STONE, C. J.
— There .does not appear to be any controversy as to the facts of this case. The witnesses are substantially agreed as to every material question. J. Pollock & Co. were attaching creditors of McCaskey & Eatcliff, who had been partners in merchandise. The amount'and bona fides of their claim are not disputed. It ante-dated the conveyance to Pritchett, after noticed. Pritchett interposed a claim to the property attached, and a trial at law ensued, called in our jurisprudence a “trial of the right of property.” There were verdict and judgment for the plaintiffs in attachment, and Pritchett, the claimant, takes this appeal.
McCaskey & Eatcliff, on January 7, 1886, executed a conveyance, in form a bill of sale, by which they conveyed to Pritchett all their stock of goods, wares and merchandise, of every kind and description, in the stores occupied by them in the town of Camden, and also their iron safe, together with all the notes, accounts, mortgages, claims, and demands of every kind due the said firm of McCaskey & Eatcliff, except such as had theretofore been transferred to [171]*171the firm of Robins, Wilson & Co., of the city of Mobile. The recited consideration of this conveyance was the sum of ten thousand two hundred and twenty-five 56-100 dollars, in hand paid by Daniel S. Pritchett — six thousand six ^hundred and twenty-five 56-100 dollars, indebtedness of McCaskey & Ratcliff to said Pritchett, and three thousand six hundred dollars in cash paid by said Pritchett to Mc-Caskey & Ratcliff. It is not disputed that this cash payment was made; and Prichett thereupon took possession of the property purchased.
The alleged indebtedness of six thousand six hundred and twenty-five 56-100 dollarssto Pritchett consisted of the following loans of money, with interest computed, and for which notes had been given in the firm name :
Note, October 23, 1884..........................$ 500.00
“ March 18, 1885.......................... 2,000.00
“ December 31, 1885....................... 1,000.00
(These payable to D. S. Pritchett.)
The following notes made by the firm, payable to J. C. Pritchett, but transferred to D. S. Pritchett:
Note, January 17, 1885..........................$ 545.50
“ December 31, 1885........................ 500.00
14,545.50
Interest, about............................ 200.00
$4,745.50
An individual note of Ratcliff to D. S. Pritchett, on which McCaskey was in no way liable, was put in as part consideration........................... 1,510.00
Interest on this about $235.
There was, also, a note given by McCaskey in his individual name, payable to D. S. Pritchett, dated December 3, 1885........................... 400.00
$6,655.50
It will be observed that, taking the items furnished in the testimony, and computing interest on them, the sum of them was then about two hundred and ninety dollars in excess of the six thousand six hundred and twenty-five dollars stated in the bill of sale. The result is, that the recited consideration of the bill of sale, as claimed in virtue of past indebtedness, is about eighteen hundred and eighty dollars in excess of the sum of the debts contracted in the firm name.
No testimony is offered tending to show that the firm was liable for, or in any way had the use of the fifteen hundred [172]*172and ten dollars, for which the Ratcliff note was given. The testimony disproves such use. As to the note given by Mc-Caskey for four hundred dollars, Pritchett testifies as follows: “On the 3d of December, 1885, he loaned John W. McCaskey $100.00, and took his note therefor,” M cCaskey’s testimony in regard to this transaction is as follows : “"Witness borrowed $100.00 from said Pritchett on the 3d of December, 1885, and gave his individual note to said Pritchett therefor; and which sum witness put into the business of said firm of McCaskey & Ratcliff.” This is all the testimony bearing on this item. It is insufficient to fasten it as a charge on the partnership, for the following-reasons : First, the loan was made to McCaskey, and his individual note taken for it, while for the other loans made, both before and after that time, the notes of the firm were taken. Second, the individual debt of McCaskey to the firm of McCaskey & Ratcliff was greater by near, two hundred and fifty dollars, than was the individual indebtedness of Ratcliff at the time the sale was made. This furnishes a reason why he should contribute to the funds of the then embarrassed firm, at least to the extent of his excess of indebtedness. Third, putting the money into the business does not necessarily imply that it was placed there as partnership effects, without any claim by McCaskey of an individual credit therefor. Had Pritchett sued the firm for this four hundred dollars, and offered in support of his claim only the testimony set forth in the transcript and copied above, it would have been insufficient to fasten a partnership liability on them. The legitimate consideration, then, which Pritchett paid in the purchase, was—
In past due indebtedness..................... $4,715.50
Cash at time of purchase....................... 3,600.00
Total........ $8,345.50
The value of things purchased was—
Stock of merchandise......................... 6,000.00
Solvent claims................................ 4,157.55
Collectible.................................. 432.98
Ten per cent, of bad claims, yet collectible........ 197.17
Total....................................10,787.70
Difference.................................... 2,442.20
We prefer, however, not to place our ruling on the insufficiency of the consideration.
Before, and at the time this sale was made, McCaskey <fc Ratcliff were insolvent, and Pritchett was informed of it. Each of them so testifies. The purchase by Pritchett was [173]*173proposed and made that he might become a preferred creditor, and thus save his debt. This, under our rulings, he had a clear right to do, provided he purchased át a reasonably fair price, and secured to the seller no pecuniary benefit, which the law itself would not secure to him. If, in securing his debt, he went beyond this boundary, and secured to the seller a pecuniary benefit beyond what the law itself would confer, this was a fraud. And the consequence of such fraud is, not alone to avoid the conveyance as to the benefit reserved: it vacates and annuls, for the benefit of creditors, the entire conveyance. — Lukins v. Aird, 6 Wall. 78; Crawford v. Kirksey, 55 Ala. 282; Sims v. Gaines, 64 Ala. 392; Lehman v. Kelly, 68 Ala. 192; Seaman v. Nolen, Ib. 463; Com. Bank v. Brewer, 71 Ala. 574; Proskauer v. People's Savings Bank, 77 Ala. 257; Shealy v. Edwards, 78 Ala. 176; Levy v. Williams, 79 Ala. 171.
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STONE, C. J.
— There .does not appear to be any controversy as to the facts of this case. The witnesses are substantially agreed as to every material question. J. Pollock & Co. were attaching creditors of McCaskey & Eatcliff, who had been partners in merchandise. The amount'and bona fides of their claim are not disputed. It ante-dated the conveyance to Pritchett, after noticed. Pritchett interposed a claim to the property attached, and a trial at law ensued, called in our jurisprudence a “trial of the right of property.” There were verdict and judgment for the plaintiffs in attachment, and Pritchett, the claimant, takes this appeal.
McCaskey & Eatcliff, on January 7, 1886, executed a conveyance, in form a bill of sale, by which they conveyed to Pritchett all their stock of goods, wares and merchandise, of every kind and description, in the stores occupied by them in the town of Camden, and also their iron safe, together with all the notes, accounts, mortgages, claims, and demands of every kind due the said firm of McCaskey & Eatcliff, except such as had theretofore been transferred to [171]*171the firm of Robins, Wilson & Co., of the city of Mobile. The recited consideration of this conveyance was the sum of ten thousand two hundred and twenty-five 56-100 dollars, in hand paid by Daniel S. Pritchett — six thousand six ^hundred and twenty-five 56-100 dollars, indebtedness of McCaskey & Ratcliff to said Pritchett, and three thousand six hundred dollars in cash paid by said Pritchett to Mc-Caskey & Ratcliff. It is not disputed that this cash payment was made; and Prichett thereupon took possession of the property purchased.
The alleged indebtedness of six thousand six hundred and twenty-five 56-100 dollarssto Pritchett consisted of the following loans of money, with interest computed, and for which notes had been given in the firm name :
Note, October 23, 1884..........................$ 500.00
“ March 18, 1885.......................... 2,000.00
“ December 31, 1885....................... 1,000.00
(These payable to D. S. Pritchett.)
The following notes made by the firm, payable to J. C. Pritchett, but transferred to D. S. Pritchett:
Note, January 17, 1885..........................$ 545.50
“ December 31, 1885........................ 500.00
14,545.50
Interest, about............................ 200.00
$4,745.50
An individual note of Ratcliff to D. S. Pritchett, on which McCaskey was in no way liable, was put in as part consideration........................... 1,510.00
Interest on this about $235.
There was, also, a note given by McCaskey in his individual name, payable to D. S. Pritchett, dated December 3, 1885........................... 400.00
$6,655.50
It will be observed that, taking the items furnished in the testimony, and computing interest on them, the sum of them was then about two hundred and ninety dollars in excess of the six thousand six hundred and twenty-five dollars stated in the bill of sale. The result is, that the recited consideration of the bill of sale, as claimed in virtue of past indebtedness, is about eighteen hundred and eighty dollars in excess of the sum of the debts contracted in the firm name.
No testimony is offered tending to show that the firm was liable for, or in any way had the use of the fifteen hundred [172]*172and ten dollars, for which the Ratcliff note was given. The testimony disproves such use. As to the note given by Mc-Caskey for four hundred dollars, Pritchett testifies as follows: “On the 3d of December, 1885, he loaned John W. McCaskey $100.00, and took his note therefor,” M cCaskey’s testimony in regard to this transaction is as follows : “"Witness borrowed $100.00 from said Pritchett on the 3d of December, 1885, and gave his individual note to said Pritchett therefor; and which sum witness put into the business of said firm of McCaskey & Ratcliff.” This is all the testimony bearing on this item. It is insufficient to fasten it as a charge on the partnership, for the following-reasons : First, the loan was made to McCaskey, and his individual note taken for it, while for the other loans made, both before and after that time, the notes of the firm were taken. Second, the individual debt of McCaskey to the firm of McCaskey & Ratcliff was greater by near, two hundred and fifty dollars, than was the individual indebtedness of Ratcliff at the time the sale was made. This furnishes a reason why he should contribute to the funds of the then embarrassed firm, at least to the extent of his excess of indebtedness. Third, putting the money into the business does not necessarily imply that it was placed there as partnership effects, without any claim by McCaskey of an individual credit therefor. Had Pritchett sued the firm for this four hundred dollars, and offered in support of his claim only the testimony set forth in the transcript and copied above, it would have been insufficient to fasten a partnership liability on them. The legitimate consideration, then, which Pritchett paid in the purchase, was—
In past due indebtedness..................... $4,715.50
Cash at time of purchase....................... 3,600.00
Total........ $8,345.50
The value of things purchased was—
Stock of merchandise......................... 6,000.00
Solvent claims................................ 4,157.55
Collectible.................................. 432.98
Ten per cent, of bad claims, yet collectible........ 197.17
Total....................................10,787.70
Difference.................................... 2,442.20
We prefer, however, not to place our ruling on the insufficiency of the consideration.
Before, and at the time this sale was made, McCaskey <fc Ratcliff were insolvent, and Pritchett was informed of it. Each of them so testifies. The purchase by Pritchett was [173]*173proposed and made that he might become a preferred creditor, and thus save his debt. This, under our rulings, he had a clear right to do, provided he purchased át a reasonably fair price, and secured to the seller no pecuniary benefit, which the law itself would not secure to him. If, in securing his debt, he went beyond this boundary, and secured to the seller a pecuniary benefit beyond what the law itself would confer, this was a fraud. And the consequence of such fraud is, not alone to avoid the conveyance as to the benefit reserved: it vacates and annuls, for the benefit of creditors, the entire conveyance. — Lukins v. Aird, 6 Wall. 78; Crawford v. Kirksey, 55 Ala. 282; Sims v. Gaines, 64 Ala. 392; Lehman v. Kelly, 68 Ala. 192; Seaman v. Nolen, Ib. 463; Com. Bank v. Brewer, 71 Ala. 574; Proskauer v. People's Savings Bank, 77 Ala. 257; Shealy v. Edwards, 78 Ala. 176; Levy v. Williams, 79 Ala. 171.
We have shown above that, by the sale made to Pritchett, the two individual debts — one of Batcliff for $1,510, and the other of McCaskey for $400 — were procured to be paid out of the effects of the insolvent partnership of McCaskey & Batcliff. And this was done secretly, under a recital that they were the debts of the partnership. This was a pecuniary benefit to- Batcliff, to the extent of one-half of the debt, paid with the effects of another ; and it was a fraud on the creditors of the insolvent partnership, that by it a very material part of its assets wras misapplied to unauthorized uses. The same is true of the misappropriation to McCaskey’s debt. And this was done knowingly and intentionally by both seller and buyer. The law denounces such act as a benefit reserved to the grantor, and the grantee can not defend on the plea that he did not know it was against the law. All men are presumed to intend the natural consequences of their acts, and all men are presumed to know the law. The following authorities declare such transaction to be a fraud on creditors, and we consider them sound: Bump on Fraud. Con., 399, 254; Wilson v. Robertson, 21 N. Y. 587; Burtus v. Tisdale, 4 Barb. 571; Geortner v. Trustees, 2 Barb. 625; Knauth v. Bassett, 34 Barb. 31; Keith v. Fink, 47 Ill. 272. See, also, Warren. v. Taylor, 60 Ala. 218; 2 Kent’s Com. 65, and note; U. S. v. Hack, 8 Pet. 271; Anderson v. Martly, 2 Ves. Jr., 244; Moog v. Farley, 79 Ala. 246.
All the testimony bearing on the question we have been discussing comes from claimant, and it proves the facts recited above without conflict. The deed of January 7, 1886, from McCaskey & Batcliff, is fraudulent and void as to creditors not provided for. The Circuit Court would not have erred, if the affirmative charge to find for plaintiffs had been given without hypothesis. Such being the status [174]*174of the case, we need not inquire as to the correctness of the several rulings excepted to. They could not possibly do the claimant any injury. — 1 Brick. Dig. 335, § 3; 3 Ib. 109-110, §§ 44-46; Hall v. Posey, 79 Ala. 84; 1 Brick, Dig. 180, §§ 96, 99; 3 Ib. 405-406, §§ 20, 22, 24.
Lest this case might mislead, we will add that the first charge given at the instance of the plaintiffs does not state the principle correctly. — Hodges v. Coleman, 76 Ala. 103. Other rulings are subject to criticism, but we will not comment on them.
Affirmed.