Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 1 of 15
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-10688 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A216-269-506
PRAGASH VELAUTHAM,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(April 17, 2020)
Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, MARTIN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Pragash Velautham, a native and citizen of Sri Lanka, petitions for review of
a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals dismissing his appeal from an Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 2 of 15
Immigration Judge’s denial of his applications for asylum, withholding of removal
under the Immigration and Nationality Act, and withholding of removal under the
United Nations Convention Against Torture.
I.
Velautham applied for admission to the United States at a port of entry in
November 2017 without valid entry documents. That same month, he gave a
sworn statement to an asylum officer stating that he had been threatened in Sri
Lanka by an unidentified person, but he had never been physically harmed while in
Sri Lanka. The Department of Homeland Security issued him a notice to appear,
which charged that he was removable because he applied for admission without an
entry document. At a removal hearing in March 2018, Velautham, represented by
counsel, conceded removability.
Velautham applied for asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a), withholding of
removal under the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and withholding of removal under
CAT, 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). He submitted personal documents, articles, and
country reports in support of his applications. Those applications stated that he
had experienced mistreatment or threats due to being ethnically Tamil and that he
had aided a demonstration for the Tamil people to get their land and houses back
from the Sri Lankan Army. They also claimed the Army came to his house when
he was away and threatened his family. And they said another protest leader was
2 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 3 of 15
killed by the Army, the Army had mistreated Velautham, and he feared being
tortured by the government if returned to Sri Lanka.
He also stated in his applications that after the Army had threatened him,
when he and a friend had finished playing soccer and were walking home, two
people on a motorbike came up and one of them hit him with a helmet, causing
him to fall down. He and his friend tried to run away but the attackers stopped
them and threatened to kill them if they participated in another demonstration. He
claimed the people who threatened him had “guns in their hands.”
At a merits hearing in July 2018, Velautham testified in support of his
applications. He claimed that inconsistencies in his answers, such as stating in his
November 2017 asylum interview that he was not attacked and then saying
otherwise in his asylum application, were caused by translation and interpreter
issues. He also said that he had not understood some questions in the past. He
clarified that the individuals on the motorbike did not have visible weapons, but
that he had assumed they had weapons because it appeared there was something
under their shirts. He also clarified some other conflicting statements.
Velautham filed a written closing argument asserting, in relevant part, that
even if the IJ found him not credible it would not bar relief, because by providing
country background information he had established a fear of future persecution
based on a pattern or practice of persecution against Tamils in Sri Lanka.
3 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 4 of 15
The IJ issued a written opinion denying his applications. First, the IJ found
Velautham not credible. The IJ also found that Velautham had failed to provide
reliable corroborative evidence to support his asylum claim in light of his lack of
credibility. So his asylum claim failed. And because his asylum claim failed, his
withholding of removal and CAT claims also failed.
Alternatively, the IJ ruled that even if he was credible and had reasonably
corroborated his claim, Velautham’s asylum application would be denied because
he had not proven past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on
account of any statutorily protected ground (such as race). His withholding of
removal and CAT claims would also be denied because he did not establish a
sufficient risk of future persecution.
The IJ had a second alternative basis to deny his asylum application: it found
that he could safely relocate within Sri Lanka. And the IJ had another basis to
deny his CAT claim: Velautham had not provided credible evidence that he
personally would be at a risk of torture by or with the acquiescence of the Sri
Lankan government.
The Board of Immigration Appeals dismissed Velautham’s appeal. It held
the record supported the IJ’s adverse credibility finding and agreed that he had not
provided enough corroborating evidence, so the Board affirmed the IJ’s ruling
denying all of his claims. It also adopted the IJ’s first alternative conclusion that
4 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 5 of 15
even if Velautham had been credible and provided reasonable corroborating
evidence, his applications for asylum and withholding of removal under the INA
still should be denied because he failed to prove past persecution or a well-founded
fear of future persecution. And the Board denied his CAT claim because he had
failed to meet his burden of proof, even if he were deemed credible, for all the
reasons given by the IJ.
II.
We review the Board’s decision, unless and to the extent it expressly
adopted the IJ’s decision, in which case we review the IJ’s decision directly.
Perez-Zenteno v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 913 F.3d 1301, 1306 (11th Cir. 2019). Where
the Board agrees with the IJ’s decision and then adds its own observations, we will
review the decisions of both the Board and the IJ. Id.
We review factual determinations under the substantial evidence test, and we
“must affirm the [Board]’s decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial,
and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Al Najjar v.
Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1283–84 (11th Cir. 2001) (quotations and internal marks
omitted). And under the substantial evidence test we view the record evidence in
the light most favorable to the agency and draw all reasonable inferences in its
favor. Diallo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 596 F.3d 1329, 1332 (11th Cir. 2010). “[A]
5 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 6 of 15
finding of fact will [thus] be reversed only when the record compels a reversal.”
Id. We review de novo questions of law. Id.
To qualify for asylum, Velautham must be a “refugee” under the meaning of
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). He bears the burden of
proving “refugee” status. D-Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 818 (11th
Cir. 2004). To prove refugee status, and thus be eligible for asylum, he must, with
specific and credible evidence, establish either (1) past persecution on account of a
statutorily protected ground — “race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion” — or (2) a “well-founded fear” that he
will be persecuted on account of a statutorily protected ground. Diallo, 596 F.3d at
1332. “Only in a rare case does the record compel the conclusion that an applicant
for asylum has suffered past persecution or has a well-founded fear of future
persecution.” Id. (quoting Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1239 (11th Cir.
2006) (alterations omitted)).
To establish a well-founded fear of future persecution, Velautham must
demonstrate a “subjectively genuine” and “objectively reasonable” fear of
persecution on account of a protected ground. Sama v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 887 F.3d
1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2018). And he must “establish a nexus between a statutorily
protected ground and the feared persecution.” Id. at 1233. He can satisfy his
burden “by presenting specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he
6 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 7 of 15
will be singled out for persecution on account of a protected ground, or that there
exists a pattern or practice of persecution of a group of which he is a member.” Id.
(quotation marks, alternations, and citations omitted) (emphasis added).
To qualify for withholding of removal under the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3),
Velautham must show that, if removed to a country, it is more likely than not that
his life or freedom would be threatened in that country on account of a statutorily
protected ground. See id. If he cannot establish a well-founded fear of persecution
sufficient to support an asylum claim, he cannot meet the more stringent standard
for obtaining withholding of removal relief under the INA. D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d
at 819.
To obtain withholding of removal under CAT, an alien must establish that it
is more likely than not that he will be tortured in the country of removal by public
officials or by private individuals with public officials’ acquiescence. Jean-Pierre
v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 500 F.3d 1315, 1320, 1322–23 (11th Cir. 2007). While an alien
does not have to connect the risk of torture to a statutorily protected ground, he
does have to establish that he will be tortured. And if an alien cannot establish a
“well-founded fear of persecution sufficient to support an asylum claim, he
likewise cannot establish ‘torture’ sufficient to warrant relief under CAT.” Najjar,
257 F.3d at 1303; see also Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1288 n.4. That is because the
“burden of proof for an applicant seeking withholding of removal under [CAT] . . .
7 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 8 of 15
is higher than the burden imposed on an asylum applicant.” Najjar, 257 F.3d at
1303.
III.
We may affirm the Board’s decision on any one or more of the multiple
independent grounds it provided. See Ctr. v. Sec’y, Dep’t Homeland Sec., 895
F.3d 1295, 1299–1300 (11th Cir. 2018). Here, substantial evidence supported the
Board’s determinations that Velautham failed to show he would be singled out for
persecution and that he failed to show a pattern or practice of persecution of a
statutorily protected group in Sri Lanka of which he is a member. For those two
reasons, the Board properly denied relief. See Sama 887 F.3d at 1233–34 (denying
relief because “the record does not compel the conclusion that [petitioner] will be
singled out for persecution or that there is a pattern or practice of persecution
against [the protected group]”).1
1 The Board actually used the adverse credibility finding and lack of corroborating evidence as an independent basis to deny all of Velautham’s asylum and withholding of removal claims solely (in addition to its alternative holdings denying some or all of his claims). But while the Board may hold that a petitioner has failed to show he will be singled out for persecution based on an adverse credibility finding and lack of corroborating evidence, see, e.g., Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287, it is not clear if the Board can reject a pattern or practice argument without reviewing the merits. See id. Because Velautham submitted country reports and similar documentary evidence, we will assume, without deciding, that the Board was required to address his pattern or practice of persecution argument on the merits after reviewing the evidence. But the Board did discuss the pattern or practice argument on the merits in its alternative holding, so we will analyze that. See infra Part III.B. 8 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 9 of 15
A.
Velautham contends that the Board erred by adopting the IJ’s adverse
credibility finding and was therefore wrong to conclude he did not provide enough
evidence to show that he was or would be singled out for persecution. He argues
that a holistic review of the evidence shows that he is credible and that “problem[s]
caused by interpreters are real ones.” But substantial evidence supports the
Board’s adverse credibility conclusion, so we will not overturn it. See Xia v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 608 F.3d 1233, 1239 (11th Cir. 2010) (affirming adverse credibility
finding under substantial evidence standard).
A single material inconsistency can support an adverse credibility finding.
See id. at 1240. Here, the record contained numerous material discrepancies in
Velautham’s statements to government officials and in his applications. The IJ
noted many of them, including whether he was physically harmed in Sri Lanka,
whether the Army beat people at a protest, and whether his alleged attackers had
visible weapons. While Velautham explained some of his inconsistent statements,
the IJ was not required to believe those explanations. See Chen v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
463 F.3d 1228, 1232–33 (11th Cir. 2006) (refusing to reverse adverse credibility
determination despite “tenable” explanation by petitioner). Especially given the
number of inconsistencies and the lack of corroborating evidence “that would have
rebutted these inconsistencies and omissions,” the IJ offered more than enough
9 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 10 of 15
“specific, cogent reasons, supported by the record,” to support its adverse
credibility determination. Xia, 608 F.3d at 1240. 2
Given his weak, non-credible testimony, Velautham was required to provide
strong corroborative evidence to demonstrate that he had been or would be singled
out for persecution. See Yang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir.
2005) (“The weaker an applicant’s testimony, however, the greater the need for
corroborative evidence.”). He did not do so. The articles, country reports, and
other documents he submitted did not specifically address any of his claims, nor
did they corroborate important parts of his testimony, such as the alleged attack he
suffered by individuals on a motorcycle. Given the lack of evidence corroborating
his non-credible testimony, the Board properly concluded Velautham was not
singled out for past persecution and did not have a reasonable fear that he would be
singled out for persecution in the future. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287.3
2 Velautham cites an unpublished out-of-circuit decision, Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034 (9th Cir. 2010), to argue that the “rule of reason” required the IJ to take a “commonsense” approach to his testimony, and her failure to do so compels us to reject her adverse credibility finding. His argument has no merit. That unpublished case is not controlling to the extent it differs from this Court’s substantial-evidence standard, which we apply. 3 Velautham argues that the IJ erred by not granting a continuance in his case to permit him to obtain letters from his family members to corroborate his testimony. Because he did not seek a continuance from the IJ or otherwise object until after he appealed to the Board, he has forfeited that issue. See Ortiz-Santiago v. Barr, 924 F.3d 956, 964–65 (7th Cir. 2019). 10 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 11 of 15
B.
The IJ also ruled that Velautham had failed to show a pattern or practice of
persecution targeting a statutorily protected group of which he was a member, and
therefore he did not qualify for asylum under a pattern or practice theory of
persecution. The Board agreed. Velautham argues the Board erred by: (1) not
providing a reasoned decision on whether there was a pattern or practice of
persecution of Tamil individuals; (2) adopting the legally and factually flawed IJ
decision rejecting his argument that there was a pattern and practice of persecution
of Tamil individuals; (3) adopting the legally and factually flawed IJ decision
rejecting his pattern or practice of persecution claim about returned asylum
seekers; and (4) failing to decide his argument that he feared persecution on
account of being both a Tamil and a failed asylum seeker. We address each
argument in turn.
1.
First, Velautham argues the Board did not provide a reasoned decision
addressing his claim of a pattern or practice of persecution against Tamil
individuals. He is incorrect.
The Board must give reasoned consideration to an applicant’s claim and
make adequate findings about that claim so we can properly review its conclusion.
See Ali v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 931 F.3d 1327, 1333 (11th Cir. 2019). In this case the
11 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 12 of 15
Board adopted the IJ’s reasons denying Velautham’s asylum claim, which included
the Tamil-based pattern or practice issue. Adopting the IJ’s decision and reasoning
satisfies the reasoned consideration standard as long as the IJ’s decision gives
reasoned consideration to the claim. See Tang, 578 F.3d at 1275. Here, no one
argues that the IJ failed to do so. So we have a reasoned decision we can and will
review: the IJ’s. See Perez-Zenteno v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 913 F.3d at 1306 (noting
that we review the IJ’s decision if the BIA expressly adopts it); Najjar, 257 F.3d at
1303 (denying CAT claim after denying asylum claim).4
2.
Second, Velautham argues that the IJ’s decision rejecting his argument
that ethnic Tamils suffered a pattern or practice of persecution contains legal and
factual errors, so the Board erred by adopting it.
He claims the IJ applied the wrong legal standard in its pattern or practice
analysis, arguing that an applicant need only show a “reasonable possibility” that a
pattern or practice of persecution exists. See INS v. Cardoza, 480 U.S. 421, 440
(1987) (holding that alien can satisfy asylum burden by showing that “persecution
is a reasonable possibility”); see also Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226,
4 Velautham also argued that the Board erred by not addressing his pattern or practice argument at all. But the Board did address it by adopting the IJ’s decision, which it is allowed to do. See Tang, 578 F.3d at 1275. 12 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 13 of 15
1232 (11th Cir. 2005). And he argues that the IJ instead incorrectly required
overwhelming evidence from him.
The IJ did not apply an incorrect legal standard. The IJ’s overall ruling was
that Velautham did not “make a prima facie showing of a pattern or practice of
persecution of Tamils . . . in Sri Lanka,” which is consistent with the “reasonable
possibility” standard. Although the IJ used the phrase “compel the conclusion”
regarding the country condition evidence, that statement was in connection with
the IJ’s discussion of how, absent other evidence, the fact that some Tamil asylum
seekers were detained does not show that all Tamils or asylum seekers faced
persecution or torture. The IJ’s overall ruling made clear that Velautham’s claim
failed because he did not provide evidence showing a pattern or practice of
persecution, not because his evidence did not compel a conclusion that a pattern or
practice of persecution exists.
Velautham also asserts that the IJ’s finding that some of his documents
showing persecution were outdated and too general to be useful is not supported by
substantial evidence. But the IJ’s finding that some of the evidence about Sri
Lanka’s country conditions was outdated because the publication dates ranged
from 2009 to 2016 is not contradicted by the record. The same is true of the IJ’s
ruling that the bulk of the current country conditions evidence discussed human
rights violations in general or other non-relevant topics. The IJ’s conclusion that
13 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 14 of 15
Velautham did not show a pattern or practice of persecution against ethnic Tamils
was supported by substantial evidence.
3.
Third, Velautham argues that the IJ erred in rejecting his asylum petition
because a pattern or practice of persecution of asylum seekers in Sri Lanka does
exist (and the Board erred in adopting the IJ’s reasoning). He asserts that all he
had to show was group persecution, and the IJ wrongly required him to provide
direct evidence of individual risk to himself. He argues the IJ erred in concluding
that the evidence he submitted had little probative value on this topic. He does not,
however, challenge the IJ’s decision that “returning asylum seekers” is not a
cognizable “social group” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) for purposes of asylum
because that group “is overbroad and not socially distinct.” And for his claim to
succeed, his proposed social group — returned asylum seekers — must have a
nexus to a protected status under § 1101(a)(42)(A). Castillo-Arias v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 446 F.3d 1190 (11th Cir. 2006). Because Velautham has not shown, indeed,
he has not even argued, that returning asylum seekers is a cognizable social group
under § 1101(a)(42)(A), he has not shown that the Board erred in adopting the IJ’s
finding to that same effect. See Cole, 712 F.3d at 530.
14 Case: 19-10688 Date Filed: 04/17/2020 Page: 15 of 15
4.
Fourth, Velautham argues that the Board erred by not considering his claim
of entitlement to asylum for being both ethnically Tamil and a failed asylum
seeker. But we do not have jurisdiction over claims that he did not exhaust before
the Board. See Indrawati v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 779 F.3d 1284, 1297 (11th Cir.
2015). To exhaust a claim, a petitioner must have argued “the core issue now on
appeal” before the Board. Id. (quotation marks omitted). He did not raise this
argument before the Board, so we lack jurisdiction to consider it. See Amaya-
Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006) (concluding
that “we lack jurisdiction” to consider an argument not raised by petition to the
Board).
C.
Because the Board did not err in holding that Velautham failed to establish
either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution, it correctly
denied his asylum claim, Sama 887 F.3d at 1233–34, and his withholding of
removal claims under the INA and CAT. Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1288 n.4; D-
Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 819.
PETITION DISMISSED in part and DENIED in part.