Planned Parenthood Ind. & Ky., Inc. v. Comm'r of the Ind. State Dep't of Health

888 F.3d 300

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
• Decided: April 19, 2018
• Docket: 17-3163
• Status: Published

Opinion

Bauer, Circuit Judge.

*302 On March 24, 2016, the Governor of Indiana signed into law House Enrolled Act No. 1337 (HEA 1337), which created new provisions and amended others that regulate abortion procedures within Indiana. Shortly thereafter, Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky ("PPINK") filed a lawsuit against the Commissioner of the Indiana State Department of Health, the prosecutors of Marion, Lake, Monroe and Tippecanoe Counties, and members of the Medical Licensing Board of Indiana (collectively, "the State"). PPINK sought declaratory and injunctive relief from three particular parts of the law: (1) the new provisions titled "Sex Selective and Disability Abortion Ban," Ind. Code § 16-34-4 (2016), which prohibit a person from performing an abortion if the person knows the woman is seeking an abortion solely for one of the enumerated reasons (collectively, "the non-discrimination provisions"); (2) an added provision to the informed consent process, instructing those performing abortions to inform women of the non-discrimination provisions, § 16-34-2-1.1(a)(1)(K); and (3) numerous amendments to the provisions dealing with the disposal of aborted fetuses, §§ 16-34-3-4(a); 16-41-16-4(d); 16-41-16-5; 16-41-16-7.6 (collectively, "the fetal disposition provisions").

The district court initially entered a preliminary injunction on June 30, 2016, and both parties subsequently filed motions for summary judgment. The court granted PPINK's motion for summary judgment on September 22, 2017, declaring the three parts of HEA 1337 unconstitutional and permanently enjoining the State from enforcing them.

We affirm. The non-discrimination provisions clearly violate well-established Supreme Court precedent holding that a woman may terminate her pregnancy prior to viability, and that the State may not prohibit a woman from exercising that right for any reason. Because the non-discrimination provisions are unconstitutional, so too is the provision that a woman be informed of them. Additionally, the amended fetal disposition provisions violate substantive due process because they have no rational relationship to a legitimate state interest.

I. BACKGROUND

PPINK provides reproductive health services and education to thousands of women throughout Indiana and Kentucky. At its Bloomington, Indianapolis and Merrillville centers, PPINK performs surgical abortions through the first trimester of pregnancy (approximately 14 weeks). At *303 these three centers, as well as the Lafayette center, PPINK also performs non-surgical, or medication, abortions.

A. The Non-Discrimination and Informed Consent Provisions

HEA 1337 creates Indiana Code chapter 16-34-4, entitled "Sex Selective and Disability Abortion Ban." The various provisions of this chapter prohibit abortions at any time, including prior to viability, if the abortion is sought for a particular purpose. Specifically, the non-discrimination provisions state that "[a] person may not intentionally perform or attempt to perform an abortion before the earlier of viability of the fetus or twenty (20) weeks of postfertilization age if the person knows that the pregnant woman is seeking" an abortion: (1) "solely because of the sex of the fetus," Ind. Code §§ 16-34-4-4 , 16-34-4-5 ; (2) "solely because the fetus has been diagnosed with Down syndrome or has a potential diagnosis of Down syndrome," or has been diagnosed or has a potential diagnosis of "any other disability," §§ 16-34-4-6, 16-34-4-7; or (3) "solely because of the race, color, national origin, or ancestry of the fetus." § 16-34-4-8. The term "potential diagnosis" means "the presence of some risk factors that indicate that a health problem may occur," § 16-34-4-3, and "any other disability" is defined as "any disease, defect, or disorder that is genetically inherited," including both physical and mental disabilities. § 16-34-4-1.

Under Indiana law, it is a felony to knowingly and intentionally perform an abortion that is prohibited by law. See § 16-34-2-7(a). Moreover, a person who knowingly and intentionally provides an unlawful abortion is subject to (1) "disciplinary sanctions," and (2) "civil liability for wrongful death." § 16-34-4-9(a).

Indiana law requires that certain information be provided to a woman at least 18 hours prior to the abortion as part of the voluntary and informed consent process. See § 16-34-2-1.1(a). HEA 1337 adds a new provision requiring the abortion provider to inform a woman "[t]hat Indiana does not allow a fetus to be aborted solely because of the fetus's race, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, or diagnosis or potential diagnosis of the fetus having Down syndrome or any other disability." § 16-34-2-1.1(a)(1)(K).

According to the State, the non-discrimination provisions were prompted by the medical advances of non-invasive genetic testing which allow for the detection of disabilities at an early stage in the pregnancy. In particular, cell-free DNA testing, which screens for several genetic disabilities such as Down syndrome, can occur as early as 10 weeks into the pregnancy. PPINK does not provide genetic testing, but is aware that it performs abortions for women solely because of the diagnosis or potential diagnosis of Down syndrome and other disabilities. PPINK and the State agree that the rate of women seeking an abortion due to the diagnosis or potential diagnosis of a genetic disability will likely increase as these tests become more widespread.

B. The Fetal Disposition Provisions

HEA 1337 also changes the manner in which abortion providers must dispose of aborted fetuses. HEA 1337 did not alter the provision of the Indiana Code that gives a woman "the right to determine the final disposition of the aborted fetus." § 16-34-3-2(a). Prior to the enactment of HEA 1337, if a woman decided to let the abortion facility dispose of the fetus, Indiana regulations state that the facility must either bury or cremate the fetus. See 410 Ind. Admin. Code § 35-2-1(a). Those regulations specify that cremation means "incineration by a crematory, or incineration *304 as authorized for infectious and pathological waste" under Indiana law. 410 Ind. Admin. Code § 35-1-3. Infectious waste includes pathological waste, Ind. Code § 16-41-16-4 (b)(1), and pathological waste is defined as "(1) tissue; (2) organs; (3) body parts; and (4) blood or body fluids in liquid or semiliquid form; that are removed during surgery, biopsy, or autopsy." § 16-41-16-5.

Thus, prior to the enactment of HEA 1337, a woman might decide to dispose of the aborted fetus herself; or the facility that provided the abortion might dispose of the fetus through incineration along with other surgical byproducts. PPINK has utilized a contractor who periodically incinerates aborted fetuses along with other surgical byproducts.

HEA 1337 alters the manner in which an abortion provider must dispose of an aborted fetus if the woman elects not to dispose of it herself. Specifically, the new law states that "[a]n abortion clinic or health care facility having possession of an aborted fetus shall provide for the final disposition of the aborted fetus. The burial transmit permit requirements of [Indiana Code] 16-37-3 apply to the final disposition of an aborted fetus, which must be interred or cremated." § 16-34-3-4(a). A "burial transmit permit" is a "permit for the transportation and disposition of a dead human body" as required under Indiana law. § 23-14-31-5. The amended provisions also state that "[a]borted fetuses may be cremated by simultaneous cremation." § 16-34-3-4(a).

Moreover, HEA 1337 changed the definitions of both infectious and pathological waste, stating that these terms "do[ ] not include an aborted fetus or a miscarried fetus." §§ 16-41-16-4(d), 16-41-16-5. Thus, abortion providers like PPINK will no longer be able to contract with third parties to incinerate aborted fetuses with other surgical byproducts. Rather, the law will require PPINK to bury, cremate, or entombed the aborted fetuses, although the fetuses may be cremated simultaneously.

C. Procedural History

On April 7, 2016, two weeks after the Indiana Governor signed HEA 1337, PPINK filed a complaint in the Southern District of Indiana seeking declaratory and injunctive relief from the non-discrimination and fetal disposition provisions, which it alleged were unconstitutional. HEA 1337 was to go into effect on July 1, 2016. After extensive briefing and oral argument, the district court determined on June 30, 2016, that PPINK was likely to succeed on the merits, and granted a preliminary injunction barring the State from implementing and enforcing these provisions.

Both PPINK and the State moved for summary judgment. On September 22, 2017, the district court granted PPINK's motion for summary judgment and entered a permanent injunction declaring the non-discrimination and fetal disposition provisions unconstitutional. Planned Parenthood of Ind. & Kent., Inc. v. Comm'r, Ind. State Dep't of Health , 265 F.Supp.3d 859 (S.D. Ind. 2017). The court found that the non-discrimination provisions clearly violate Supreme Court precedent that a woman has the right to terminate her pregnancy prior to viability without undue interference from the State. Id. at 865-69 . Having found those provisions unconstitutional, the court also held that the informed consent provision on the nondiscrimination provisions was unconstitutional. Id. at 869 . Finally, the court held that although the fetal disposition provisions do not implicate a fundamental right, they violate substantive due process because they lack a rational relationship to a legitimate governmental interest. Id. at 869-72 .

*305 II. DISCUSSION

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo , construing all factual disputes and reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Golla v. Office of Chief Judge of Cook Cty., Ill. , 875 F.3d 404 , 407 (7th Cir. 2017). The moving party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law if they have shown there is "no genuine dispute as to any material fact." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

A. The Non-Discrimination Provisions Violate a Woman's Fourteenth Amendment Right to Terminate Her Pregnancy Prior to Viability

Forty-five years ago, the Supreme Court recognized that the right to privacy, as rooted in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of liberty, "is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy." Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 , 153, 93 S.Ct. 705 , 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973). The Court in Roe recognized that "this right is not unqualified," and that it must be balanced "against important state interests in regulation." Id. at 154 , 93 S.Ct. 705 . Roe developed a rigid trimester framework by which to balance the competing interests. Id. at 164-65 , 93 S.Ct. 705 .

Although the Supreme Court abandoned the trimester framework when it revisited Roe 's holding nearly twenty years later in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey , it reaffirmed what it labeled as Roe 's"essential holding:"

First is a recognition of the right of the woman to choose to have an abortion before viability and to obtain it without undue interference from the State. Before viability, the State's interests are not strong enough to support a prohibition of abortion or the imposition of a substantial obstacle to the woman's effective right to elect the procedure. Second is a confirmation of the State's power to restrict abortions after fetal viability, if the law contains exceptions for pregnancies which endanger the woman's life or health. And third is the principle that the State has legitimate interests from the outset of the pregnancy in protecting the health of the woman and the life of the fetus that may become a child. These principles do not contradict one another; and we adhere to each.

505 U.S. 833 , 846, 112 S.Ct. 2791 , 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992) (plurality opinion).

The Court in Casey drew the line between a woman's privacy right and the State's interest in protecting the potential life of a fetus at viability. Id. at 870 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 . Importantly, Casey 's holding that a woman has the right to terminate her pregnancy prior to viability is categorical: "a State may not prohibit any woman from making the ultimate decision to terminate her pregnancy before viability ." Id. at 879 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 (emphasis added). Since Casey , this unambiguous holding has continued to be recognized as controlling precedent by the Supreme Court and this Court. See Gonzales v. Carhart , 550 U.S. 124 , 146, 127 S.Ct. 1610 , 167 L.Ed.2d 480 (2007) ; Stenberg v. Carhart , 530 U.S. 914 , 921, 120 S.Ct. 2597 , 147 L.Ed.2d 743 (2000) ; Planned Parenthood of Ind., Inc. v. Comm'r of Ind. State Dep't Health , 699 F.3d 962 , 987 (7th Cir. 2012).

Casey , like Roe , also noted that this right was not absolute. Casey , 505 U.S. at 875-76 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 . "The very notion that the State has a substantial interest in potential life leads to the conclusion that not all regulations must be deemed unwarranted." Id. at 876 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 . Accordingly, Casey introduced the *306 undue burden standard: a state regulation creates an undue burden on a women's right to terminate her pregnancy if it "has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus." Id. at 877 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 . The Court in Casey elaborated that these sort of regulations prior to viability "must be calculated to inform the women's free choice, not hinder it ." Id. (emphasis added). Thus, while the State may enact measures to inform a woman's choice to terminate her pregnancy, the State may not prohibit the woman from making "the ultimate decision." Id. at 878-79 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 .

The non-discrimination provisions clearly violate this well-established Supreme Court precedent, and are therefore, unconstitutional. The provisions prohibit abortions prior to viability if the abortion is sought for a particular purpose. These provisions are far greater than a substantial obstacle; they are absolute prohibitions on abortions prior to viability which the Supreme Court has clearly held cannot be imposed by the State. Id. at 879 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 ("a State may not prohibit any woman from making the ultimate decision to terminate her pregnancy before viability.") (emphasis added). We are bound to follow that Supreme Court precedent. See Karlin v. Foust , 188 F.3d 446 , 495 (7th Cir. 1999). Unsurprisingly, other circuits who have dealt with prohibitions prior to viability have had no trouble striking them down. See, e.g. , MKB Mgmt. Corp. v. Stenehjem , 795 F.3d 768 , 773 (8th Cir. 2015) (statute prohibiting pre-viable abortions where the fetus has a detectable heartbeat); McCormack v. Herzog , 788 F.3d 1017 , 1029 (9th Cir. 2015) (statute prohibiting pre-viable abortions where fetus is at least 20 weeks gestational age); Edwards v. Beck , 786 F.3d 1113 , 1117 (8th Cir. 2015) (statute prohibiting pre-viable abortions after twelve weeks where the fetus has a detectable heartbeat).

The State knows we cannot overturn Supreme Court precedent; rather, it argues that the non-discrimination provisions are reconcilable with this precedent. The State creatively suggests that Casey only reaffirmed a woman's "binary choice" of whether or not to have a child prior to viability. See Casey , 505 U.S. at 851 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 ("Our cases recognize 'the right of the individual , married or single, to be free from unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child.' ") (quoting Eisenstadt v. Baird , 405 U.S. 438 , 453, 92 S.Ct. 1029 , 31 L.Ed.2d 349 (1972) ). In other words, according to the State, Casey only recognized a privacy right in the binary decision of whether to bear or beget a child, but that right is not extended to the decision to terminate a particular child.

Neither Casey , nor any other case, supports this "binary choice" theory. Under this theory, a woman may terminate her pregnancy if she decides before becoming pregnant that she does not want to bear a child at all, but she has no right to terminate the pregnancy if she determines after becoming pregnant that she does not want a particular child. Nothing in Roe , Casey , or any other case from the Supreme Court can be read to limit a woman's right in this way. Moreover, no court, let alone the Supreme Court, has recognized such a limitation. Rather, Casey held that the State may not prohibit a woman from making the "ultimate decision" to terminate her pregnancy prior to viability, and the State's power, prior to viability, is limited to informing the woman's choice. Id. at 877-79, 112 S.Ct. 2791 .

Moreover, such a "binary choice" theory runs contrary to the fact that a woman's right to terminate her pregnancy prior to *307 viability is rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment's right to privacy. It is entirely inconsistent to hold that a woman's right of privacy to terminate a pregnancy exists if a woman decides before she becomes pregnant that she does not want to bear a child, but that the State can eliminate this privacy right if a woman later decides she wants to terminate her pregnancy for a particular purpose. Nothing in the Fourteenth Amendment or Supreme Court precedent allows the State to invade this privacy realm to examine the underlying basis for a woman's decision to terminate her pregnancy prior to viability.

The State urges that the non-discrimination provisions represent a "qualitatively new type of abortion regulation," and that it has compelling interests in prohibiting discrimination of particular fetuses in light of technological advances in genetic screening. Indeed, as we have noted, the State "has legitimate interests from the outset of the pregnancy in protecting the health of the woman and life of the fetus that may become a child." Id. at 846 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 . But the Supreme Court has already weighed the State's interests against a woman's privacy right to terminate her pregnancy prior to viability: " Before viability, the State's interests are not strong enough to support a prohibition of abortion or the imposition of a substantial obstacle to the woman's effective right to elect the procedure." Id. (emphasis added). 1 We cannot reweigh a woman's privacy right against the State's interest. The Supreme Court has been clear: the State may inform a woman's decision before viability, but it cannot prohibit it.

The State concedes that if we conclude the non-discrimination provisions are unconstitutional, the provision requiring abortion providers to inform women of the non-discrimination provisions is also unconstitutional. Since we conclude that the non-discrimination provisions found in the "Sex Selective and Disability Abortion Ban," Ind. Code § 16-34-4 , violate a woman's Fourteenth Amendment right to privacy, § 16-34-2-1.1(a)(1)(K) of the informed consent provisions is unconstitutional, as well.

B. The Fetal Disposition Provisions Violate Substantive Due Process

PPINK contends that the fetal disposition provisions violate both substantive due process and equal protection principles. Since we conclude that the fetal disposition provisions violate due process, we need not address whether the provisions suffer from any equal protection problems.

PPINK agrees that no fundamental right is at stake. When a fundamental right is not implicated, substantive due process only "prohibits arbitrary deprivations of liberty by the government." Hayden ex rel. A.H. v. Greensburg Cmty. Sch. Corp. , 743 F.3d 569 , 576 (7th Cir. 2014). Accordingly, we apply rational-basis review, meaning the fetal disposition provisions must "be rationally related to legitimate government interests."

*308 Washington v. Glucksberg , 521 U.S. 702 , 728, 117 S.Ct. 2258 , 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997). It is incumbent upon PPINK to demonstrate that the provisions violate substantive due process, and PPINK carries a high burden: "So long as there is any conceivable state of facts that supports the policy, it passes muster under the due process clause; put another way, only if the policy is patently arbitrary would it fail." Hayden , 743 F.3d at 576 .

The fetal disposition provisions essentially require abortion providers to dispose of aborted fetuses in the same manner as human remains, as required under Indiana law. According to the State, the provisions further the State's legitimate interest in "the humane and dignified disposal of human remains." Such a position inherently requires a recognition that aborted fetuses are human beings, distinct from other surgical byproducts, such as tissue or organs. Indeed, in its brief, Indiana maintained that it "validly exercised its police power by making a moral and scientific judgment that a fetus is a human being who should be given a dignified and respectful burial and cremation." (emphasis added).

However, the Supreme Court has concluded that "the word 'person,' as used in the Fourteenth Amendment, does not include the unborn." Roe , 410 U.S. at 158 , 93 S.Ct. 705 . In reaching this conclusion, the Court in Roe noted that "[w]hen those trained in the respective disciplines of medicine, philosophy, and theology are unable to arrive at any consensus, the judiciary, at this point in the development of man's knowledge, is not in a position to speculate as to the answer." Id. at 159 , 93 S.Ct. 705 . While this question may continue to be disputed among those respective disciplines, it is not disputed in the law. See Coe v. Cty. of Cook , 162 F.3d 491 , 495 (7th Cir. 1998) ("[T]he courts have decided that a fetus is not a person within the meaning of these clauses.").

Simply put, the law does not recognize that an aborted fetus is a person. "This conclusion follows inevitably from the decision to grant women a right to abort. If even a [non-viable] fetus is a person, surely the state would be allowed to protect [the fetus] from being killed." Id. As such, the State's interest in requiring abortion providers to dispose of aborted fetuses in the same manner as human remains is not legitimate.

The State asks us to infer a legitimate interest by pointing to state and federal fetal homicide statutes, as well as state wrongful death statutes that treat non-viable fetuses as human beings. But these statutes seek to address a valid state interest in promoting respect for potential life. The fetal disposition provisions differ because there is no potential life at stake. The State also argues that the Supreme Court in Gonzales v. Carhart recognized the State's interest in fetal human dignity. 550 U.S. at 163 , 127 S.Ct. 1610 (noting "the State's interest in promoting respect for human life at all stages of the pregnancy"). However, Gonzales involved a "ban on abortions that involve partial delivery of a living fetus." Id. at 158 , 127 S.Ct. 1610 (emphasis added). Gonzales did not extend the State's interest beyond protecting potential fetal life that was reaffirmed in Casey . Id. ("[T]he State, from the inception of pregnancy, maintains its own regulatory interest in protecting the life of the fetus that may become a child.").

The State also relies on an Eighth Circuit decision upholding, on vagueness and substantive due process challenges, a Minnesota fetal disposition statute, which provided that fetuses of a certain age be disposed of "by cremation, interment by burial, or in a manner directed by the commissioner of health."

*309 Planned Parenthood of Minn. v. State of Minn. , 910 F.2d 479 , 481 n.2 (8th Cir. 1990). As that court noted, the Supreme Court has recognized that the State has a legitimate interest "in regulating the disposal of fetal remains." Id. at 481 ; see also City of Akron v. Akron Ctr. for Reprod. Health, Inc. , 462 U.S. 416 , 452 n.45, 103 S.Ct. 2481 , 76 L.Ed.2d 687 (1983), overruled on other grounds by Casey , 505 U.S. at 881-85 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 (noting that a state or municipality has a "legitimate interest in proper disposal of fetal remains").

First, in Planned Parenthood of Minnesota , "Planned Parenthood concede[d] the state ha[d] a legitimate interest in protecting public sensibilities." 910 F.2d at 488 . Therefore, the Eighth Circuit's discussion about the nature of the state interest was mere dicta. Second, the State's interest here in the humane and dignified disposal of an aborted fetus is meaningfully different. The Minnesota statute's stated purpose was "to protect the public health and welfare by providing for the dignified and sanitary disposition of the remains of aborted or miscarried fetuses in a uniform manner." Id . at 481 n.2. The Eighth Circuit reiterated that the "Minnesota's legislature's overriding concern was protection of the public's sensibilities by ensuring that fetal remains be disposed of in a specified manner." Id. at 488 . Thus, while Minnesota focused on the interest of the public , Indiana focuses on the interest of the fetus . Indeed, the State's interest here goes well beyond the sanitary or unitary disposal of aborted fetuses, interests which are already being carried out under current Indiana law and health regulations prior to HEA 1337. Instead, the humane and dignified disposal of aborted fetuses requires recognizing that the fetus is legally equivalent to a human. Since the law does not recognize the fetus as a person, that is simply not a legitimate interest.

Even if we were to conclude that the State's interest is legitimate, it is not rationally related to that interest for two reasons. First, the fetal disposition provisions did not amend Indiana law that gives a woman "the right to determine the final disposition of the aborted fetus." Ind. Code § 16-34-3-2 (a). Thus, a woman may take possession of the aborted fetus and dispose of it in whatever manner she wishes, without restriction. No such provision under Indiana law allows for people to dispose of human remains in whatever manner they wish. Rather, Indiana law is exhaustive in its requirements for the disposition of human remains. See § 16-37-3-1, et. seq. (regulating disposition of dead bodies); § 23-14-54-1, et seq. (setting forth the disposition of dead human bodies at crematories); § 25-15-2-7 (defining disposition of human remains as interment at cemetery or mausoleum; disposal of cremated remains on property, public land, or water; or burial at sea, among other definitions).

Second, the fetal disposition provisions also allow for simultaneous cremation of aborted fetuses. § 16-34-3-4(a). Indiana law only permits simultaneous cremation of human remains if there is prior written consent by authorizing agents. § 23-14-31-39(a). By allowing simultaneous cremation, the fetal disposition provisions do not treat aborted fetuses the same as human remains. In fact, PPINK essentially employs simultaneous cremation under the current law; HEA 1337 would simply prevent PPINK from using third parties for mass cremation with other surgical byproducts.

Thus, we cannot identify a rational relationship between the State's interest in "the humane and dignified disposal of human remains" and the law as written, given that it allows a woman full liberty to dispose of the fetus without restriction, and continues to allow for mass cremation of fetuses. Accordingly, the fetal disposition *310 provisions violate substantive due process and are also unconstitutional.

III. CONCLUSION

Because we conclude that the non-discrimination provisions and the fetal disposition provisions are unconstitutional, we AFFIRM the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of PPINK, and the court's permanent injunction barring the enforcement of these provisions.

Manion, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part.

To put it mildly, this is an unfortunate case. Yet I must agree with the court that Supreme Court precedent compels us to invalidate Indiana's attempt to protect unborn children 1 from being aborted solely because of their race, sex, or disability. That a narrowly drawn statute meant to protect especially vulnerable unborn children cannot survive scrutiny under Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 , 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992), is regrettable. But the fact remains that under the Casey regime, the purported right to have a pre-viability abortion is more ironclad even than the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights. Only a majority of the Supreme Court or a constitutional amendment can permit the States to place some limits on abortion.

The court then goes further than Casey requires, distinguishing an Eighth Circuit case and invalidating Indiana's requirement that abortion clinics bury or cremate fetal remains. I cannot agree. This is but the latest example of the legal misdirection that occurs in abortion cases. See Hill v. Colorado , 530 U.S. 703 , 741-42, 120 S.Ct. 2480 , 147 L.Ed.2d 597 (2000) (Scalia, J., dissenting). Under traditional rational basis review, if state action doesn't infringe upon a fundamental right or affect a protected class, we will uphold it so long as it is rationally related to a legitimate state interest. The fetal remains provision easily satisfies that extremely deferential standard. That part of Indiana's law rationally advances Indiana's interests in protecting public sensibilities and recognizing the dignity and humanity of the unborn.

For the reasons that follow, I concur only in the court's judgment invalidating the nondiscrimination and disclosure provisions. I dissent from the portion of the judgment invalidating the fetal remains provision.

I. The Nondiscrimination Provisions

House Enrolled Act 1337 prohibits the performance of an abortion when the doctor knows that the woman seeks an abortion solely because of the race, sex, or disability of the unborn child. The provisions apply at any point in the pregnancy, so they directly implicate the right devised in Casey and Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 , 93 S.Ct. 705 , 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973). Casey 's controlling joint opinion held that any regulation on abortion is invalid if it "has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus." Casey , 505 U.S. at 877 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 (plurality opinion). The nondiscrimination provisions have both the purpose and effect of prohibiting some women-those who want *311 sex-, race-, or disability-selective abortions-from obtaining an abortion. Thus, they erect a substantial obstacle for those women. See Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt , --- U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 2292 , 2320, 195 L.Ed.2d 665 (2016) ("the relevant denominator is 'those [women] for whom [the provision] is an actual rather than an irrelevant restriction.' " (quoting Casey , 505 U.S. at 895 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 ) ).

Indiana and the amici States persuasively argue that the right identified in Roe and Casey is only the right to decide whether to have a child, not the right to decide which child to have. This argument makes sense. After all, the women for whom the nondiscrimination provisions present an obstacle have already determined that they want a child. The nondiscrimination provisions simply prohibit those women from targeting their unborn child because of later-discovered immutable human characteristics. Indiana and the amici States have made a noble effort to defend a statute that should need no defense. But the fact remains that Casey has plainly established an absolute right to have an abortion before viability. The joint opinion says that nothing can stand between a woman and her choice of abortion before viability. See, e.g., Casey , 505 U.S. at 870 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 ("We conclude the line should be drawn at viability, so that before that time the woman has a right to choose to terminate her pregnancy."); id. at 874 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 ("[T]he right protects the woman from unduly burdensome interference with her freedom to decide whether to terminate her pregnancy."); id. at 877 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 ("What is at stake is the woman's right to make the ultimate decision, not a right to be insulated from all others in doing so."). While States may legislate to encourage informed consent or maternal health, legislation that does too well at convincing women to choose life has been held invalid. See id. at 992, 112 S.Ct. 2791 (Scalia, J., concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part).

As an intermediate appellate court, we are bound to follow Casey , and so I must agree with the court that the nondiscrimination provisions are invalid. Yet this case reveals two major flaws of the Casey analysis that combine to produce such an absurd result-absurd even relative to other abortion cases. First, Casey treats abortion as a super-right, more sacrosanct even than the enumerated rights in the Bill of Rights. And second, while Casey jettisoned Roe 's strict-scrutiny test for all first-trimester abortion regulation, it replaced strict scrutiny with an effects-based test that is actually more difficult to satisfy in many cases.

Further, if we applied strict scrutiny in this case, Indiana could prevail. The nondiscrimination provisions are narrowly tailored to target invidious discrimination against people whom nobody would deny would be members of protected classes were they allowed to be born. Surely, Indiana has a compelling interest in attempting to prevent this type of private eugenics. And the prohibitions would not affect the vast majority of women who choose to have an abortion without respect to the race, sex, or disability of the unborn child.

A. Abortion is a "Super-Right" Immune Even to Strict Scrutiny

Ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee Dianne Feinstein has often referred to Roe as "super-precedent." 2 Of *312 course, there's no such thing as "super-precedent"-any case may be overruled by five Supreme Court Justices. But while Roe isn't super-precedent, it did spawn a body of jurisprudence that has made abortion the only true "super-right" protected by the federal courts today. The purported right to an abortion before viability is the only one that may not be infringed even for the very best reason. For an unenumerated right judicially created just 45 years ago, that is astounding.

The typical tiers-of-scrutiny analysis courts conduct in constitutional cases is a means-ends analysis. See United States v. Williams , 616 F.3d 685 , 691 (7th Cir. 2010) (If a claim falls within the scope of the Second Amendment, courts "apply some level of 'means-ends' scrutiny to establish whether the regulation passes constitutional muster."). Strict scrutiny requires both a compelling end and a tight fit between means and ends; the government must "prove that the restriction furthers a compelling interest and is narrowly tailored to achieve that interest." Reed v. Town of Gilbert , --- U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 2218 , 2231, 192 L.Ed.2d 236 (2015) (quoting Ariz. Free Enterprise Club's Freedom PAC v. Bennett , 564 U.S. 721 , 734, 131 S.Ct. 2806 , 180 L.Ed.2d 664 (2011) ). That's a hard standard to meet, but the Supreme Court has in recent years held that restrictions on fundamental rights like freedom of speech and the right to be free from racial discrimination satisfied strict scrutiny. See, e.g., Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar , --- U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 1656 , 191 L.Ed.2d 570 (2015) (upholding Florida judicial conduct rule prohibiting judicial candidates from personally soliciting campaign funds); Fisher v. Univ. of Tex. at Austin , --- U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 2198 , 195 L.Ed.2d 511 (2016) (upholding racially discriminatory college admissions program on the ground that it is narrowly tailored to satisfy the university's interest in attaining diverse student body). This isn't surprising in its own right. After all, "even the fundamental rights of the Bill of Rights are not absolute." Kovacs v. Cooper , 336 U.S. 77 , 85, 69 S.Ct. 448 , 93 L.Ed. 513 (1949). But when contrasted against the absolute nature of the putative right to pre-viability abortion, we see that abortion is now a more untouchable right than even the freedom of speech.

The doctrinal reason for this is that Casey 's"undue burden" standard is not a means-ends test, but a pure effects test. The key quote from the Casey joint opinion reveals this: a regulation of abortion is invalid if it "has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus." Casey , 505 U.S. at 877 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 (emphasis added). This means that even a regulation narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest is invalid if it prohibits any abortions before viability. After all, a prohibition is not just a substantial obstacle, but a complete obstacle. As one commentator supportive of abortion rights explained, "undue burden wholly lacks such a nexus inquiry: under Casey , courts must analyze a statute's purpose and its effects, but need not assess the relationship between the two." Emma Freeman, Note, Giving Casey its Bite Back: The Role of Rational Basis Review in Undue Burden Analysis , 48 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 279 , 279-80 (2013).

The "purpose or effect" formulation will inevitably bar every attempt to limit the incidence of abortion, even those that don't prohibit particular abortions. As Justice Scalia correctly observed, Casey permits Indiana to try to persuade women to *313 choose life "only so long as it is not too successful." Casey , 505 U.S. at 992 , 112 S.Ct. 2791 (Scalia, J., concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part). 3 Since courts cannot consider the weight of the State's interest in a particular case, all that matters is how effective the statute will be at limiting abortion. If we applied this standard to other constitutional claims, no plaintiff would ever lose. After all, state action prohibiting a plaintiff's speech would certainly erect a "substantial obstacle" to that speech, and state action prohibiting particular people from possessing firearms would be a "substantial obstacle" to the exercise of those individuals' Second Amendment rights. But that's not how it works. Instead, States may even prohibit political speech. See Williams-Yulee , 135 S.Ct. at 1682-83 (Kennedy, J., dissenting) ("The individual speech here is political speech. The process is a fair election. These realms ought to be the last place, not the first, for the Court to allow unprecedented content-based restrictions on speech."). And the federal government can withdraw Second Amendment rights from significant groups of people based on prior conduct. United States v. Skoien , 614 F.3d 638 (7th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (upholding the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 922 (g)(9), which prohibits those convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence from possessing firearms). While these fundamental rights are subject to significant limitations under heightened scrutiny, the purported right to an abortion before viability is absolute because of Casey 's purpose or effect test.

That today's outcome is compelled begs for the Supreme Court to reconsider Roe and Casey . But assuming the Court is not prepared to overrule those cases, it is at least time to downgrade abortion to the same status as actual constitutional rights. The Court can start by permitting the States to assert their legitimate interests in defense of abortion laws. Since Casey disavowed universal application of strict scrutiny in abortion cases, the question remains how to determine the proper *314 means-ends test to apply. Fortunately, one already exists that would give courts flexibility to adjust the level of scrutiny based on the severity of the "burden" on the putative abortion right: the Anderson - Burdick sliding scale the Court uses to evaluate election regulations.

Anderson - Burdick is a sliding scale of means-ends scrutiny. Libertarian Party of New Hampshire v. Gardner , 638 F.3d 6 , 14 (1st Cir. 2011). If an election law imposes a severe burden on speech and association rights, it must satisfy strict scrutiny. Burdick v. Takushi , 504 U.S. 428 , 434, 112 S.Ct. 2059 , 119 L.Ed.2d 245 (1992) (citing Norman v. Reed , 502 U.S. 279 , 289, 112 S.Ct. 698 , 116 L.Ed.2d 711 (1992) ). But if the law is "reasonable" and "nondiscriminatory," then rational basis review is proper and " 'the State's important regulatory interests are generally sufficient to justify' the restrictions." Id. (quoting Anderson v. Celebrezze , 460 U.S. 780 , 788, 103 S.Ct. 1564 , 75 L.Ed.2d 547 (1983) ); see also Crawford v. Marion Cty. Election Bd. , 553 U.S. 181 , 189-91, 128 S.Ct. 1610 , 170 L.Ed.2d 574 (2008) (plurality opinion) ("However slight that burden may appear ... it must be justified by relevant and legitimate state interests 'sufficiently weighty to justify the limitation.' " (quoting Norman , 502 U.S. at 288-89 , 112 S.Ct. 698 ) ). In this context, Anderson - Burdick would require a plaintiff challenging a restrictive abortion law to make a threshold showing that the regulation was a "severe" burden on the right. If the plaintiff could manage that, then the State would have to satisfy strict scrutiny. If not, then courts would uphold [the regulation] so long as it was rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

Replacing Casey 's"purpose or effect" test with Anderson - Burdick 's sliding scale (or any other means-ends test) would at least give Indiana a chance to defend its ban on discriminatory abortions. As it is, the State loses before it can even say a word. That disparate treatment of abortion cases is not only unfair, but lacks any basis in text, structure, or tradition. It is an aberration that should be corrected. I continue to agree with the dissenting justices in Roe and Casey . But if we are stuck with those landmark decisions, the abortion rights those cases created should at least be on a level playing field with the rest of the Constitution. The Casey abortion-specific test should be replaced with traditional means-ends scrutiny. This would go a long way towards normalizing the federal courts' abortion jurisprudence.

B. Indiana Might Prevail Under Strict Scrutiny

If the Court were to agree to apply strict scrutiny to the nondiscrimination provisions, what would happen? Admittedly, this is a difficult question, because Casey has not permitted means-ends scrutiny of abortion laws for decades. Indiana appears to be the first State that has attempted to protect particular unborn children from abortion based on their human characteristics. 4 Nevertheless, the analysis should not be all that difficult. Nobody would dispute that Indiana has a compelling interest in protecting mixed-race children, *315 women, and disabled individuals from discrimination. That the developing human lives Indiana seeks to protect are pre-born shouldn't change that.

Race, sex, and disability-selective abortions are obviously all problematic, 5 but I will focus here on the particular problem of abortion due to a diagnosis of Down syndrome. 6 Permitting women who otherwise want to bear a child to choose abortion because the child has Down syndrome perpetuates the odious view that some lives are worth more than others and increases the "stigma associated with having a genetic disorder." Peter A. Benn & Audrey R. Chapman, Practical and Ethical Considerations of Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis , 301 J. Am. Med. Ass'n 2154, 2155 (2009). Weren't we done with that when society repudiated the disgraceful language in Buck v. Bell , 274 U.S. 200 , 207, 47 S.Ct. 584 , 71 L.Ed. 1000 (1927), that "[t]hree generations of imbeciles are enough"? Yet some countries are now celebrating the "eradication" of Down syndrome through abortion. Alexandra DeSanctis, Iceland Eradicates People with Down Syndrome , National Review, Aug. 16, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/08/down-syndrome-iceland-cbs-news-disturbing-report/. That not only devalues the lives of those living with Down syndrome, but it disincentivizes research that might help them in the future.

What is more, studies show that people with Down syndrome and their parents and siblings are quite happy and lead fulfilling lives. A 2011 Harvard study found that "[a]mong those surveyed, nearly 99% of people with DS indicated that they were happy with their lives, 97% liked who they are, and 96% liked how they look. Nearly 99% of people with DS expressed love for their families, and 97% liked their brothers and sisters." Skotko, Levine, & Goldstein, Self-Perceptions From People With Down *316 Syndrome , 2011 Am. J. Med. Genetics 2360, 2360, 2364. In the same year, Boston Children's Hospital found that 99 percent of parents or guardians of Down syndrome children loved their child and 79 percent "felt their outlook on life was more positive because of their child." Boston Children's Hospital, Parents Siblings and People With Down Syndrome Report Positive Experiences , available at http://www.childrenshospital.org/news-and-events/2011/september-2011/parents-sibilings-and-people-with-down-syndrome-report-positive-experiences. (last visited April 19, 2018). Ninety-four percent of siblings 12 and older reported that they were proud of their Down syndrome brother or sister, and 88 percent said that they were better people because of their sibling. Id. Children with Down syndrome bring joy to everyone around them. And despite their limitations, they can go on to achieve great things. People like Karen Gaffney, who leads a non-profit foundation dedicated to advocating for those with Down syndrome, prove that point all the time. Gaffney has swam across Boston Harbor, completed a relay across the English Channel, and competed in the Escape from Alcatraz triathlon in the course of her advocacy. Down Syndrome International, Karen Gaffney Braves the Elements to Complete Boston Harbour Swim , https://dsint.org/news/karen-gaffney-braves-elements-complete-boston-harbour-swim-down-syndrome-international-13.(last visited April 19, 2018). 7

Even though Indiana cannot stop all abortions, it has a compelling interest in prohibiting those performed simply because the unborn child is of the wrong sex the wrong race or has a genetic disability. And it is hard to imagine legislation more narrowly tailored to promote this interest than the nondiscrimination provisions. The challenged sections only prohibit abortions performed solely because of the race, sex, or disability of the unborn child. The doctor also must know that the woman has sought the abortion solely for that purpose. These are provisions that apply only to very specific situations and carefully avoid targeting the purported general right to pre-viability abortion. They will not affect the vast majority of women who choose to have an abortion without considering the characteristics of the child. Indeed, they will not even affect women who consider the protected characteristics along with other considerations. If it is at all possible to narrowly tailor abortion regulations, Indiana has done so. 8

Because the nondiscrimination provisions are narrowly tailored to further a compelling state interest, they seem likely to satisfy strict scrutiny. This case thus highlights the problem with Casey 's"purpose or effect" test. While Casey purported to reject prior cases that gave short shrift to the State's interest in protecting *317 unborn life, its abandonment of means-ends scrutiny can produce absurd results. One of those is that Indiana has lost the ability to defend its abortion restrictions, even under "the most demanding level of judicial review." Smith v. Shalala , 5 F.3d 235 , 238 (7th Cir. 1993).

I would prefer to sustain the nondiscrimination provisions. Because I have no choice but to follow Supreme Court precedent, I reluctantly concur in the court's judgment invalidating them. 9

II. The Fetal Remains Provision

The court also invalidates Indiana's requirement that abortion clinics bury or cremate the remains of the unborn child if the woman chooses to leave the remains with the clinic. I cannot agree.

The parties and the court agree that the fetal remains provision is subject only to rational basis review. "Legislation in question is presumed to be rational." Peterson v. Lindner , 765 F.2d 698 , 705 (7th Cir. 1985). That is, the mere fact that this legislation passed both Houses of the Indiana General Assembly and was signed by the Governor endows it with a presumption of rationality. 10 Indeed, it is hard to overstate how deferential our review is in rational basis cases under the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses. In an equal protection case, we've said that "the burden is upon the challenging party to eliminate any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification." Smith v. City of Chicago , 457 F.3d 643 , 652 (7th Cir. 2006). And in a due process case, we've emphasized that review is "highly deferential" to the point where government action "must be 'utterly lacking in rational justification.' " Brown v. City of Michigan City , 462 F.3d 720 , 733 (7th Cir. 2006) (quoting Turner v. Glickman , 207 F.3d 419 , 426 (7th Cir. 2000) ). "Under rational basis review, the plaintiff almost invariably loses." Susannah W. Pollvogt, Unconstitutional Animus , 81 Fordham L. Rev. 887 , 889 (2012).

The court errs in several respects. First, it draws a distinction from the Eighth Circuit, which has upheld a substantially similar Minnesota law. Then, the court adopts Planned Parenthood's red herring argument that Indiana cannot require fetal remains be disposed with dignity because unborn children are not persons under the Fourteenth Amendment. And finally, the court departs from traditional rational basis review and requires far too close a fit between means and ends. Combined, these errors produce a result that would never happen in any context but abortion.

A. Distinction from the Eighth Circuit

In City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc. , 462 U.S. 416 , 451-52, 103 S.Ct. 2481 , 76 L.Ed.2d 687 (1983) -a decision overruled by Casey because it undervalued the State's interest in unborn life-the Supreme Court invalidated on vagueness grounds an Akron ordinance *318 that required doctors performing abortions to "insure that the remains of the unborn child are disposed of in a humane and sanitary manner." But while the Court held that the ordinance failed to give doctors fair notice of what conduct would be criminalized, it was careful to explain that its decision wouldn't prevent Akron from enacting another ordinance with more definite terms. Indeed, the Court recognized in a footnote that States have a "legitimate interest in the proper disposal of fetal remains." Id. at 452 , 103 S.Ct. 2481 . The problem with the ordinance wasn't that Akron could never regulate the disposition of fetal remains, but that its ordinance was not specific enough. Akron at least hinted that States may require that abortion doctors respect the dignity of the unborn child when disposing of her remains. What other interest could the Court have meant by the " proper disposal of fetal remains"? (emphasis added).

The Eighth Circuit then confronted a more definite statute in Planned Parenthood of Minnesota v. Minnesota , 910 F.2d 479 (8th Cir. 1990). The challenged Minnesota law required that fetal remains be disposed of "by cremation, interment by burial, or in a manner directed by the commissioner of health." Minn. Stat. § 145.1621 (4). The court held the law was not vague because it specifically described the ways in which remains must be disposed. Planned Parenthood , 910 F.2d at 482-83 . Having avoided the Akron problem, the court went on to conclude that the requirement was rationally related to Minnesota's legitimate interest in protecting "public sensibilities." Id. at 488 .

This case is very similar to the Eighth Circuit's decision. The Indiana Administrative Code provision here says that each abortion clinic "shall provide for the disposition of an aborted fetus by any of the following methods: (1) In the earth in an established cemetery pursuant to Ind. Code § 23-14-34 . (2) Cremation." 410 Ind. Admin. Code § 35-2-1(a). And similar to the Minnesota law, Indiana's law does not apply to women who choose to take the remains of their unborn children home rather than leave them at the clinic. See Planned Parenthood , 910 F.2d at 488 (holding that "given the privacy concerns implicit in activity in one's home," the State could regulate clinics and not individual women disposing remains at home); Ind. Code § 16-34-3-2 (a) ("A pregnant woman who has an abortion under this article has the right to determine the final disposition of the aborted fetus."). The Indiana and Minnesota laws are substantially similar in every material respect.

The court tries to distinguish Planned Parenthood of Minnesota , noting that the Eighth Circuit said the overriding purpose of the Minnesota law was "protection of the public's sensibilities by ensuring that fetal remains be disposed of in a specified manner." Planned Parenthood , 910 F.2d at 488 . Indiana's law, the court says, "goes well beyond the sanitary or unitary disposal of aborted fetuses, interests which are already being carried out under current Indiana law and health regulations prior to HEA 1337." Maj. Op. at 309. But, while the Eighth Circuit termed Minnesota's interest "protecting public sensibilities," in reality the same state interest is involved in both cases; the dignified and humane disposal of the remains of unborn children. Why else would both laws dictate two methods of disposal typical for humans, but not typical for medical waste? Whether you call it "public sensibilities," "morality," or "human dignity," the state interest is the same. That interest is sufficient to *319 justify the fetal remains provision. 11

B. Fourteenth Amendment Personhood

That leads me to the next point. The court says it cannot accept Indiana's purported interests in dignified and humane disposition of fetal remains because that would "require[ ] recognizing that the fetus is legally equivalent to a human." Maj. Op. at 309. According to the court, because unborn children are not recognized as persons under the Fourteenth Amendment, Indiana may not require they be treated as such. But this is a red herring. The Supreme Court's judgment that the Fourteenth Amendment does not protect the unborn certainly means that the States cannot interfere with the purported right to abortion. It also means that Indiana isn't required to treat fetal remains the same as other human remains, as it might be if the unborn had legal personhood. But it doesn't follow that the States can't-within the confines of Roe and Casey -recognize the dignity and humanity of the unborn. Indeed, a supermajority of the States already do just that by enforcing fetal homicide laws, the constitutionality of which has never been doubted. See Brief of Wisconsin, et al., as Amicus Curiae at 16; Coleman v. DeWitt , 282 F.3d 908 , 912-13 (6th Cir. 2002) (rejecting a manslaughter defendant's argument that Ohio's fetal homicide statute was unconstitutional as applied to unborn children before viability).

Fetal homicide laws are different, the court says, because they "seek to address a valid state interest in promoting respect for potential life." Maj. Op. at 308. That misses the point. The court argues that States cannot treat unborn children as persons, but fetal homicide statutes, as well as wrongful death statutes treating non-viable fetuses as human beings, do just that. Even the term "fetal homicide" presumes that the unborn child is a person, at least for the purposes of those statutes, as "homicide" is "[t]he killing of one person by another." Black's Law Dictionary 802 (9th ed. 2009). It makes no sense to say that States may value the dignity of an unborn child in some instances, but not if the pregnant woman wants to abort her. Simply put, the fact that the unborn are not persons under the Fourteenth Amendment does not prohibit States from recognizing their inherent dignity and humanity.

C. Fit between Means and Ends

Not content with devaluing the importance of Indiana's interests, the court proceeds to require far too tight a fit between those interests and the disposition requirements. The court says that Indiana isn't really treating aborted children as human beings because it still permits women to take fetal remains home from the abortion clinic and still allows for simultaneous cremation. So while the court's initial objection was that Indiana treats unborn children as too human, it then objects that the provision is irrational because it doesn't treat unborn children as human enough. That is not how rational basis review works.

The court's objections amount to claims that the fetal remains provision is underinclusive. But even where a law is "simultaneously overinclusive and underinclusive" it still may "easily" withstand rational basis review "because 'perfection is by no means required' and [a] 'provision does not *320 offend the Constitution simply because the classification is not made with mathematical nicety.' " Wis. Educ. Ass'n Council v. Walker , 705 F.3d 640 , 656 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Vance v. Bradley , 440 U.S. 93 , 108, 99 S.Ct. 939 , 59 L.Ed.2d 171 (1979) ). "[N]o legislation pursues its purposes at all costs." Rodriguez v. United States , 480 U.S. 522 , 525-26, 107 S.Ct. 1391 , 94 L.Ed.2d 533 (1987). The Indiana General Assembly might rationally have decided that "given the privacy concerns implicit in activity in one's home," it did not want to regulate the conduct of women in their own homes. Planned Parenthood , 910 F.2d at 488 . It could have also rationally concluded that it would be too costly to require individual cremation, or even that the law wouldn't have passed with such a requirement. These line-drawing questions are quintessentially legislative. Simply put, "the Constitution does not require [Indiana] to draw the perfect line nor even to draw a line superior to some other line it might have drawn. It requires only that the line actually drawn be a rational line." Armour v. City of Indianapolis , 566 U.S. 673 , 685, 132 S.Ct. 2073 , 182 L.Ed.2d 998 (2012). The General Assembly acted rationally, so we lack the power to disturb its judgment.

***

Like the Eighth Circuit, I would conclude that Indiana's fetal remains provision is rationally related to the State's interest in protecting public sensibilities. I would add that Indiana has a significant interest in recognizing the dignity and humanity of the unborn child. "The traditional police power of the States is defined as the authority to provide for the public health, safety, and morals." Tagami v. City of Chicago , 875 F.3d 375 , 379 (7th Cir. 2017) (quoting Barnes v. Glen Theatre , 501 U.S. 560 , 568-69, 111 S.Ct. 2456 , 115 L.Ed.2d 504 (1991) ). The People of Indiana have spoken. If we must permit abortion, they say, the victims of that procedure should at least be entitled to be treated better than medical waste. That judgment is not irrational.

I would reverse the judgment of the district court with respect to the fetal remains provision and remand with instructions to enter judgment for the State.

Indiana made a noble attempt to protect the most vulnerable members of an already vulnerable group. That it must fail is not due to lack of effort either by the legislators who drafted it or the Solicitor General who ably argued before us. The Supreme Court's abortion jurisprudence proved an in-surmountable obstacle despite their best efforts. More than anything, this case illustrates the extent to which abortion has become the most favored right in American law. Without a significant recalibration, the States sadly cannot protect even unborn children targeted because of their race, sex, or a diagnosis of Down syndrome. But this court is powerless to change that state of affairs. Only the Supreme Court or a constitutional amendment can do that.

Until that time comes, there may be a workable standard that would preserve the putative general right to pre-viability abortion while permitting the States to prohibit certain abortions provided the prohibitions are narrowly drawn to further a compelling state interest. Prohibiting the targeting of particular unborn children who were originally welcomed but later targeted based on their immutable characteristics would meet that standard. If States cannot at least do this, abortion will remain the most sacred constitutional right. Still, even with the high wall that Roe and Casey have erected, it may be possible to ensure that States can place some meaningful limits *321 on abortion. Scrapping Casey 's"purpose or effect" test in favor of traditional means-ends scrutiny would be a good place to start.

As it is, I am compelled to concur in the court's judgment invalidating the nondiscrimination provisions and the disclosure provision. With respect to the fetal remains provision, however, I am not so constrained. I would hold that it is a legitimate exercise of Indiana's police power. Therefore, I respectfully dissent from that portion of the court's opinion.

1 Wisconsin and other states, as amici curiae, maintain that Casey only addressed the state interests " actually urged before the Supreme Court, such as the State's general interest in unborn life and the health of the mother." They thus contend that "[i]t is wrong to understand the Supreme Court's language as holding that pre-viability abortion is such an absolute right that every conceivable state interest must always yield to that right." This argument is not persuasive because it ignores that Court's rationale for providing the right to an abortion prior to viability in the first place; the woman's right to privacy protected by the liberty interest guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. In short, the Court's decision to draw the line at viability was more about the woman's liberty interest than the State's competing interest.

1 The term "unborn child" is disfavored by some pro-choice advocates, but it is also used in Supreme Court opinions. See Gonzales v. Carhart , 550 U.S. 124 , 134, 127 S.Ct. 1610 , 167 L.Ed.2d 480 (2007) ("Abortion methods vary depending to some extent on the preferences of the physician and, of course, on the term of the pregnancy and the resulting stage of the unborn child's development."). I use it throughout this dissent to refer to the living fetus developing during the course of a pregnancy.

2 For further criticism of "super-precedent," see David French's commentary in National Review on Senator Feinstein's questioning of then-Judge Neil Gorsuch at his Supreme Court confirmation hearing. David French, No, Senator Feinstein, Roe v. Wade is Not a 'Superprecedent' , National Review, Mar. 21, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/03/dianne-feinstein-roe-v-wade-neil-gorsuch-superprecedent-lie/.

3 Justice Scalia's quote brings to mind another issue that looms over most abortion cases. Planned Parenthood and other supporters of abortion rights say that they are "pro-choice." Yet they often challenge legislation simply intended to inform a woman's choice. For example, the plaintiff in this case also obtained a preliminary injunction prohibiting Indiana from enforcing its requirement that a woman view an ultrasound at least 18 hours before an abortion is performed unless she elects in writing not to do so. Planned Parenthood of Ind. & Ky., Inc. v. Comm'r, Ind. State Dep't of Health , 273 F. Supp. 3d 2013 (S.D. Ind. 2017), appeal filed No. 17-1883 (7th Cir.). Planned Parenthood knows that the ultrasound is an "invaluable tool in revealing the personhood of unborn children." National Institute of Family and Life Advocates, A Comprehensive Medical Conversion Program , https://nifla.org/life-choice-project-tlc/ (last visited April 6, 2018). That's why it denigrates pro-life pregnancy centers that seek to show ultrasounds to women considering abortion. See Brief for Planned Parenthood Affiliates of California, et al., in Nat'l Inst. of Family & Life Advocates v. Becerra at 29-30, No. 16-1140 (Sup. Ct. 2018).

Indeed, Planned Parenthood and its allies have gone as far as to support California's effort to force pro-life pregnancy centers to advertise for abortion. See Nat'l Inst. of Family & Life Advocates v. Harris , 839 F.3d 823 (9th Cir. 2016), cert. granted sub nom. Nat'l Inst. of Family & Life Advocates v. Becerra , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 464 , 199 L.Ed.2d 328 (2017). One need not wonder what Planned Parenthood's reaction would be if a State were to require its clinics to advertise for free ultrasounds and counselors at pro-life pregnancy centers. If Planned Parenthood were really pro-choice (and not just pro-abortion), it would encourage a client who had initially been happy to be pregnant to seek counseling elsewhere when she discovered that her unborn child had Down syndrome or another disability. Such counseling with an informed advocate for the living fetus would benefit both the woman and her unborn child.

4 Other states have followed Indiana's lead, so this particular issue is not going away. An Ohio district court recently granted a preliminary injunction prohibiting enforcement of a similar Ohio law. Preterm-Cleveland v. Himes , No. 1:18-cv-109, 294 F. Supp. 3d 746 , 2018 WL 1315019 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 14, 2018). And the Utah House of Representatives recently passed a similar bill by a 54-17 vote this past February. Ben Lockhart, Committee Likely to Prevent Senate Hearing on Bill Barring Down Syndrome Abortions, Sponsor Says , Deseret News, Mar. 7, 2018, https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900012362/committee-likely-to-prevent-senate-hearing-on-bill-barring-down-syndrome-abortions-sponsor-says.html.

5 Opposing sex-selective abortions, for instance, used to be uncontroversial. As recently as 2007, the Ethics Committee of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists "oppose[d] meeting requests for sex selection for personal and family reasons, including family balancing, because of the concern that such requests may ultimately support sexist practices." American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Ethics, Sex Selection , No. 360, p. 3 (Feb. 2007), available at https://www.nzord.org.nz/news/news-and-press-releases?a=4239. The Committee "share[d] the concern expressed by the United Nations and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics that sex selection can be motivated by and reinforce the devaluation of women." Id. at 2. Research backs up this position, particularly noting the disastrous effects of widespread sex-selective abortion in Asia. See Hesketh, Lu, & Xing, The Consequences of Son Preference and Sex-Selective Abortion in China and other Asian Countries , 183 Canadian Med. Ass'n. J. 1374 (2011). Yet Planned Parenthood, which claims to be a women's rights organization, has still challenged a State ban on sex-selective abortion.

6 Indiana's law and this litigation have provoked a public debate about abortion of unborn children with Down syndrome. Nationally syndicated columnists Marc Thiessen and George Will have weighed in strongly opposing the practice. Marc A. Thiessen, When Will We Stop Killing Humans with Down Syndrome , Wash. Post, Mar. 8, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/when-will-we-stop-killing-humans-with-down-syndrome/2018/03/08/244c9eba-2306-11e8-badd-7c9f29a55815_story.html?utm_term=.57852865480a; George F. Will, The Real Down Syndrome Problem: Accepting Genocide , Wash. Post, Mar. 14, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/whats-the-real-down-syndrome-problem-the-genocide/2018/03/14/3c4f8ab8-26ee-11e8-b79d-f3d931db7f68_story.html?utm_term=.2ed16d15c40b. Ruth Marcus of the Washington Post has defended it. Ruth Marcus, I Would've Aborted a Fetus with Down Syndrome. Women Need That Right , Wash. Post, Mar. 9, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/i-wouldve-aborted-a-fetus-with-down-syndrome-women-need-that-right/2018/03/09/3aaac364-23d6-11e8-94da-ebf9d112159c_story.html?utm_term=.8bcb5841a660.

7 To be clear, Indiana's compelling interest in prohibiting abortions sought because of the unborn child's disability stems primarily from the intrinsic value and dignity of all humans, before and after birth, regardless of their utilitarian worth. But the statistics show that, contrary to the belief of some, a diagnosis of Down syndrome is not a sentence to a life of misery. Instead, those with Down syndrome lead fulfilling lives and bring joy to everyone around them.

8 For comparison, the similar Ohio statute struck down in Preterm-Cleveland (referenced in footnote 4) is not as narrowly tailored as Indiana's law. The Ohio law prohibits the performance an abortion if the doctor "has knowledge that the pregnant woman is seeking the abortion, in whole or in part , because of" a fetal diagnosis of Down syndrome. Ohio Rev. Code § 2919.10(B) (emphasis added). Because the Ohio statute prohibits abortions performed due in part to a diagnosis of Down syndrome, it prohibits more abortions than the law challenged here.

9 As the court explains, the disclosure provision falls with the nondiscrimination provisions. If the nondiscrimination provisions are invalid, it follows that Indiana cannot require physicians to tell women that Indiana law prohibits abortions performed because of the race, sex, or disability of the unborn child. Therefore, I also join the court's judgment invalidating this provision.

10 House Enrolled Act 1337 easily passed both Houses of the General Assembly. After amendments, the Senate voted 37-13 in favor and the House concurred in the Senate amendments by a vote of 60-40. Indiana General Assembly, 2016 Session, Actions for House Bill 1337, https://iga.in.gov/legislative/2016/bills/house/1337#document-51b52d50 (last visited April 9, 2018).

11 Indeed, an argument can be made that circulation under Circuit Rule 40(e) is appropriate here because the panel's decision creates a circuit split. See United States v. Sinclair , 770 F.3d 1148 , 1158 n.2 (7th Cir. 2014). The panel avoids this problem by distinguishing Planned Parenthood of Minnesota from this case.