BRANCH, J.
The sole question to be decided on this appeal is whether the lower court erred in dissolving the temporary restraining order prior to a final hearing on the merits.
It is noted that the hearing judge in dissolving the order did not find facts, nor did appellant request that facts be found.
Although the Supreme Court indulges the presumption that the findings of the hearing judge are correct and requires the applicant to assign and show error, nevertheless, on appeal from an order granting or refusing an interlocutory injunction it is not bound by the findings of fact of the hearing judge. The Court may review and weigh the evidence submitted to the hearing judge and find the facts for itself.
Coach Lines v. Brotherhood,
254 N.C. 60, 118 S.E. 2d 37;
Lance v. Cogdill,
238 N.C. 500, 78 S.E. 2d 319.
The record in this case fails to show why a foreclosure was insisted upon and, further, fails to show whether the sums tendered to and refused by defendant Kalman were in the correct amount. We therefore deem it advisable to review the record. Upon such review we find that the pertinent facts may be summarized as follows: Plaintiff contends by its pleadings that it is correct in its payments on the notes secured by the instruments about to be foreclosed. Defendant Kalman by his pleadings and by introduction of exhibits squarely controverts this contention, by contending that notice was mailed to plaintiff by registered mail and that plaintiff did not tender payment in time nor sufficient in amount to prevent default under the terms of the security instruments.
We need not decide whether proof of due mailing of a letter
raises a presumption as to date of receipt of the letter, since we do not now consider the ultimate issues raised by the pleadings.
In order to decide the question presented for decision it becomes necessary that we review the applicable North Carolina cases.
This Court in
Studios v. Goldston,
249 N.C. 117, 105 S.E. 2d 277, in affirming the continuance of a restraining order until final determination of the action on its merits, quoted from the landmark case of
Cobb v. Clegg,
137 N.C. 153, 49 S.E. 80, as follows.
“In
Cobb v. Clegg,
137 N.C. 153, 49 S.E. 80, Walker, J., speaking for the Court, in pointing out the distinction between the old forms of common and special injunctions, said: ‘If the facts constituting the equity were fully and fairly denied, the injunction was dissolved unless there was some special reason for continuing it. Not so with a special injunction, which is granted for the prevention of irreparable injury, when the preventive aid of the court of equity is the ultimate and only relief sought and is the primary equity involved in the suit. In the case of special injunctions the rule is not to dissolve upon the coming in of the answer, even though it may deny the equity, but to continue the injunction to the hearing if there is probable cause for supposing that the plaintiff will be able to maintain his primary equity and there is a reasonable apprehension of irreparable loss unless it remains in force, or if in the opinion of the court it appears reasonably necessary to protect the plaintiff’s right until the controversy between him and the defendant can be determined. It is generally proper, when the parties are at issue concerning the legal or equitable right, to grant an interlocutory injunction to preserve the right
in statu quo
until the determination of the controversy, and especially is this the rule when the principal relief sought is in itself an injunction, because a dissolution of a pending interlocutory injunction, or the refusal of one, upon application therefor in the first instance, will virtually decide the case upon its merits and deprive the plaintiff of all remedy or relief, even though he should be afterwards able to show ever so good a case.’
Scott v. Gillis,
197 N.C. 223, 148 S.E. 315;
Boone v. Boone,
217 N.C. 722, 9 S.E. 2d 383;
Lance v. Cogdill,
238 N.C. 500, 78 S.E. 2d 319;
Roberts v. Cameron,
245 N.C. 373, 95 S.E. 2d 899.”
See
Boone v. Boone,
217 N.C. 722, 9 S.E. 2d 383.
The case of
Sanders v. Insurance Co.,
183 N.C. 66, 110 S.E. 597, was an action to enjoin the sale of lands upon a deed of trust. The facts were conflicting upon the question of whether the mortgage
deed had been paid. The Court, holding that the injunction should be continued to the hearing to ascertain the facts involved, quoted from
Marshall v. Comrs.,
89 N.C. 103, as follows:
“The injunctive relief sought in this action is not merely auxiliary to the principal relief demanded, but it is the relief, and a perpetual injunction is demanded. To dissolve the injunction, therefore, would be practically to deny the relief sought and terminate the action. This the Court will never do where it may be that possibly the plaintiff is entitled to the relief demanded. In such cases, it will not determine the matter upon a preliminary hearing upon the pleadings and
ex parte
affidavits; but it will preserve the matter intact until the action can be regularly heard upon its merits. Any other course would defeat the end to be attained by the action.”
The Court further stated:
“The motion for the injunction was heard by the judge upon affidavits, and as it appeared from them, and the pleadings, that important issues are raised upon the vital question of indebtedness, as to whether there is any now due, and if any, how much, the court continued the preliminary injunction to the final hearing, . . .”
Again considering the question whether a restraining order should be continued to the final hearing, in the case of
Smith v. Bank,
223 N.C. 249, 25 S.E. 2d 859, which was a civil action to restrain foreclosure sale of lands under power contained in a trust deed, the hearing judge entered judgment vacating the temporary restraining order. Holding that the temporary restraining order should have been continued to the final hearing, this Court said:
“If the plaintiff, applying for injunctive relief as the main remedy sought in her action, has shown probable cause for supposing that she will be able to maintain her primary equity and there is reasonable apprehension of irreparable loss unless it remains in force, or if, in the opinion of the court, it appears reasonably necessary to protect the plaintiff's rights until the controversy between her and the defendants can be determined, injunction will be continued to the hearing.
Proctor v. Fert. Works,
183 N.C. 153, 110 S.E. 861;
Cobb v. Clegg,
137 N.C. 153;
Tobacco Association v. Battle, supra.
If the evidence raises a serious question as to the existence of the facts which make for plaintiff's rights and is sufficient to establish it, the preliminary restraining order will be continued to the hearing.
Tise v. Whit
aker-Harvey Co.,
144 N.C. 508;
Tobacco Association v.
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BRANCH, J.
The sole question to be decided on this appeal is whether the lower court erred in dissolving the temporary restraining order prior to a final hearing on the merits.
It is noted that the hearing judge in dissolving the order did not find facts, nor did appellant request that facts be found.
Although the Supreme Court indulges the presumption that the findings of the hearing judge are correct and requires the applicant to assign and show error, nevertheless, on appeal from an order granting or refusing an interlocutory injunction it is not bound by the findings of fact of the hearing judge. The Court may review and weigh the evidence submitted to the hearing judge and find the facts for itself.
Coach Lines v. Brotherhood,
254 N.C. 60, 118 S.E. 2d 37;
Lance v. Cogdill,
238 N.C. 500, 78 S.E. 2d 319.
The record in this case fails to show why a foreclosure was insisted upon and, further, fails to show whether the sums tendered to and refused by defendant Kalman were in the correct amount. We therefore deem it advisable to review the record. Upon such review we find that the pertinent facts may be summarized as follows: Plaintiff contends by its pleadings that it is correct in its payments on the notes secured by the instruments about to be foreclosed. Defendant Kalman by his pleadings and by introduction of exhibits squarely controverts this contention, by contending that notice was mailed to plaintiff by registered mail and that plaintiff did not tender payment in time nor sufficient in amount to prevent default under the terms of the security instruments.
We need not decide whether proof of due mailing of a letter
raises a presumption as to date of receipt of the letter, since we do not now consider the ultimate issues raised by the pleadings.
In order to decide the question presented for decision it becomes necessary that we review the applicable North Carolina cases.
This Court in
Studios v. Goldston,
249 N.C. 117, 105 S.E. 2d 277, in affirming the continuance of a restraining order until final determination of the action on its merits, quoted from the landmark case of
Cobb v. Clegg,
137 N.C. 153, 49 S.E. 80, as follows.
“In
Cobb v. Clegg,
137 N.C. 153, 49 S.E. 80, Walker, J., speaking for the Court, in pointing out the distinction between the old forms of common and special injunctions, said: ‘If the facts constituting the equity were fully and fairly denied, the injunction was dissolved unless there was some special reason for continuing it. Not so with a special injunction, which is granted for the prevention of irreparable injury, when the preventive aid of the court of equity is the ultimate and only relief sought and is the primary equity involved in the suit. In the case of special injunctions the rule is not to dissolve upon the coming in of the answer, even though it may deny the equity, but to continue the injunction to the hearing if there is probable cause for supposing that the plaintiff will be able to maintain his primary equity and there is a reasonable apprehension of irreparable loss unless it remains in force, or if in the opinion of the court it appears reasonably necessary to protect the plaintiff’s right until the controversy between him and the defendant can be determined. It is generally proper, when the parties are at issue concerning the legal or equitable right, to grant an interlocutory injunction to preserve the right
in statu quo
until the determination of the controversy, and especially is this the rule when the principal relief sought is in itself an injunction, because a dissolution of a pending interlocutory injunction, or the refusal of one, upon application therefor in the first instance, will virtually decide the case upon its merits and deprive the plaintiff of all remedy or relief, even though he should be afterwards able to show ever so good a case.’
Scott v. Gillis,
197 N.C. 223, 148 S.E. 315;
Boone v. Boone,
217 N.C. 722, 9 S.E. 2d 383;
Lance v. Cogdill,
238 N.C. 500, 78 S.E. 2d 319;
Roberts v. Cameron,
245 N.C. 373, 95 S.E. 2d 899.”
See
Boone v. Boone,
217 N.C. 722, 9 S.E. 2d 383.
The case of
Sanders v. Insurance Co.,
183 N.C. 66, 110 S.E. 597, was an action to enjoin the sale of lands upon a deed of trust. The facts were conflicting upon the question of whether the mortgage
deed had been paid. The Court, holding that the injunction should be continued to the hearing to ascertain the facts involved, quoted from
Marshall v. Comrs.,
89 N.C. 103, as follows:
“The injunctive relief sought in this action is not merely auxiliary to the principal relief demanded, but it is the relief, and a perpetual injunction is demanded. To dissolve the injunction, therefore, would be practically to deny the relief sought and terminate the action. This the Court will never do where it may be that possibly the plaintiff is entitled to the relief demanded. In such cases, it will not determine the matter upon a preliminary hearing upon the pleadings and
ex parte
affidavits; but it will preserve the matter intact until the action can be regularly heard upon its merits. Any other course would defeat the end to be attained by the action.”
The Court further stated:
“The motion for the injunction was heard by the judge upon affidavits, and as it appeared from them, and the pleadings, that important issues are raised upon the vital question of indebtedness, as to whether there is any now due, and if any, how much, the court continued the preliminary injunction to the final hearing, . . .”
Again considering the question whether a restraining order should be continued to the final hearing, in the case of
Smith v. Bank,
223 N.C. 249, 25 S.E. 2d 859, which was a civil action to restrain foreclosure sale of lands under power contained in a trust deed, the hearing judge entered judgment vacating the temporary restraining order. Holding that the temporary restraining order should have been continued to the final hearing, this Court said:
“If the plaintiff, applying for injunctive relief as the main remedy sought in her action, has shown probable cause for supposing that she will be able to maintain her primary equity and there is reasonable apprehension of irreparable loss unless it remains in force, or if, in the opinion of the court, it appears reasonably necessary to protect the plaintiff's rights until the controversy between her and the defendants can be determined, injunction will be continued to the hearing.
Proctor v. Fert. Works,
183 N.C. 153, 110 S.E. 861;
Cobb v. Clegg,
137 N.C. 153;
Tobacco Association v. Battle, supra.
If the evidence raises a serious question as to the existence of the facts which make for plaintiff's rights and is sufficient to establish it, the preliminary restraining order will be continued to the hearing.
Tise v. Whit
aker-Harvey Co.,
144 N.C. 508;
Tobacco Association v. Battle, supra.”
In
Teeter v. Teeter,
205 N.C. 438, 171 S.E. 620, the plaintiffs brought action alleging that the defendants advertised their land for sale under deed of trust in breach of an agreement not to foreclose during the current year, and further, that defendants had failed to make certain credits upon the note which said deed of trust secured. Plaintiffs asked for an accounting and that the sale be restrained. A temporary restraining order was signed and, after a hearing upon affidavits, the court dissolved the restraining order. Holding that the restraining order should have been continued to the hearing, this Court stated:
“This Court has held that it has the power to find and review findings of fact on appeal in injunction proceedings, and that ‘where it will not harm the defendant to continue the injunction, and may cause great injury to the plaintiff, if it is dissolved, the court generally will restrain the parties until the hearing . . .; where serious questions were raised . . .; or where reasonably necessary to protect plaintiff’s rights.’
Wentz v. Land Co.,
193 N.C. 32, 135 S.E. 480;
Ferebee v. Thomason, ante,
263.”
For a clear and concise statement of the rules governing the granting or refusing of interlocutory injunctions, see
Huskins v. Hospital,
238 N.C. 357, 78 S.E. 2d 116.
Appellee contends that plaintiff’s complaint was fatally defective in that it failed to show plaintiff was entitled to injunctive relief, and particularly because of its failure to allege insolvency, restraint, fraud, oppression or usury.
G.S. 45-21.34 provides:
“Any owner of real estate, or other person, firm or corporation having a legal or equitable interest therein, may apply to a judge of the superior court, prior to the confirmation of any sale of such real estate by a mortgagee, trustee, commissioner or other person authorized to sell the same, to enjoin such sale or the confirmation thereof, upon the ground that the amount bid or price offered therefor is inadequate and inequitable and will result in irreparable damage to the owner or other interested person,
or upon any other legal or equitable ground which the court may deem sufficient: . .
.” (Emphasis ours.)
These contentions of appellee are not sustained when tested by the applicable rules as herein set out. Nor can we agree with appel-
lee’s contention that the allegation “that the plaintiff has heretofore made all the installment payments under each of said deed of trust and chattel trust indenture within the time allowed in same, including the installments due on April 1, 1967,” is conclusory and does not raise an issue of fact.
In 70 C.J.S., Payment, § 85(a) (1), it is stated: “The general allegation of payment is ordinarily held sufficient as a plea of payment. . . . payment must be pleaded with sufficient certainty and particularity as to give plaintiff notice thereof.”
In this jurisdiction, where pleadings are construed liberally and in favor of the pleader, we hold that plaintiff sufficiently pleaded the ultimate fact of payment.
This record raises a reasonable apprehension of irreparable injury to plaintiff if the temporary restraining order be dissolved and negatives any considerable injury to defendant Kalman if continued to the final hearing. Further, the record shows the existence of a bona fide controversy, and that there is some probability that the plaintiff may prevail at final hearing. Thus, there was error in the order vacating the temporary restraining order. It should be continued to final hearing.
Reversed.