Clarkson, J.
Tbe material provision of tbe bond to be construed is as follows: “And shall well and truly pay all and every person furnishing material or performing any labor in and about tbe construction of said roadway,” etc.
In
Town of Cornelius v. Lampton,
189 N. C., p. 718, under a similar provision in tbe bond, it was said: “Instead of using manual labor, tbe rock material and manual labor undoubtedly coming under the very language of tbe contract, tbe contractors substituted for manual labor electric power. This power was used to operate tbe rock crusher and crush tbe rock and operate tbe cable cars to carry tbe rock from tbe quarry to tbe crusher. Tbe crushed rock was then hauled in motor trucks to tbe roadway. Tbe crushed rock was material, and tbe electric current or power is substituted for labor — tbe liability of tbe Surety Company for manual labor cannot be disputed, and tbe man-power is exchanged for electric power.”
This appeal presents tbe question as to whether or not tbe bond covers provisions used to feed tbe bands, who worked in and about tbe construction of tbe roadway, and feedstuffs to feed tbe mules tbat worked in and about tbe construction of tbe roadway.
The leading case dealing with furnishing provisions is
Brogan v. National Surety Co.,
246 U. S., p. 257 (62 Law Ed., p. 703). At p. 260, it is said: “Tbe facts undisputed, or as found by the' lower court and accepted by tbe court of appeals, were these: Tbe Standard Contracting Company undertook to deepen tbe channel in a portion of St. Mary’s River, Michigan, located ‘in a comparative wilderness at some distance from any settlement. There were no hotels or boarding bouses,’ and tbe contractor ‘was compelled to provide board and lodging for its laborers.’ Groceries and provisions of tbe value of $4,613.87, furnished it by Brogan, were used by tbe contractor in its boarding bouse, and were supplied ‘in tbe prosecution of tbe work provided for in tbe contract and tbe bond
upon wHict tbis suit is based. Tbey were necessary to and wholly consumed in such work.’ Tbe number of men employed averaged eighty. They were ‘boarded’ partly on the dredges, partly in tents supplied by the contractor; all under an arrangement made with the labor unions by which the contractor was to board the men and deduct therefor $22.50 a month from their wages. The contract and the bond executed by the National Surety Company bound the contractor to ‘make full payment to all persons supplying him with labor or materials in the prosecution of the work provided for in’ the contract. The supplies furnished by Brogan under these circumstances were clearly used in-the prosecution of the work, just as supplies furnished for the soldiers’ mess are used in the prosecution of war. In each ease the relation of food to the work in hand is proximate.” At p. 262, it is said: “A boarding house might be conducted by the contractor (like some company stores concerning which states have
legislated
—Koekee
Consol. Coke Co. v. Taylor,
234 U. S., 224, 58 L. Ed., 1288, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep., 856) as an independent enterprise, undertaken solely in order to utilize the opportunity for separate and additional profit afforded by the congregation of many laborers in the particular locality where the public work is being performed. The laborers might resort to such a boarding house in the exercise of individual choice in the selection of an eating place. Under such circumstances the furnishing of supplies would clearly be a matter independent of the work provided for in the contract, and would not entitle him who had furnished the groceries used in the boarding house to recover on the bond. But here, according to the undisputed facts and the findings of the trial court, the furnishing of board by the contractor was an integral part of the work and necessarily involved in it. Like the supplying of coal to operate engines on the dredges, it was indispensable to the prosecution of the work, and it was used exclusively in the performance of the work. Groceries furnished to a contractor under such circumstances and consumed by the laborers are materials supplied and used in the prosecution of the public work.”
Construing a bond of contractor (for constructing levee along Mississippi River) required under act of Congress, for prompt payment “to all persons supplying labor and materials, in the prosecution of the work,” it was held in the case of
U. S., for use of Samuel Hastings Co. v. Laurance,
252 Fed. Rep., p. 122, that the bond covered bill for feed furnished for mules used in hauling on and about the work, as material used in the work.
In
Taylor et al. v. Connett et al.,
277 Fed. Rep., 945, affirming the decision of
Judge H. C. Connor,
District Judge for Eastern District of N. C., under similar bond, the circuit court held: In an action on the bond of a contractor, who agreed to construct a breakwater at Cape
Lookout, N. C., the court may take judicial notice that scows (flat bottom boats) of the kind required to transport a large quantity of stone needed for the work could not be obtained in the vicinity of the work. Government contractor- and the surety on his bond are liable for a rental of scows hired by a subcontractor to transport materials to the place of work, where such scows were necessary and could not otherwise be obtained.
“Blasting powder, drills, and lumber used up in scaffolds and forms for concrete constructions, are within the protection of a bond given under the Federal statute requiring it to protect persons who furnish labor or materials used in construction or repair of the work.
National Surety Co. v. U. S. Use of Pittsburgh & B. Co.,
L. R. A. (1917 A), 336, 143 C. C. A., 99, 228 Fed., 577.” 1 L. R. A. Digest, 984.
Aderholt v. Condon,
189 N. C., 756.
It may be noted that in the
National Surety Co. v. U. S., supra,
the Circuit Court discusses the Brogan claim, one among many in that controversy, and says: “But it is said they stand on the same basis as the coal for the engine, as they provide the energy which makes the machine — in this case, the human machines — do the work. The District Court, while regarding the question as very close, thought this final step in the reasoning could not be avoided.
We
find a sufficient distinction in the difference between labor and materials. Coal has been allowed as a material; it is expended as a material; it never is and never can be transformed and merged into that labor which is the labor performed,’ as distinguished from the ‘material furnished,’ for each of which the statute gives a right of recovery. The logic of the coal cases — regardless of its persuasiveness — is that the word ‘materials’ in the statute should be thought to include coal, because the latent energy of the coal was developed into a mere substitute for that human labor which is expressly included in the law, and unless this energy thus put into the work is protected in this way it is not protected at all. On the other hand, the food for the men never contributes to the work, except after it is transmuted into the form of that labor which, as labor, is protected. It is not to be thought that the statute gives twice a claim for the one tiling.” This reasoning was not followed by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Circuit Court was reversed.
Brogan v.
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Clarkson, J.
Tbe material provision of tbe bond to be construed is as follows: “And shall well and truly pay all and every person furnishing material or performing any labor in and about tbe construction of said roadway,” etc.
In
Town of Cornelius v. Lampton,
189 N. C., p. 718, under a similar provision in tbe bond, it was said: “Instead of using manual labor, tbe rock material and manual labor undoubtedly coming under the very language of tbe contract, tbe contractors substituted for manual labor electric power. This power was used to operate tbe rock crusher and crush tbe rock and operate tbe cable cars to carry tbe rock from tbe quarry to tbe crusher. Tbe crushed rock was then hauled in motor trucks to tbe roadway. Tbe crushed rock was material, and tbe electric current or power is substituted for labor — tbe liability of tbe Surety Company for manual labor cannot be disputed, and tbe man-power is exchanged for electric power.”
This appeal presents tbe question as to whether or not tbe bond covers provisions used to feed tbe bands, who worked in and about tbe construction of tbe roadway, and feedstuffs to feed tbe mules tbat worked in and about tbe construction of tbe roadway.
The leading case dealing with furnishing provisions is
Brogan v. National Surety Co.,
246 U. S., p. 257 (62 Law Ed., p. 703). At p. 260, it is said: “Tbe facts undisputed, or as found by the' lower court and accepted by tbe court of appeals, were these: Tbe Standard Contracting Company undertook to deepen tbe channel in a portion of St. Mary’s River, Michigan, located ‘in a comparative wilderness at some distance from any settlement. There were no hotels or boarding bouses,’ and tbe contractor ‘was compelled to provide board and lodging for its laborers.’ Groceries and provisions of tbe value of $4,613.87, furnished it by Brogan, were used by tbe contractor in its boarding bouse, and were supplied ‘in tbe prosecution of tbe work provided for in tbe contract and tbe bond
upon wHict tbis suit is based. Tbey were necessary to and wholly consumed in such work.’ Tbe number of men employed averaged eighty. They were ‘boarded’ partly on the dredges, partly in tents supplied by the contractor; all under an arrangement made with the labor unions by which the contractor was to board the men and deduct therefor $22.50 a month from their wages. The contract and the bond executed by the National Surety Company bound the contractor to ‘make full payment to all persons supplying him with labor or materials in the prosecution of the work provided for in’ the contract. The supplies furnished by Brogan under these circumstances were clearly used in-the prosecution of the work, just as supplies furnished for the soldiers’ mess are used in the prosecution of war. In each ease the relation of food to the work in hand is proximate.” At p. 262, it is said: “A boarding house might be conducted by the contractor (like some company stores concerning which states have
legislated
—Koekee
Consol. Coke Co. v. Taylor,
234 U. S., 224, 58 L. Ed., 1288, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep., 856) as an independent enterprise, undertaken solely in order to utilize the opportunity for separate and additional profit afforded by the congregation of many laborers in the particular locality where the public work is being performed. The laborers might resort to such a boarding house in the exercise of individual choice in the selection of an eating place. Under such circumstances the furnishing of supplies would clearly be a matter independent of the work provided for in the contract, and would not entitle him who had furnished the groceries used in the boarding house to recover on the bond. But here, according to the undisputed facts and the findings of the trial court, the furnishing of board by the contractor was an integral part of the work and necessarily involved in it. Like the supplying of coal to operate engines on the dredges, it was indispensable to the prosecution of the work, and it was used exclusively in the performance of the work. Groceries furnished to a contractor under such circumstances and consumed by the laborers are materials supplied and used in the prosecution of the public work.”
Construing a bond of contractor (for constructing levee along Mississippi River) required under act of Congress, for prompt payment “to all persons supplying labor and materials, in the prosecution of the work,” it was held in the case of
U. S., for use of Samuel Hastings Co. v. Laurance,
252 Fed. Rep., p. 122, that the bond covered bill for feed furnished for mules used in hauling on and about the work, as material used in the work.
In
Taylor et al. v. Connett et al.,
277 Fed. Rep., 945, affirming the decision of
Judge H. C. Connor,
District Judge for Eastern District of N. C., under similar bond, the circuit court held: In an action on the bond of a contractor, who agreed to construct a breakwater at Cape
Lookout, N. C., the court may take judicial notice that scows (flat bottom boats) of the kind required to transport a large quantity of stone needed for the work could not be obtained in the vicinity of the work. Government contractor- and the surety on his bond are liable for a rental of scows hired by a subcontractor to transport materials to the place of work, where such scows were necessary and could not otherwise be obtained.
“Blasting powder, drills, and lumber used up in scaffolds and forms for concrete constructions, are within the protection of a bond given under the Federal statute requiring it to protect persons who furnish labor or materials used in construction or repair of the work.
National Surety Co. v. U. S. Use of Pittsburgh & B. Co.,
L. R. A. (1917 A), 336, 143 C. C. A., 99, 228 Fed., 577.” 1 L. R. A. Digest, 984.
Aderholt v. Condon,
189 N. C., 756.
It may be noted that in the
National Surety Co. v. U. S., supra,
the Circuit Court discusses the Brogan claim, one among many in that controversy, and says: “But it is said they stand on the same basis as the coal for the engine, as they provide the energy which makes the machine — in this case, the human machines — do the work. The District Court, while regarding the question as very close, thought this final step in the reasoning could not be avoided.
We
find a sufficient distinction in the difference between labor and materials. Coal has been allowed as a material; it is expended as a material; it never is and never can be transformed and merged into that labor which is the labor performed,’ as distinguished from the ‘material furnished,’ for each of which the statute gives a right of recovery. The logic of the coal cases — regardless of its persuasiveness — is that the word ‘materials’ in the statute should be thought to include coal, because the latent energy of the coal was developed into a mere substitute for that human labor which is expressly included in the law, and unless this energy thus put into the work is protected in this way it is not protected at all. On the other hand, the food for the men never contributes to the work, except after it is transmuted into the form of that labor which, as labor, is protected. It is not to be thought that the statute gives twice a claim for the one tiling.” This reasoning was not followed by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Circuit Court was reversed.
Brogan v. National Surety Co., supra.
It is almost the unanimous holding of the courts that coal for the engine, which is necessary to aid in making power, comes under “material.” The engine' would be useless without the coal. By parity of reasoning, the mules would be useless without the feed.
We
can see no difference in principle between the two.
U. S. for use Samuel Hastings v. Laurance, supra; U. S. Fid. & G. Co. v. Henderson County,
253 S.
W.,
835 (Texas).
The record shows that the actual amount for feedstuffs furnished for about 100 mules was $1,572.39. "We think the plaintiff entitled to recover for the foodstuffs furnished for the mules. The question arises — how about the provisions for the 50 to 100 men? The District Judge in the
National Surety Co. case, supra,
thought the same reasoning applied to the human machinery — the men. We are inclined to the same conclusion, but base our opinion on the
Brogan case.
The contract which we are construing was dated 4 December, 1921. The
Brogan case, supra,
was decided 4 March, 1918. The
Taylor case, supra,
was decided by
Judge H. C. Connor,
25 October, 1920. The bond was made after these decisions, and it is presumed that the Surety Company fixed its premiums to meet the holding of these.decisions— especially the
Brogan case,
which was against a Surety Company and a well known opinion.
We can see no material difference between the language of the bond required by'the U. S., and construed in the
Brogan case,
and the bond in the present case. The distinction is without a difference. In the
Brogan case, supra,
it was said, at p. 262: “As shown by these cases, the act and the bonds given under it must be construed liberally for the protection of those who furnish labor or materials in the prosecution of public work. . .
It is contended by plaintiff that, on account of the location of the work to be done, it became necessary for the contractors to furnish board for the employees. This does not appear as a fact from the record, but appears from the testimony of witness for plaintiff, Sam Elliott. The amount of the feedstuffs is shown by the testimony of plaintiff. The decision in the
Brogan case
was based on the undisputed facts — on the present record there is no findings of fact. For this reason, the question of the liability of defendant Surety Company, as to provisions furnished to the hands, the necessity, and the amount due for feedstuffs must be submitted to a jury to determine the facts, unless the facts can be agreed upon.
We have carefully examined the able brief of defendant’s counsel. We can see no hardship in construing the contract as we have done, following the leading TJ. S. case on the subject, which defendant Surety Company knew, or ought to have known, was the law when the surety contract was made. There are decisions to the contrary, but the weight of the more recent decisions and reasoning are with plaintiff. There must be a
New trial.