sufficient facts to “state a claim to relief that is 10 plausible on its face,” including how the trade dress is non-functional. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 11 678 (citations omitted); see also Deckers Outdoor Corp. v. Fortune Dynamic, Inc., 2015 12 WL 12731929, at *1 (C.D. Cal. May 2015) (holding that “Plaintiff’s conclusory statement 13 of non-functionality fails to sufficiently allege the element.”). Plaintiff has not sufficiently 14 alleged that its product design is non-functional. Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to allege 15 a non-functional trade dress. 16 3. Likelihood of Confusion 17 A trademark infringement plaintiff must also establish that defendants’ alleged 18 infringement is likely to cause consumer confusion. Dep’t of Parks and Recreation of the 19 State of California v. Bazzar Del Mundo, 448 F.3d 1118, 1124 (9th Cir. 2006). Likelihood 20 of confusion exists whenever “consumers are likely to assume that a product or service is 21 associated with a source other than its actual source because of similarities between the 22 two sources’ marks or marketing techniques.” Nutri/System, Inc. v. Con-Stan Indus., Inc., 23 809 F.2d 601, 605 (9th Cir. 1987) (citation omitted). At the pleading stage, a plaintiff fails 24 to sufficiently allege the likelihood of confusion when the marks are patently dissimilar or 25 the channels in which the marks are used are completely unrelated. See RVCA Platform, 26 LLC v. Nudie Jeans Co. AB, 2008 WL 11337820, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 2008) (“[D]ismissal 27 at the pleadings stage tends to be appropriate when it is clear both that the goods or services 28 in question are not related and that confusion is not likely.”). 1 While Plaintiff sufficiently alleges the goods are related, Plaintiff has not alleged 2 any facts to supports its allegations of a likelihood of confusion. Plaintiff’s Complaint 3 provides a conclusory allegation that Defendants are likely causing confusion amongst 4 consumers regarding the origin of the socks by placing their product on the market. Plaintiff 5 is correct that the Ninth Circuits likelihood of confusion analysis focuses on “whether a 6 ‘reasonably prudent consumer’ in the marketplace is likely to be confused as to the origin 7 of the good or service bearing one of the marks.” Rearden LLC v. Rearden Commerce, 8 Inc., 683 F.3d 1190, 1214 (9th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). However, Plaintiff has not 9 alleged any facts to support the allegation, such as whether both parties products are 10 marketed through the same channels of trade, advertised in the same mediums, or target 11 the same customers. Although Plaintiff and Defendants socks appear to be relatively 12 similar, Plaintiff has not adequately pled that the use is likely to cause customer confusion. 13 Therefore, the Court finds Plaintiff has insufficiently alleged a likelihood of confusion. 14 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s trade 15 dress claim with leave to amend. 16 D. Conversion 17 Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiff’s conversion claim for failing to identify the 18 alleged “proprietary property” at issue. Doc. No. 5 at 15. Defendants also contend that 19 Plaintiff’s failure to seek the return of any tangible property prevents Defendants from 20 formulating a proper defense. Id. Conversion is the “wrongful exercise of dominion over 21 the property of another.” Spates v. Dameron Hosp. Ass’n, 114 Cal. App. 4th 208, 221 22 (2003). To state a claim for conversion, Plaintiff must allege: “(1) the plaintiff’s ownership 23 or right to possession of the property at the time of the conversion; (2) the defendants’ 24 conversion by a wrongful act of disposition of plaintiff’s property rights; and (3) damages.” 25 Mindys Cosmetic, Inc. v. Dakar, 611 F.3d 590, 601 (9th Cir. 2010). 26 Here, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants “intentionally interfered with [Plaintiff’s] 27 property by intentionally allowing another vendor access to [] information.” Doc. No. 1 at 28 13. Although Plaintiff’s opposition contends “intangible property, like designs and 1 || manufacturing plans, are susceptible to conversion,” Plaintiff's Complaint fails to identify 2 || the alleged “proprietary information” converted. Consequently, it is unclear what actions 3 || Defendants have taken that amount to a wrongful disposition of Plaintiff's property. See 4 Eunice v. United States, 2013 WL 756168, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 2013) (granting Rule 5 || 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss conversion claim where the “[p]laintiff does not provide facts 6 || to support allegation as to each Defendant and each Defendant’s role in the violation so as 7 ||to give them notice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8.”). In accordance with the 8 || Courts finding of insufficient allegations to support trade secret misappropriation and trade 9 || dress violation causes of action, the Court adopts the similar reasoning here, and finds that 10 || Plaintiff has insufficiently alleged a conversion cause of action. 11 As such, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs conversion 12 claim with leave to amend. 13 CONCLUSION 14 For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 15 1. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. 16 2. Plaintiff's Trade Secret Misappropriation, Trade Dress, and Conversion 17 claims are DIMISSED with leave to amend. 18 3. Plaintiff may file an amended Complaint on or before October 14, 2020. 19 IT IS SO ORDERED. 20 21 || DATED: September 2, 2020 22 Vibe h Wise == 3 H n. John A. Houston Ynited States District Judge 24 25 26 27 28 12