Poitras v. Apkin & Sons CV-96-480-JD 08/28/98 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Russell L. Poitras
v. Civil No. 96-480-JD
George Apkin & Sons, Inc.
O R D E R
The plaintiff, Russell Poitras, brought this action pursuant
to the court's diversity jurisdiction against the defendant,
George Apkin & Sons, Inc. ("Apkin"), to recover for injuries
Poitras suffered while working for the third party defendant,
Janci Metals Recycling, Inc. ("Janci"). Poitras was operating a
cable stripping machine that Apkin had loaned to Janci at a job
site in Hanover, New Hampshire, when he caught his hands in the
rotating wheels and blades of the machine.
Poitras's claims against Apkin are for strict products
liability and negligence. Apkin impleaded Janci and asserted
third party claims for indemnity. Janci filed counterclaims
against Apkin to recover or set off worker's compensation
payments made to Poitras and any increased premiums paid as a
result of the accident. Before the court are Apkin's motion for
summary judgment on Poitras's claims (document no. 12), Janci's
motion for summary judgment on Apkin's third party claims
(document no. 24), and Apkin's Rule 12 motion (document no. 21) and motion for partial summary judgment on Janci's counterclaims
(document no. 22).
Background
Apkin is in the business of collecting scrap metal and
marketing the scrap to consuming mills. Janci is in the business
of recovering scrap from demolished buildings and selling the
scrap to companies such as Apkin. Poitras was an employee of
Janci. Apkin and Janci have been in a business relationship over
a number of years in which Janci has sold all of its nonferrous
scrap to Apkin.
In 1994, Janci obtained salvage rights to scrap from the
Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital building in Hanover, New
Hampshire, which was to be demolished. Janci agreed to sell all
of the nonferrous metal recovered from the building to Apkin.
Apkin agreed to lend its cable stripping machine to Janci to
remove insulation from copper cables to be shipped to Apkin.
Janci picked up the cable stripping machine from Apkin several
weeks after beginning to sell scrap from the hospital to Apkin.
The cable stripping machine consisted of rotating wheels
that pulled insulated cable into the machine. Blades mounted on
the wheels stripped off the insulation. The machine at the time
of the accident did not contain any guards to protect the
2 operator. Poitras was using the machine for Janci at the
hospital building in 1995 when, while attempting to clean the
wheels without turning off the machine, he caught his hands in
the wheels and blades and severed some of his fingers.
Poitras brought two claims against Apkin based on this
injury. Count I is a strict products liability claim, in which
Poitras alleges that Apkin provided the machine in a defective
condition. Count II is a negligence claim, in which Poitras
alleges that Apkin failed to: (1) ensure that the machine was
safe for use; (2) install point-of-operation guards on the
machine; and (3) warn intended users of the hazards of which it
knew or should have known.
Apkin impleaded Janci, and Janci filed counterclaims against
Apkin. Apkin's third party claims are as follows: (1) implied
indemnity arising from a gratuitous bailment (count I); (2)
implied contractual indemnity (count II); and (3) derivative
indemnity for Poitras's strict liability claim against Apkin
(count III). In its strict liability, negligent failure to warn,
and set off counterclaims against Apkin, Janci seeks to recover
or set off the worker's compensation payments paid to Poitras and
any increased premiums it must pay due to the accident.
Apkin moved for summary judgment on Poitras's products
liability and negligence claims. Janci moved for summary
3 judgment on Apkin's indemnity claims. Apkin, in turn, moved for
partial summary judgment on Janci's strict products liability
counterclaim. Additionally, Apkin moved to dismiss each of
Janci's counterclaims because Apkin asserts that Janci seeks to
recover only unrecoverable losses.
Discussion
Summary judgment is appropriate when material facts are
undisputed and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. See Rodriquez-Garcia v. Davila, 904 F.2d 90, 94
(1st Cir. 1990) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). The burden is on
the moving party to establish the lack of a genuine, material
factual issue, see Finn v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 782 F.2d 13,
15 (1st Cir. 1986), and the court must view the record in the
light most favorable to the nonmovant, according the nonmovant
all beneficial inferences discernable from the evidence. See
Caouto v. Boston Edison Co . , 924 F.2d 11, 13 (1st Cir. 1991) .
Once the movant has made a properly supported motion for summary
judgment, however, the adverse party "must set forth specific
facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256 (1986) (citing Fed. R.
Civ. P . 56(e)).
Poitras and Janci each allege in their claims that Apkin is
4 strictly liable under a products liability theory. Apkin
contends that summary judgment should be entered on those claims
because it does not deal in cable stripping machines, and its
loan of the machine was a one-time event.
The parties agree that New Hampshire law applies in this
diversity action. The standard applicable in this case for
strict products liability is set forth in the Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 402A. See Chellman v. Saab-Scania A B , 138
N.H. 73, 77, 637 A.2d 148, 150 (1993) . A plaintiff alleging
injury from a defective product must show, among other things,
that the defendant was "in the business of selling such a
product." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A (1993).
Janci maintains that Apkin need not be a seller of a product
to be strictly liable. Rather, guoting the Restatement (Third)
of Torts: Products Liability § 20 (1998), Janci argues that
"commercial nonsale products distributors" including lessors and
bailors can also be strictly liable. Janci's argument, however,
misses the mark.
The New Hampshire Supreme Court has held that a lessor of an
allegedly defective product, who does not deal in that product
and is not in the business of supplying that product, cannot be
held strictly liable for injuries that result from the product.
Brescia v. Great Road Realty Trust, 117 N.H. 154, 156-57, 373
5 A.2d 1310, 1312 (1977). The course that the New Hampshire courts
would take as to a loan, rather than a lease, is thus clear: if
the lender is not in the business of distributing the product, it
cannot be strictly liable.
Apkin filed an affidavit stating that the loan was a one
time only event, and that Apkin was not in the business of
distributing cable stripping machines. No evidence to the
contrary has been offered. Accordingly, in the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact on that matter, judgment is
entered as a matter of law in favor of Apkin on Poitras's strict
products liability claim and on Janci's strict liability
counterclaim.1 Count III of Apkin's third party claims against
Janci, asserting an indemnity claim for strict liability, is
therefore dismissed and Janci's motion for summary judgment on
that claim is granted.
1 Janci contends that summary judgment in Apkin's favor on its strict liability counterclaim should not be entered because Apkin did not include a statement of facts not in dispute in connection with its motion on the counterclaims, as reguired by Local Rule 7.2(b). Apkin, however, included such a statement in its memorandum in support of its motion on Poitras's claims. Apkin reguested in its brief on Janci's counterclaims that the court refer to Apkin's memorandum on Poitras's claims because the reasons for granting both summary judgment motions were the same. Janci therefore had notice of the facts not in dispute with respect to its strict liability claim and cannot demonstrate any prejudice. No sanction for noncompliance is appropriate here. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 83(a) (2) .
6 Apkin asserts, in its motion on Poitras's negligence claims,
that the hazard was obvious, that its loan of the machine was
gratuitous, and that gratuitous bailors are not obligated to warn
of obvious hazards. With respect to the argument that the risk
was apparent, Apkin provided uncontested evidence through an
affidavit showing that the machine clearly contained no point-of-
operation guards, and that, if an operator attempted to clean the
wheels without turning off the machine, the risk that the
operator could injure his or her hands in the mechanism was
obvious. Apkin has therefore satisfied its initial burden of
demonstrating the absence of a genuine, material factual issue on
the guestion of the obvious nature of the risk. Because Poitras
has failed to carry his burden of setting forth specific facts
showing that there is a genuine, material issue for trial, the
court finds, as a matter of law, that the risk to users was
obvious. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).
The entry of summary judgment on the obvious nature of the
risk further reduces the matters at issue. When a hazard is
obvious, there is generally no duty to warn of the risk. See
Thibault v. Sears, Roebuck & Co . , 118 N.H. 802, 808, 395 A. 2d
843, 846 (1978) ("[S]ome products, such as carving knives, are
obviously and inherently dangerous. When a risk is not apparent,
however, the user must be adeguately and understandably warned of
7 concealed dangers."); see also Brochu v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 642
F.2d 652, 656 (1st Cir. 1981) (citing Thibault); Gagnon v. Dana,
69 N.H.264, 267, 39 A. 982, 984 (1898) (gratuitous bailors
obligated to warn only of known, concealed risks). This
principle is reflected in the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 388
(1965), which states:
One who supplies . . . a chattel for another to use is subject to liability . . . if the supplier:
(a) knows or has reason to know that the chattel is or is likely to be dangerous for the use for which it is supplied, and
(b) has no reason to believe that those for whose use the chattel is supplied will realize its dangerous condition, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to inform them of its dangerous condition or of the facts which make it likely to be dangerous.
(emphasis added). This principle applies whether or not the
bailment was gratuitous. See Restatement (Second) of Torts §
388, c m t . c (persons included as suppliers include "all kinds of
bailors, irrespective of whether the bailment is for a reward or
gratuitous").
In this case, the risk presented by the cable stripping
machine was obvious. No facts have been presented that might
give rise to a duty to warn of an obvious risk, and Poitras has
not claimed that additional time for discovery on that issue is necessary. Apkin is therefore entitled to summary judgment on
the negligent failure to warn claim of Poitras (count II).2
Poitras's allegations in count II of the Complaint relating to
the failure to ensure that the machine was safe and the failure
to install point-of-operation guards are not affected by this
ruling. C f . Qqletree v. Navistar Int'l Transp. Corp., 500 S.E.2d
570, 572 (Ga. 1998) ("'The bottom does not logically drop out of
a negligence case against the maker when it is shown that the
purchaser knew of the dangerous condition.'" (citation omitted)).
Poitras's sole contention in response to Apkin's motion on
its negligence claim is that Apkin's loan of the machine was
mutually beneficial, not gratuitous. A gratuitous bailment, as
opposed to one for mutual benefit, is one in which the transfer
of the bailed property is without compensation, for the sole
benefit of the bailor or bailee. See 8A Am. Jur. 2d Bailments
§§ 7-8 (1997). The bailor's duty to the bailee is broader if the
bailment was for mutual benefit.3 See Gagnon, 69 N.H. at 267, 39
2 The same rationale calls into guestion the continued viability of Janci's negligent failure to warn counterclaim. Apkin, however, did not move for summary judgment on it. Whether Janci had notice and an adeguate opportunity to oppose summary judgment is guestionable. In any case, for reasons stated infra, the court grants Apkin's motion to dismiss Janci's negligence counterclaim.
3 If a bailment is for mutual benefit, the bailor's obligation includes the broader duty "to deliver the thing hired A. at 984.
It is undisputed that Janci did not pay Apkin for use of the
machine, and that Janci expected to save or make money as a
result of the loan. Poitras's contention is that Apkin also
expected to benefit from the transaction by the generation of
goodwill and enhanced business relations with Janci.
There is no case in New Hampshire directly addressing
whether a bailment for mutual benefit reguires payment or
monetary consideration. The law in other jurisdictions is that
mutual benefit does not reguire that "actual money or other
consideration pass between the parties; rather a possibility or
chance of an expected profit is sufficient to make the
relationship one for the mutual benefit of the parties." 8A Am.
Jur. 2d Bailments § 10, at 474 (1997).
A mutual benefit may exist . . . even though the parties did not contemplate compensation in the ordinary sense. The character or certainty of compensation is not the distinguishing feature; the critical factor is whether some profit or benefit was expected. Where the facts of a particular case suggest that some profit or benefit may have been anticipated, whether the bailment was gratuitous or for mutual benefit is a factual one to be determined at trial.
Fill v. Matson Motors, Inc., 590 N.Y.S.2d 961, 963 (App.Div.
in a proper condition to be used as contemplated by the parties, and for failure to do so, he is justly liable for the damage directly resulting to the bailee, or his servants, from its unsafe condition." Gagnon, 69 N.H. at 267, 39 A. at 984.
10 1992) (citations omitted) (dealership's loan of vehicle to
customer while customer's car was being repaired, pursuant to
policy calculated to maintain customer satisfaction and
confidence in dealership, raised question of fact for jury
regarding whether loan was gratuitous or for mutual benefit).
Citing Bailey v. Innovative Management & Investment, Inc.,
916 S.W.2d 805, 810 (Mo. C t . App. 1995), Apkin argues that
goodwill is insufficient as a matter of law to constitute a
benefit. In Bailey, the defendant permitted its employee to
borrow a nail gun. The defendant's president stated in an
affidavit that his company had received no benefit from the loan.
The court noted that plaintiff had failed to present any evidence
to contradict that assertion. To defeat the defendant's motion
for summary judgment, plaintiff relied solely on proof that the
employee obtained the nail gun because he was currently employed
by the defendant. Plaintiff argued that the defendant therefore
benefitted from "the satisfaction of its employees." Id. The
court in that case found plaintiff's proof of the "employment
connection, standing alone" to be insufficient to raise a genuine
issue of material fact for the jury. Id.
In this case, however, there is deposition testimony
suggesting that Apkin expected to receive "enhanced relations
with a customer" as the quid pro quo for lending the cable
11 stripping machine to Janci. Such evidence, in the context of
other evidence presented to the court in this case, is sufficient
to raise a genuine issue of material fact for the jury on whether
Apkin expected a benefit, so that the bailment would not be
gratuitous.4 Accordingly, Apkin's motion for summary judgment on
the guestion of whether the bailment was gratuitous is denied.
Apkin alleges in count I of its third party claims against
Janci that an implied duty of indemnity arose from the gratuitous
bailment between Janci and Apkin. That claim is moot because of
the disposition of other issues in this case. The liability of a
bailor in the context of a gratuitous bailment extends only to
risks that were known to the bailor and were not egually apparent
to the bailee. See Gagnon, 69 N.H. at 267, 39 A. at 984. Should
4 See Hartmann v. Black & Decker Mfg. Co . , 547 A . 2d 38, 42 (Conn. App. C t . 1988) (employee's after-hours use of employer's tools as fringe benefit of employment was bailment for mutual benefit, calculated by management to promote goodwill and productivity among employees); Federal Compress & Warehouse Co. v. Swillev, 171 So. 2d 333, 337 (Miss. 1965) (evidence of mutual benefit included that bailor "was interested in maintaining the satisfactory business relations that had existed between it and [the bailee] for over thirty years to the end that [the bailee] would continue sending" its product to bailor); Ferrick Excavating & Grading Co. v. Senger Trucking Co., 484 A. 2d 744, 749 (Pa. 1984) (in case where defendant lent its truck to move plaintiff's eguipment and defendant damaged that eguipment, evidence that both parties had "looked to the future when each would be available to help the other" was sufficient to raise guestion of fact for jury on whether bailment was gratuitous).
12 the trier of fact determine that the bailment was gratuitous,
Apkin will not be liable to Poitras because the risk was obvious.
On the other hand, should the trier find that the bailment was
not gratuitous, the guestion of whether an implied duty of
indemnity arises from a gratuitous bailment would be irrelevant.
Accordingly, Apkin's third party claim for indemnity for a
gratuitous bailment is dismissed, and Janci's motion for summary
judgment on that claim is granted.
Janci has moved for summary judgment on Apkin's remaining
indemnity claim. Apkin asserts that a duty of indemnity was
implied in the oral sales contract between it and Janci, to the
extent that the contract included Apkin's agreement to lend the
cable stripping machine.
Under New Hampshire law, "indemnity agreements are rarely to
be implied." Hamilton v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 125 N.H.
561, 564, 484 A.2d 1116, 1118 (1984) (citations omitted). That
rule reflects "a simple notion founded in pragmatism and
fairness, that those who are negligent should bear responsibility
for their negligence." Id., 484 A. 2d at 1118. In the rare
instances where an implied duty to indemnify has been found, the
rationale has been based on "the fault of the indemnitor as the
source of the indemnitee's liability in the underlying action
and, conversely, the indemnitee's freedom from fault in bringing
13 about the dangerous condition." Hamilton, 125 N.H. at 563-64,
484 A.2d at 1118.
Apkin argues that a duty of indemnity may be implied in the
contract between it and Janci. Apkin attempts to make the facts
of this case fit those in Jaswell Drill Corp. v. General Motors
Corp., 129 N.H. 341, 346, 529 A. 2d 875, 878 (1987) . In that
appeal of the dismissal of an indemnity claim, the court reversed
in part, concluding that Jaswell, a company alleged to be liable
in negligence for manufacturing a defective product, could
maintain an indemnity claim against GM, the manufacturer of a
component part. The court reasoned that the rationale of
implying an indemnity agreement for the benefit of a tortfeasor
without fault could be applicable, if the factfinder determined
that Jaswell's only negligence lay in its failure to discover
that the GM component was defective. See id., 529 A. 2d at 878.
Apkin argues that an implied indemnity agreement could similarly
be found in this case if Apkin's only negligence were its
"failure to discover" that Janci was negligent in its
supervision, instruction, and employment of Poitras, a youth
working in a hazardous job.
The distinction between Jaswell and this case is that
Apkin's failure to discover a dangerous condition solely caused
by Janci cannot be the basis for finding Apkin liable under
14 Poitras's claims. The claims remaining in the case allege
Apkin's negligence in failing to provide the machine to Janci in
a safe condition and in failing to install point-of-operation
guards, not Apkin's negligent failure to discover the conditions
of Poitras's employment. Indeed, because of the worker's
compensation statute, Janci's negligence is not a defense
available to Apkin with respect to Poitras's claims. See Del Rio
v. Northern Blower Co., 574 F.2d 23, 28-29 (1st Cir. 1978)
(employer's negligence is "not relevant" in action by employee
against third party) (citing Bilodeau v. Oliver Stores, Inc., 116
N.H. 83, 88, 352 A.2d 741, 745 (1976)).
Moreover, in Jaswell and the other cases where the New
Hampshire court found an implied indemnity agreement, the
indemnitor owed the indemnitee a duty to avoid creating the
dangerous condition. See Jaswell. 129 N.H. at 347, 529 A. 2d at
878 (warranty in sales contract relating to defective part);
William H. Field Co. v. Nuroco Woodwork, Inc., 115 N.H. 632, 634,
348 A.2d 716, 718 (1975) (noting that implied indemnity cases in
New Hampshire have involved contractor's breach of its duty to
indemnitee to perform work with due care) (pre-Jaswell decision).
Apkin presents no facts regarding the sales contract with Janci
or the bailment relationship indicating that Janci owed Apkin a
duty relating to any dangerous condition resulting from its
15 employment, supervision, or instruction of Poitras. Accordingly,
the rationale recognized in New Hampshire for implying an
indemnity agreement is inapplicable. Janci's motion for summary
judgment on Apkin's implied contractual indemnity claim (count
II) is granted.
Apkin's Rule 12 motion on Janci's counterclaims is the final
matter pending before the court. Apkin has moved to dismiss the
counterclaims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6). Because Apkin has already filed a reply to Janci's
counterclaims, however, the pleadings have closed under Fed. R.
Civ. P. 7(a). As such, the court will treat the motion to
dismiss as a motion for judgment on the pleadings. See Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(c). Pursuant to Rule 12(c), Apkin's motion will be
granted if, accepting all of the factual allegations in the
pleadings as true, and drawing every reasonable inference helpful
to Janci's cause, "it appears beyond doubt that [Janci] can prove
no set of facts in support of [its] claim which would entitle
[Janci] to relief." Rivera-Gomez v. de Castro, 843 F.2d 631, 635
(1st C i r . 1988).
Apkin has moved to dismiss Janci's negligent failure to warn
counterclaim on the ground that as a matter of law both types of
relief reguested - reimbursement for worker's compensation
payments and increased premiums - are unrecoverable. In light of
16 the worker's compensation statute, Apkin's contention is correct
as to the claim for recovery of payments.
The worker's compensation statute, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann.
("RSA") § 281-A, provides a no-fault system for providing limited
compensation to an injured employee as a substitute for common
law remedies in tort. See Bilodeau, 116 N.H. at 86, 352 A. 2d at
743. To ensure that the loss from the wrongdoing falls on the
wrongdoer, and that the worker receives fair compensation, the
employee receiving benefits may also bring a tort action against
a third party tortfeasor. See Bilodeau, 116 N.H. at 87, 352 A. 2d
at 744. Employers are immune from their injured employee's tort
claims, see RSA § 281-A:8 (I)(a), and are also immune from the
third party tortfeasor's claim for contribution, see Field, 115
N.H. at 634-35, 348 A.2d at 718.
To prevent a covered employee who sues a third party from
recovering twice, the employer or its carrier is entitled to a
lien on the worker's recovery from the third party. See
RSA § 281-A:1 3 (I) (b) .5 The lien reimburses the employer or the
5 RSA § 281-A:1 3 (I) provides, in pertinent part:
(I) (a) An injured employee, in addition to the benefits of this chapter, may obtain damages or benefits from or proceed at law or otherwise against another person to recover damages or benefits . . .
(b) The employer, or the employer's insurance carrier, shall have a lien on the amount of damages or benefits
17 carrier for its compensation outlay, less certain costs. See i d .
Janci's claim for worker's compensation payments in this
case is barred because the statutory lien already provides it
with the relief requested. See RSA § 281-A:1 3 (I)(b). The
statutory lien is Janci's sole remedy with respect to its claim
for the compensation outlay. Janci could otherwise recover twice
for the same loss - once from Apkin directly, and once from its
lien on Poitras's recovery from Apkin. The legislature
presumably did not intend such double-recovery. C f . Bilodeau,
116 N.H. at 87, 352 A.2d at 744 (purpose of employer's lien is
based on "well-known principle of justice and equity," which is
to prevent employee from recovering twice for same injury).
The prospect of double-recovery does not arise with respect
to Janci's claim for increased premiums, since increased premiums
are not included within the scope of the lien. Whether such a
claim may be pursued has not been addressed by the New Hampshire
courts, but the course likely to be followed by those courts can
recovered by the employee, less the expenses and costs of action, to the extent of the compensation, medical, hospital, or other remedial care already paid or agreed or awarded to be paid by the employer, or the employer's insurance carrier, under this chapter, less the employer's or the employer's insurance carrier's pro rata share of expenses and costs of action . . . .
18 be anticipated.
" [A] plaintiff may not ordinarily recover in a negligence
claim for purely 'economic loss.'" See Border Brook Terrace
Condominium Ass'n v. Gladstone, 137 N.H. 11, 18, 622 A. 2d 1248,
1253 (1993) (citation omitted). Claims in New Hampshire have
been dismissed where a plaintiff has alleged only a loss in the
value of its property, but not any personal injury or damage to
property in which it held a proprietary interest. See, e.g.,
Ellis v. Robert C. Morris, Inc., 128 N.H. 358, 363, 513 A. 2d 951,
953-54 (1986), overruled on other grounds by Lempke v. Dagenais,
130 N.H. 782, 784, 547 A.2d 290, 291 (1988).
Apkin argues that a claim for increased premiums is
untenable because Janci has alleged purely economic losses.
Construed in a light most favorable to Janci, see Rivera-Gomez,
843 F.2d at 635, the allegations are as follows: Apkin failed to
warn Janci of a risk, and because of Apkin's failure to warn,
Poitras was injured and Janci lost Poitras as an employee. The
injury resulted in an increase in Janci's insurance premiums.
The allegations regarding Poitras's injury does not make
Janci's claim one for personal injury. See RK Constructors, Inc.
v . Fusco Corp., 650 A.2d 153, 157 (Conn. 1994) ("alleged damages
to the [employer] that resulted from physical injury to its
employee are purely economic in nature"). Although Poitras was
19 Janci's employee, he is a third party. The corporation itself
did not suffer the injury. C f . Clipper Affiliates, Inc. v.
Checovich, 138 N.H. 271, 275, 638 A. 2d 791, 794 (1994) (no
evidence that tort harmed "corporate plaintiff, as opposed to
[corporate president] individually"); Champion Well Serv., Inc.
v . NL Indus., 769 P.2d 382, 385 (Wyo. 1989) (corporation did not
have claim for tortious injury to its employee).
Furthermore, Janci's allegation that it lost the services of
Poitras does not make its claim cognizable. The measure of
damages for a master's claim for tortious injury to its servant,
under the common law, is the value of the lost services. See
Standard Oil Co. v. United States, 153 F.2d 958, 964 n.5 (9th
Cir. 1946), aff'd on other grounds, 332 U.S. 301 (1947);
Interstate Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Public Serv. Elec. Co ., 90 A. 1062,
1063 (N.J. 1914); see also Joel E. Smith, Annotation, Employer's
Right of Action for Loss of Services or the Like against Third
Person Tortiouslv Killing or Injuring Employee, 4 A.L.R.4th 504
(1981) (recovery is measured by loss of employee's services).
Increased worker's compensation premiums are not included within
such damages. See W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on
the Law of Torts § 129, at 998 (5th ed. 1984) (courts have denied
recovery for damages other than employee's services themselves,
such as increased worker's compensation insurance premiums).
20 A number of courts in other jurisdictions have refused to
permit recovery for increased premiums because such damages are
too remote and barred by public policy, or because the applicable
statute provides the employer with an exclusive remedy. See,
e.g., RK Constructors, 650 A. 2d at 157 (in absence of controlling
statute or overriding public policy consideration, too remote as
matter of Connecticut law); Northern States Contracting Co. v.
Oakes, 253 N.W. 371, 372 (Minn. 1934) (too remote); Schipke v.
Grad, 562 N.W.2d 109, 112-13 (S.D. 1997) (worker's compensation
law provides exclusive remedy); Vogel v. Liberty M u t . Ins. Co. ,
571 N.W.2d 704, 708 (Wis. 1997) (barred by "public policy and
common sense"); see also Erie Castings Co. v. Grinding Supply,
Inc., 736 F.2d 99, 104-05 (3d Cir. 1984) (Pennsylvania worker's
compensation law provides exclusive remedy); see generally Arthur
Larson, 7 Larson's Worker's Compensation Law § 77.31 (1998 &
Supp.) (citing cases). Such decisions provide guidance on the
course that the New Hampshire courts are likely to follow.
Accordingly, Janci's claim for increased insurance premiums
cannot survive the motion to dismiss. The court holds that
Janci's claim for increased worker's compensation payments would
not be recognized by New Hampshire courts and grants Apkin's Rule
12 motion on that claim.
Janci's remaining counterclaim is for a set off of the
21 amount of worker's compensation it has paid against any adverse
monetary judgment it might suffer on the indemnity claims. Janci
failed to identify any statutory provision or other authority
that expressly provides a cause of action for its set off claim,
and the court can find none. See Bilodeau, 116 N.H. at 87, 352
A.2d at 744 ("the extent and manner by which a compensation payor
can be reimbursed is governed by the express statutory language
[of the worker's compensation law] and that which can be fairly
implied therefrom"). In any case, because all of the indemnity
claims have been dismissed, Janci's claim for a set off is moot.
Therefore, Apkin's motion as to that counterclaim is granted.
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, Apkin's motion for summary
judgment on Poitras's claims (document no. 12) is granted in part
and denied in part. Summary judgment is granted on the obvious
nature of the risk and on the negligent failure to warn claim in
count II, while it is denied on the guestion of whether the
bailment was gratuitous. Poitras's only remaining claims are the
claims in count II which allege that Apkin was negligent in
failing to ensure that the cable stripping machine was safe and
in failing to install point-of-operation guards.
Janci's motion for summary judgment on Apkin's third party
22 claims (document no. 24) is granted. Apkin's motion to dismiss
Janci's counterclaims (document no. 21) is granted. Apkin's
motion for partial summary judgment on Janci's counterclaims
(document no. 22) is granted. This ends Janci's role in this
case, both as a third party defendant and as a third party
counterclaim plaintiff.
SO ORDERED.
Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr. District Judge
August 28, 1998
cc: Joseph F. Daschbach, Esguire Thomas B.S. Quarles Jr., Esguire R. Peter Decato, Esguire Thomas W. Kelliher, EsguirelO