[Cite as Pippo v. Fitzgerald, 2018-Ohio-3303.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OTTAWA COUNTY
Julia Pippo, et al. Court of Appeals No. OT-17-026
Appellants Trial Court No. 15-CV-229C
v.
Kevin Fitzgerald, et al. DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellees Decided: August 17, 2018
*****
Todd O. Rosenberg and Joseph G. Paulozzi, for appellants.
Raymond H. Pittman, III, Robert J. Huebner, Timothy C. James and Matthew T. Davis, for appellee Kevin Fitzgerald.
OSOWIK, J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from a judgment of the Ottawa County Court of Common
Pleas which entered a judgment on a jury verdict in favor of appellees. For the reasons
set forth below, this court affirms the judgment of the trial court. {¶ 2} On July 23, 2015, as amended on November 19, 2015, appellants Julia
Pippo, Ruth Pippo, and Alan Reneau filed a complaint against appellees, Kevin
Fitzgerald, Thomas Fitzgerald, Intact Insurance Co., and SB Island Club Golf Carts,
LLC, setting forth claims of negligence and recklessness among other causes of action.
Appellants alleged they suffered damages on August 12, 2014, when appellant Julia
Pippo, who was visiting the Island of Put-in-Bay, was ejected from the golf car (a/k/a
“golf cart”) driven by appellee Kevin Fitzgerald. Appellee Thomas Fitzgerald is Kevin
Fitzgerald’s father who allegedly signed the golf car rental agreement with appellee, SB
Island Club Golf Carts, LLC. Appellee Intact Insurance Co. allegedly insured the Pippo
family vehicles. Appellant Julia Pippo alleged she suffered a brain injury and other
physical and emotional damages from being violently thrown from the golf car driven by
Kevin Fitzgerald in a negligent and/or reckless manner. Appellants Ruth Pippo and Alan
Reneau, Julia Pippo’s mother and step-father, respectively, alleged a loss of consortium
for their daughter.
{¶ 3} The appellees generally denied the allegations. Discovery by the parties
ensued, and the trial court ruled on various motions that limited the issues and parties for
trial. A nine-day jury trial began on August 14, 2017, against the sole defendant, Kevin
Fitzgerald, on the claims of negligence and/or recklessness by the sole plaintiff, Julia
Pippo. On August 24, 2017, the jury returned a verdict in favor of appellee Kevin
Fitzgerald. The jury verdict was journalized on September 6, 2017. Appellants then filed
this appeal on October 4, 2017, setting forth two assignments of error:
2. I. The trial court failed to give the required jury instruction that
Plaintiff-Appellant, Julia Pippo, could have met her burden of proof as to
negligence by ruling out the defense theory.
II. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment regarding the
parental consortium claims.
{¶ 4} In support of their first assignment of error appellants argue the trial court
gave an “incomplete” instruction to the jury of “a standard instruction that probability in
establishing negligence must be determined by a preponderance/greater than 50 percent
of the evidence.” To avoid the material prejudice resulting from the missing instruction,
appellants argue the trial court was:
required [to give] an explanatory jury instruction that Plaintiff-
Appellant can establish probable negligence by ruling out the defense
theory as one of two theories of negligence in the case * * * Plaintiff-
Appellant was ejected off the side of the golf cart by a negligent left turn
[by Defendant-Appellee] that was too sharp and too fast, [or] * * *
Defendant-Appellant was not negligent if Plaintiff-Appellant slipped out
the open hold in the rear of the golf cart because she was seated improperly.
Appellants argue the “jury instructions given did not account for the unique aspects of
this case in which there were two competing theories explaining how Plaintiff-Appellant
was ejected from the golf cart.” For legal support for their position that “Plaintiff-
Appellant did not need to prove her claim if she could disprove the Defendant-Appellee’s
3. claim” (emphasis in original), appellants cite to 28 decisions from various Ohio state and
federal courts.
{¶ 5} In response, appellees argue the trial court did not err by refusing “to give
the instruction that plaintiff may establish proximate causation to a degree of probability
by ruling out other possible causes of Julia Pippo’s injuries” for four reasons. First,
appellees argue the jury instructions “on burden of proof, negligence, and proximate
causation” are undisputed by appellants and “all of which were standard instructions,
properly stated the law.” Appellees cite to standard Ohio Jury Civil Trial Instruction
Nos. 303.03, 303.05, 303.11, 311.01, 401.01, 405.01 and 405.03. Second, appellees
argue “the requested instruction was redundant at best and legally incorrect at worst”
because “the law stated therein deals with the underlying admissibility of an expert’s
opinion.” Third, appellees argue “the instruction requested by Ms. Pippo was not
supported by the case law cited by Appellants.” Fourth, appellees argue “any error with
respect to the instruction would have been harmless” because “[t]he jury in this case did
not find Mr. Fitzgerald negligent in the first place and therefore never considered
proximate causation.”
{¶ 6} We review how a trial court fashions instructions to a jury for an abuse of
discretion. State v. White, 142 Ohio St.3d 277, 2015-Ohio-492, 29 N.E.3d 939, ¶ 46,
citing State v. Comen, 50 Ohio St.3d 206, 206, 553 N.E.2d 640 (1990), paragraph two of
the syllabus. Abuse of discretion “‘connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it
implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.’” Blakemore
4. v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983), quoting State v. Adams,
62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980).
{¶ 7} However, we review de novo the question of whether a jury instruction is
legally correct and complete in addition to being factually warranted by the evidence
presented in the case. Cromer v. Children’s Hosp. Med. Ctr. of Akron, 142 Ohio St.3d
257, 2015-Ohio-229, 29 N.E.3d 921, ¶ 22. Our review must encompass “the instructions
as a whole to determine whether or not the jury was likely misled in a matter materially
affecting the substantial rights of the party who claims error.” (Citations omitted.)
Wolford v. Chekhriy, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-14-1103, 2015-Ohio-3085, ¶ 43. “The
general rule is that an erroneous instruction does not necessarily mislead a jury.” Cromer
at ¶ 36, citing Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co. v. Astorhurst Land Co., 18 Ohio St.3d 268, 274-
275, 480 N.E.2d 794 (1985). The error will not be reversed unless material prejudice to
the substantial rights of the adverse party is “affirmatively shown on the face of the
record.” Id. at ¶ 35, citing Wagner v. Roche Laboratories, 85 Ohio St.3d 457, 461-462,
709 N.E.2d 162 (1999).
{¶ 8} Civ.R. 51(A) states “[o]n appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving
or the failure to give any instruction unless the party objects before the jury retires to
consider its verdict, stating specifically the matter objected to and the grounds of the
objection.” The record reflects appellants complied with this rule with respect to the jury
instruction that is the subject of this appeal. On July 26, 2017, appellants filed their
proposed jury instructions, including No. 17:
5. Plaintiff is not required to eliminate every possibility. However, an
expert can establish probability by ruling out certain other possibilities
provided that the expert’s conclusion is based upon probability. Stinson v.
England, 69 Ohio St.3d 451 (1994); Minnich v. Ashland Oil Co., 15 Ohio
St.3d 396 (1984); Westinghouse Electric Corp. v. Dolly Madison Leasing
Furniture Co., 42 Ohio St.2d 122 (1975); Gedra v. Dalmer Co., 153 Ohio
St. 258 (1950).
Appellees opposed that instruction on July 31, 2017, arguing:
[ I]t inaccurately describes the role of expert opinion testimony. The
Jury alone has the duty to decide what weight to give expert testimony.
OJI-CV § 209.11 [sic]. Plaintiff’s proposed instruction, on the other hand,
implies that an expert’s opinion on probability conclusively establishes it.
This would be an improper attempt at usurping the jury’s fact-finding role,
and its role in deciding what weight to give expert testimony. This
instruction should not be presented, but if the Court wishes to retain some
version of instruction on eliminating possibilities, the instruction must be
changed to read “an expert can express an opinion as to probability by
ruling out certain other possibilities.” The Court must ensure the Jury is
properly instructed on the role of expert testimony, and that nothing
undermines the Jury’s own role in evaluating that testimony.
6. {¶ 9} Appellants responded on August 2, 2017, that instruction No. 17 is
specifically authorized by the Ohio Supreme Court in Stinson and is to support the
testimony of plaintiff’s expert who “will testify as to various possible turns and speeds
that can be ruled out by the evidence.” Appellants further argued instruction No. 17
“specifically provides that ruling out other possibilities must be incorporated into a
probability opinion. There is no indication that the expert’s conclusion on probability is
binding on the jury. (Defendant says ‘implies’ only).”
{¶ 10} Then on the last day of the trial on August 24, 2017, and prior to the trial
court issuing its instructions to the jury, the trial court asked the parties, “Are there
objections that need to be placed on the record at this point?” Appellants responded,
“Yes, Your Honor. On instructions from Plaintiff’s Jury Instructions that were [sic] not
given, we object to * * * Plaintiff’s Jury Instruction Number 17, probability and ruling
out other possibilities not being given.” At the conclusion of the objections, the trial
court then stated, “I’m going to note the objections, and note the exceptions to the
objections.”
{¶ 11} The trial court’s jury instructions are not filed in the record, but are
reflected in the trial transcript for August 24, 2017, the last day of trial.
{¶ 12} The instructions stated the issues for the jury were negligence (“Was the
Defendant negligent in any respect?”), proximate cause (“If so, was Defendant’s
negligence a proximate cause of any injuries sustained by the Plaintiff?”), recklessness
(“Was the Defendant reckless in any respect? If so, was Defendant’s recklessness a
7. proximate cause of any injuries sustained by the Plaintiff?”), and comparative negligence
(“Was the * * * Plaintiff negligent in any respect? If so, did her negligence contribute to
proximately cause her own injuries, if any?”). Each of those issues was defined by the
trial court, including the legal terminology of ordinary care, foreseeability, probability,
reasonable certainty, reasonable probability, reasonable control, and reasonable speed.
{¶ 13} The trial court also explained to the jury the legal terminology for burden
of proof, preponderance of evidence, preponderance, evidence, direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, inferences, opening/closing statements, statements ordered
stricken, admissible evidence, weight of evidence, tests of truthfulness of witness
testimony, forms of witness testimony, credibility of witnesses, opinion testimony, expert
testimony, assumed facts by experts, under the influence of alcohol, remote cause,
implied assumption of risk, duty to mitigate damages, damages, economic loss,
noneconomic loss, reasonable value, permanent injury, compensatory damages, future
damages, speculation, and aggravation. The trial court also gave special instructions on
two matters not raised by this appeal.
{¶ 14} The trial court concluded its instructions by reviewing the jury
interrogatories required to be completed before the jury could consider either of the
separate plaintiff and the defendant verdict forms. The trial court explained the
interrogatories “are questions that are designed to assist you follow through your
deliberative process.” Finally, the trial court stated, “The Court has instructed you on all
the law necessary for your deliberations. Whether certain instructions are applicable may
8. depend upon the conclusions that you reached or the facts, on the facts by greater weight
of the evidence.” Previously, the trial court stated, “It is your sworn duty to accept these
instructions and to apply the law as is given to you by the Court. You are not permitted
to change the law nor to apply your own idea of what you think the law should be.” We
presume the jury followed the trial court’s instructions. State v. Jones, 135 Ohio St.3d
10, 2012-Ohio-5677, 984 N.E.2d 948, ¶ 194, citing State v. Murphy, 65 Ohio St.3d 554,
584, 605 N.E.2d 884 (1992).
{¶ 15} “To establish actionable negligence, [plaintiff] must show in addition to the
existence of a duty, a breach of that duty and injury resulting proximately therefrom.”
Mussivand v. David, 45 Ohio St.3d 314, 318, 544 N.E.2d 265 (1989), citing Di Gildo v.
Caponi, 18 Ohio St.2d 125, 247 N.E.2d 732 (1969). If appellants fail to meet their
burden to prove negligence by appellee Kevin Fitzgerald, he is not liable for the
“substantially greater” conduct which is necessary to make his conduct reckless.
Anderson v. City of Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, 983 N.E.2d 266,
paragraph four of the syllabus. If appellants fail to meet their burden to prove negligence
by appellee Kevin Fitzgerald, the defense of contributory negligence is irrelevant. Bush
v. Harvey Transfer Co., 146 Ohio St. 657, 67 N.E.2d 851 (1946), paragraph four of the
syllabus. Consequently, also irrelevant is any need to evaluate Ms. Pippo’s comparative
negligence, if any, on the issue of compensatory damages. See R.C. 2315.33.
{¶ 16} The record contains the signed jury interrogatories, journalized on
October 1, 2017, evidencing the unanimous answer of “No” to Interrogatory No. 1, “Was
9. Defendant Kevin Fitzgerald negligent?” As a result of that “No” answer, the jury then
signed the “Verdict Form in Favor of Defendant Kevin Fitzgerald,” journalized in the
record on August 25, 2017, and the trial concluded with that verdict. The trial’s
conclusion was consistent with the trial court jury instruction, “If you find for the
Defendant on the issues of recklessness and/or negligence, then you will not need to
address the issue of damages [to the Plaintiff].”
{¶ 17} Appellants argue the jury was misled into thinking appellants had to prove
“negligence by greater than 50 percent of the evidence” without instruction No. 17
because appellants “reasonably ruled out the defense theory at trial.” Appellants urge us
to adopt their interpretation from the Ohio Supreme Court’s Stinson decision to find the
trial court’s jury instruction on proximate cause was incomplete because there was an
alternative law to instruct the jury, specifically “an expert can establish probability by
ruling out certain other possibilities provided that the expert’s conclusion is based upon
probability.” We disagree with appellants’ interpretation of Stinson and its progeny. In
that decision the Ohio Supreme Court instructs us:
The admissibility of expert testimony that an event is the proximate
cause is contingent upon the expression of an opinion by the expert with
respect to the causative event in terms of probability. An event is probable
if there is a greater than fifty percent likelihood that it produced the
occurrence at issue. Inasmuch as the expression of probability is a
condition precedent to the admissibility of expert opinion regarding
10. causation, it relates to the competence of the evidence and not its weight.
Consequently, expert opinion regarding a causative event, including
alternative causes, must be expressed in terms of probability irrespective of
whether the proponent of the evidence bears the burden of persuasion with
respect to the issue.
(Citations omitted.) Stinson v. England, 69 Ohio St.3d 451, 454, 633 N.E.2d 532 (1994),
paragraph one of the syllabus. Thus, the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision on “probability”
was for the competence of expert testimony evidence with respect to its admissibility.
The Ohio Supreme Court left undisturbed the jury’s role to weigh the evidence when
evaluating a party’s burden of proof of the existence of facts by a preponderance of the
evidence. Appellants retained the burden to prove appellee Kevin Fitzgerald’s
negligence was “probable” with “a greater than fifty percent likelihood that it produced
the occurrence at issue,” i.e. Ms. Pippo’s injuries.
{¶ 18} As the Ohio Supreme Court further explained in Stinson:
In order to present a jury question and avoid a directed verdict,
appellants were required to satisfy the burden of production by establishing
a prima facie case [of negligence]. This burden is satisfied by adducing
competent evidence supporting the existence of a duty, breach of the duty,
causation based on probability and damages. Once a prima facie case has
been demonstrated, the adverse party may attempt to negate its effect in
various ways. He may cross-examine the expert of the other party. He may
11. adduce testimony from another expert which contradicts the testimony of
the expert for his adversary. Further, he may adduce expert testimony
which sets forth an alternative explanation for the circumstances at issue. If
this last approach is pursued, the evidence directed to the alternate
explanation is governed by the same standard of admissibility applicable to
the evidence adduced by his adversary.
Id. at 455-456. The trial record shows at the close of plaintiff’s case, defendant moved for
a directed verdict. Defendant argued plaintiff’s expert’s opinion that defendant’s
negligent driving “probably” caused plaintiff’s injuries was without any valid basis to
support his underlying assumptions, including lack of corroboration from the
eyewitnesses. Plaintiff opposed. The trial court denied defendant’s motion stating, “Well,
sounds like wonderful arguments to the jury. * * * We are talking about credibility of
witnesses here and this is why we have a jury, so I am going to overrule your motion at
this point.”
{¶ 19} Appellants’ first assignment of error confuses the trial court’s function to
rule on evidence admissibility with the jury’s function to weigh the evidence. In their
briefs appellants correctly identify dozens of court decisions repeatedly supporting the
law in Ohio according to Stinson and its progeny that when a party offers its explanation
for plaintiff’s injuries and introduces the testimony by an expert as to the proximate cause
element for the tort of negligence, that opinion must be expressed as a probability (i.e.,
12. that the expert’s explanation has a greater than fifty percent likelihood that it produced
the occurrence at issue) in order to be admissible evidence. See id.
{¶ 20} Contrary to appellants’ assertions, we do not find these cases compel the
jury to give any particular weight to appellants’ expert opinion for appellants’ theory of
proximate causation or to any rebuttal testimony discounting appellee’s theory of
proximate causation such that as a matter of law “[p]laintiff-appellant reasonably ruled
out the defense theory at trial.” This court has previously stated that Stinson, a medical
malpractice case, did not involve any alteration of the burden of proof but, instead,
adopted a rule on admissibility of expert opinion testimony. D’Amore v. Cardwell, 6th
Dist. Lucas No. L-06-1342, 2008-Ohio-1559, ¶ 86. In this case the evidence supporting
the disputed theories of proximate cause were presented to the jury, and the record does
not indicate any defect in how the jury discharged its duty to reach a verdict.
{¶ 21} Appellants also correctly identify decisions in Stinson and Westinghouse
and their progeny supporting the law in Ohio that when a party introduces the testimony
by an expert to rebut the other party’s expert to controvert a fact propounded by the other
party, the rebuttal expert’s opinion need not be expressed as a probability because the
rebuttal expert is not seeking to establish the probability for the rebuttal theory. See
Stinson, 69 Ohio St.3d at 456-457, 633 N.E.2d 532; see also Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v.
Dolly Madison Leasing & Furniture Corp., 42 Ohio St.2d 122, 129, 326 N.E.2d 651
(1975) (“Suggestion of other causes is limited only by the limits of human imagination,
and are not a basis for taking a case from the jury.”). However, if the rebuttal expert at
13. some point proposes his or her explanation for plaintiff’s injuries with an opinion as to
the proximate cause element of negligence, that rebuttal opinion must still be expressed
as a probability in order to be admissible evidence. See Stinson at 456. Once again, we
do not find these cases compelled the jury to conclude as a matter of law appellants
“reasonably ruled out the defense theory.”
{¶ 22} In this case it is not surprising each party’s experts contradicted the other’s
theory of what proximately caused Ms. Pippo’s injuries because the matter went to trial.
Each party’s expert declared his theory of the proximate cause of Ms. Pippo’s injuries to
be probable. The trial court admitted each expert’s testimony, and the jury heard
everything. The matter was left to the jury to decide who to believe and assign weight to
the evidence. The trial court instructed, “It is your province and your duty to decide what
testimony to believe and what testimony not to believe.” The trial court further instructed
the jury, “[Y]ou are the judges of the facts, the believability of the witnesses, and the
weight to be assigned to the evidence.” The trial court also instructed the jury, “[a]s with
other witnesses, the jury alone has the duty of deciding what weight to give to the
testimony of the experts.”
{¶ 23} Appellants argue the jury heard three theories for Mr. Fitzgerald’s
negligence to explain the proximate cause of appellant Julia Pippo’s ejection from the
golf car: (1) appellants’ expert’s theory appellee Kevin Fitzgerald turned the golf car
“too sharply and too fast,” (2) appellees’ expert’s theory appellant Julia Pippo “was
seated improperly [slumped or slouching] and went straight out the back of the golf cart
14. through the hole,” and (3) appellant Julia Pippo was “standing/kneeling at the time of
ejection,” a theory for which the record does not show a proponent by either party.
{¶ 24} The record shows appellants’ expert Henry Lipian gave his opinion “based
upon a reasonable degree of accident reconstructionist probability or certainty” to support
the first theory of probable causation. Mr. Lipian testified he used an iterative process to
exclude “possibility based on the available evidence and data and beginning to narrow it
down within a range.” By ruling out possibilities he then determined probability within a
range of reasonableness. Mr. Lipian testified as to his numerous criticisms of the facts
supporting appellees’ theory of causation. “Based on the totality of everything that I
reviewed in my analysis, the far greatest likelihood of the avenue of ejection was over the
railing.” The trial court admitted Mr. Lipian’s testimony.
{¶ 25} Appellees’ rebuttal expert David Bizzak gave his opinion “based on a
reasonable degree of mechanical engineering certainty” to support the second theory of
probable causation. Mr. Bizzak testified he took the eyewitness testimonies that Ms.
Pippo “went out the back” of the golf car and determined the “only plausible means by
which that could occur is if she was slumped, or slouching in the seat, toward the rear of
the car, and she slips as the vehicle is moving and she goes out the back between the hip
leg restraint and the hand hold.” Mr. Bizzak explained golf cars are licensed motor
vehicles, but golf carts are “what you pull behind you that has three wheels on it.” He
ruled out other theories, including appellants’ theory, by “interpreting the testimony in
terms of what is physically possible with regard to the performance of that golf car and
15. what would have happened * * * It is the totality of the testimony.” Mr. Bizzak also
testified regarding his numerous criticisms of the facts supporting appellants’ theory of
causation. The trial court admitted Mr. Bizzak’s testimony.
{¶ 26} Appellants also cite to a doctrine of alternative liability adopted by the
Ohio Supreme Court, but we find it does not apply in this case.
It should be emphasized that under this alternative liability theory,
plaintiff must still prove: (1) that two or more defendants committed
tortious acts, and (2) that plaintiff was injured as a proximate result of the
wrongdoing of one of the defendants. Only then will the burden shift to the
defendants to prove that they were not the cause of plaintiff’s injuries. This
doctrine does not apply in cases where there is no proof that the conduct of
more than one defendant has been tortious.
Minnich v. Ashland Oil Co., 15 Ohio St.3d 396, 397, 473 N.E.2d 1199 (1984). At trial
the plaintiffs only presented evidence to the jury for one defendant, Kevin Fitzgerald,
allegedly committing the tortious acts. Therefore, appellants did not meet the first
element under the alternative liability theory doctrine.
{¶ 27} Our review of the entire jury instructions and record in this case confirms
the trial court’s instructions to the jury were legally correct, complete and not materially
misleading. We find these jury instructions were factually warranted by the evidence
presented in the case with respect to appellant Julia Pippo’s claims of negligence and/or
recklessness by appellee Kevin Fitzgerald. The trial court did not abuse its discretion for
16. the form of instructions given to the jury. The jury had the sole duty to accept and weigh,
or reject, the expert testimony presented to them. Appellants rely on speculation of the
overwhelming impression the jury should have viewed or understood the facts advanced
by appellants to meet their evidentiary burdens at trial. We find the record contains
substantial evidence to support the jury’s verdict. We will not disturb the jury’s
determinations of the facts as applied to the correct instructions of the law that led them
to reach their verdict. See Cromer, 142 Ohio St.3d 257, 2015-Ohio-229, 29 N.E.3d 921,
¶ 45.
{¶ 28} Appellant’s first assignment of error is not well-taken.
{¶ 29} In light of our decision on the first assignment of error, appellants’ second
assignment of error is moot. App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
{¶ 30} On consideration whereof, the judgment of the Ottawa County Court of
Common Pleas is affirmed. Appellants are ordered to pay costs of this appeal pursuant to
App.R. 24.
Judgment affirmed.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
17. Pippo v. Fitzgerald C.A. No. OT-17-026
Mark L. Pietrykowski, J. _______________________________ JUDGE Arlene Singer, J. _______________________________ Thomas J. Osowik, J. JUDGE CONCUR. _______________________________ JUDGE
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.
18.