PD-0444-15
PD-0444-15 COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 5/26/2015 10:06:06 AM Accepted 5/26/2015 11:04:53 AM ABEL ACOSTA
IN THE CLERK COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
DEZMONE PINKSTON, § APPELLANT § §
V. § NO. PD-0444-15 §
THE STATE OF TEXAS, § APPELLEE §
STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW OF THE DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS IN CAUSE NUMBER 02-14-00041-CR, REVERSING THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT IN CAUSE NUMBER 1329761D IN CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. THREE OF TARRANT COUNTY, TEXAS; THE HONORABLE ROBB CATALANO, PRESIDING.
STATE’S PETITION FOR REVIEW
SHAREN WILSON Criminal District Attorney Tarrant County, Texas
DEBRA WINDSOR, Assistant Criminal District Attorney, Chief, Post-Conviction
May 26, 2015 JAMES GIBSON, Assistant Criminal District Attorney State Bar No. 00787533 Tim Curry Criminal Justice Center 401 W. Belknap Fort Worth, Texas 76196-0201 (817) 884-1687 FAX (817) 884-1672 CCAAppellateAlerts@TarrantCounty.com
IDENTITY OF THE PARTIES AND COUNSEL
The trial judge was Hon. Robb Catalano, presiding judge of Criminal District
Court No. Three of Tarrant County, Texas.
The State of Texas, represented by Sharen Wilson, Tarrant County Criminal
District Attorney, is a party to this litigation. At trial, the State was represented by
James Luster, (former) Assistant Criminal District Attorney. On appeal, the State is
represented by James Gibson, Assistant Criminal District Attorney, and Debra
Windsor, Assistant Criminal District Attorney. The address of these attorneys is
Office of the Criminal District Attorney of Tarrant County, 401 W. Belknap, Fort
Worth, Texas 76196-0201.
Appellant, Defendant below, is Dezmone Pinkston. Appellant was represented at
trial and on appeal by Hon. Maggie McBride, 2000 Carson St., Fort Worth, Texas
76117.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF THE PARTIES AND COUNSEL ...................................................i
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................... iii
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ............................................... 1
STATEMENT OF THE CASE .................................................................................. 1
PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND COURT OF APPEALS’ OPINION ................... 2
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW ....................................................................................2
STATEMENT OF FACTS ........................................................................................3
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................14
PRAYER ..................................................................................................................14
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .......................................................................15
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................15
COURT OF APPEALS’ OPINION ......................................................... APPENDIX
ii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Page(s)
Cases Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) .........................................................8, 11
Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) .............................................5, 6, 10, 11
Gurrola v. State, 877 S.W.2d 300 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) ....................................................passim
Pinkston v. State, No. 02-14-00041-CR, 2015 WL 1262919 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth March 19, 2015, pet. filed) (mem. op., not for publication)(attached as appendix) ................................passim Schwartz v. State, 635 S.W.2d 545 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982) ......................................7, 8 State v. Madrigal, 827 P.2d 1105 (Wash. Ct. App. 1992)..............................................................13n
State v. Olson, 729 N.W.2d 132 (N.D. 2007) ...........................................................................13n Tanner v. State, 228 S.W.3d 852 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.) ..........................................11 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) ..............................................................................................5, 8
Torres v. State, No. 05-98-00615-CR, 1999 WL 415380 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 23, 1999, no pet.) (unpublished) .................................. 9
United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266 (2002) ..............................................................................................6
iii
United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873 (1975) ..............................................................................................5
United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411 (1981) ..............................................................................................5
United States v. McHugh, 639 F.3d 1250 (10th Cir. 2011) ..........................................................................12
United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1 (1989) ..............................................................................................5, 8
Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) .........................................................8, 8n
iv
IN THE
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
DEZMONE PINKSTON, § APPELLANT § §
V. § NO. PD-0444-15 §
THE STATE OF TEXAS, § APPELLEE §
STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW OF THE DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS IN CAUSE NUMBER 02-14-00041-CR, REVERSING THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT IN CAUSE NUMBER 1329761D IN CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. THREE OF TARRANT COUNTY, TEXAS; THE HONORABLE ROBB CATALANO, PRESIDING.
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Because the bulk of this petition questions the continued viability of an
earlier opinion from this Court, oral argument would be helpful in presenting the
State’s views and answering the Court’s concerns about whether that opinion has
been definitively overruled.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant was indicted for possession of less than a gram of cocaine. CR 5.
He pled guilty to the offense, reserving for appeal the issue of whether the officer
who detained him had adequate reasonable suspicion to do so. CR 25, 29. He was
sentenced to sixty days in jail.
2
PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND COURT OF APPEALS’ OPINION
Appellant complained on appeal that the officer who detained him and found
cocaine did so without sufficient reasonable suspicion. App. brief at 8-9.
A panel of the Fort Worth Court of Appeals agreed with Appellant. Pinkston
v. State, No. 02-14-00041-CR, 2015 WL 1262919 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth March
19, 2015, pet. filed) (mem. op., not for publication) (attached as appendix). The
panel held that, essentially, the facts of Appellant’s case were indistinguishable
from an earlier case from this Court which found no reasonable suspicion to detain
that defendant. Id. at *3.
QUESTION FOR REVIEW
Did the court of appeals rely on overruled and outdated caselaw when it found that
the police officer in Appellant’s case detained him without adequate reasonable
suspicion? RR 9-12.
3
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Police attempted to detain Appellant, who did not cooperate. He was
arrested for evading that detention. RR 11. As a result of a search incident to arrest,
police found cocaine on him. RR 12. Appellant pled guilty to the charge of
possessing a controlled substance, reserving for appeal the trial court’s decision
that Appellant’s initial detention was legal. CR 25, 29.
Officer Barrett Galbraith was working the midnight shift on the east side of
Fort Worth on January 7, 2013. RR 5-6. Specifically, he and a couple of other
officers did a foot patrol at the Regency Oaks apartment complex. RR 6.
According to Officer Galbraith, those apartments have a high level of violent and
narcotic crimes. Id. In his experience, Officer Galbraith has worked shootings and
instances of family violence, including at those apartments. RR 7.
On that night, as the officers walked around the apartment complex, many
residents who were standing outside went into their homes when they saw the
policemen. RR 8. As he was preparing to leave and answer other calls, Officer
Galbraith heard an argument in another courtyard, on the other side of a building.
RR 9. He described it in his report as “yelling and screaming.” Id. The voices were
obviously that of a male and female. Id. Officer Galbraith decided to investigate.
4
Id. He thought that the sounds he heard were consistent with what could have been
a domestic assault. RR 10.
As Officer Galbraith rounded the corner, he saw the couple arguing. Id. As
soon as they saw him, they stopped arguing and began to walk away from him. Id.
From Officer Galbraith’s point of view, it seemed that something had happened
and they were trying to get away so they would not have to talk with him. Id. The
officer walked after them and told them to come back and talk to him. RR 11. The
woman stopped, but the man did not. Id. Officer Galbraith and the other officers
chased after the man and caught him. Id. They arrested him for evading detention.
Id. In a search incident to arrest, the officers discovered what appeared to be
cocaine. RR 12. The arrested man was Appellant. Id.
5
DISCUSSION
The Fort Worth Court’s reliance on Gurrola v. State was a mistake – Gurrola is no longer good law.
Appellant claimed that Officer Galbraith did not have sufficient reasonable
suspicion to detain him. App. brief at 8-9. The Fort Worth Court agreed and
reversed the trial court’s judgment. Pinkston, 2015 WL 1262919 at *4.
When a law enforcement officer has reasonable suspicion to believe that a
person is engaged in criminal activity, he may temporarily detain that person to
investigate the possible criminal activity. United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422
U.S. 873, 881-82 (1975). Suspicion to detain is reasonable where the officer has
specific, articulable facts that, combined with rational inferences from those facts,
would lead him reasonably to conclude that the person detained is, has been, or
soon will be engaged in criminal activity. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7
(1989); Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). This
standard is an objective one – it disregards the officer’s subjective intentions and
looks to whether there was an objectively justifiable basis for the detention. Terry
v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22 (1968).
The standard articulated above looks to the totality of the circumstances.
United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18 (1981). Individual circumstances
may indeed seem innocent in isolation; however the combination of those
6
circumstances may amount to such a suggestion of criminal conduct that a
temporary detention and investigation is justified. Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at
914. See United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274 (2002) (“The court’s
evaluation and rejection of seven of the listed factors in isolation from each other
does not take into account the ‘totality of the circumstances,’ as our cases have
understood that phrase.”).
The Fort Worth Court mainly relied on this Court’s opinion in Gurrola v.
State, 877 S.W.2d 300 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Pinkston, 2015 WL 1262919 at *3.
In Gurrola, an unknown man reported to a sheriff’s deputy that some type of
disturbance was occurring at an apartment complex. Gurrola, 877 S.W.2d at 301.
It was late afternoon. Id. The officer described the apartment complex as an
“unsafe” location. Id. Upon arriving, the officer saw three men and a woman
arguing. Id. He approached to find out what was going on, but on seeing him they
all began to leave. Id. He ordered them to come back. Id. A pat-down search
revealed a handgun and drugs on Gurrola. Id.
This Court held that Gurrola’s detention was without adequate reasonable
suspicion. First, the opinion downplayed the seriousness of the argument which led
to the investigation. It was “no more than a heated discussion,” characterized by
the deputy in his report as a “disturbance.” Gurrola, 877 S.W.2d at 302. It certainly
7
was not an “altercation.” Id. This Court also placed importance on the fact that four
people arguing in a parking lot in the late afternoon was not out of the ordinary. Id.
In fact, according to this Court, “a residential parking lot in the late afternoon does
not give rise to the same suspicions as does an empty department store parking lot
at 1:30 a.m.” Id. at 303. Second, this Court emphasized that mere flight from a law
enforcement officer is insufficient to justify an investigative detention – an
individual has a right to refuse questions by officers who have no reasonable
suspicion. Id.
Most important, however, is a consistent thread running through the opinion:
that Gurrola was not suspected of having committed any particular crime and that
what he was doing was consistent with “entirely innocent activity.” Id. at 304, 305.
Certainly, the opinion took pains to label Gurrola’s argument with his companions
as merely innocent. See id. at 304 (“Standing in a residential parking lot in the late
afternoon having an aggressive conversation is an entirely innocent activity.”). In
addition, this Court relied on its opinion in Schwartz v. State, 635 S.W.2d 545
(Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982). In that case, a policeman detained juveniles
in a truck by a gas station after closing, thinking they might have alcoholic
beverages. Id. at 546. As the officer admitted that it would not be “unusual” for
someone at that time of night to be using the car washing stalls, the Court held that
8
the actions of the truck’s driver was “as consistent with innocent activity as with
criminal activity,” and the seized contraband would have to be suppressed. Id. at
646, 647.
This “as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity” test was
formally repudiated by this Court in Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33, 38 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997). That opinion emphasized the development in the rules regarding
temporary detentions since Terry, supra, and that the Supreme Court had
recognized that a detention need not be based on a suspect’s unlawful conduct, or
conduct that was inconsistent with innocence. Id. (citing United States v. Sokolow,
490 U.S. 1, 10 (1989)).1
The State pointed out to the Fort Worth Court that relying on Gurrola would
necessitate relying on the repudiated construct that formed at least part of the basis
of that opinion. State’s brief at 10. The Fort Worth Court would have none of that:
“[I]t is not this court’s prerogative to refuse to follow the court of criminal
appeals’s decisions.” Pinkston, 2015 WL 1262919 at *3. In addition, the Fort
Worth Court based its conception of the continued viability of Gurrola on the fact
that it had been “recently cited” by this Court. Id. (citing Crain v. State, 315
S.W.3d 43, 49 n.16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). 1 It should be pointed out that this Court in Woods specifically overruled Schwartz as to the “as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity” language that was relied on in Gurrola. Woods, 956 S.W.2d at 36 n.3.
9
Of course, the State did not ask the Fort Worth Court to overrule this Court.
It merely pointed out to the panel a basic fact: that the foundation of Gurrola was
the “as consistent with” construct, and that this construct had been subsequently
overruled. Another court of appeals came to that same conclusion about Gurrola –
and didn’t seem to think it was “overruling” this Court. In Torres v. State, No. 05-
98-00615-CR, 1999 WL 415380 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 23, 1999, no pet.)
(unpublished), a police officer was contacted by an employee of a business who
reported an instance of domestic violence. Id. at *2. The officer found the two
people involved, searched the defendant, and found a weapon. Id. The Dallas Court
of Appeals held that the search of the defendant was justified on the basis of
reasonable suspicion that the defendant had or was about to commit a crime. Id.
The court distinguished Gurrola on its facts, noting that someone had reported
what was an actual possible crime (as opposed to the officer witnessing a mere
argument). Id. at 3. However, the Dallas court also noted that Gurrola employed
the outdated “as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity”
construct that this Court had rejected. Id.
The Dallas court understood something that the Fort Worth court refused to
consider – the law sometimes changes and the holdings from older cases (even
ones from this Court) must be considered with these changes in mind.
10
Derichsweiler, supra, is a good example of that. It is hard to imagine that Gurrola
(or, for that matter, the opinion in Appellant’s case) could have survived an
analysis tied to this Court’s opinion in Derichsweiler. Specifically, in that case, this
Court held that it is not necessary that a temporary detention be based on a
“particular and distinctively identifiable penal offense.” Derichsweiler, 348
S.W.3d at 916. Further:
Particularly with respect to information suggesting that a crime is about to occur, the requirement that there be “some indication that the unusual activity is related to crime” does not necessarily mean that the information must lead inexorably to the conclusion that a particular and identifiable penal code offense is imminent. It is enough to satisfy the lesser standard of reasonable suspicion that the information is sufficiently detailed and reliable—i.e., it supports more than an inarticulate hunch or intuition—to suggest that something of an apparently criminal nature is brewing.
Id. at 917 (citations omitted, italics in original). Gurrola, on the other hand,
explicitly underlines the importance of the lack of a particular penal offense. See
Gurrola, 877 S.W.2d at 305 (“Appellant was not suspected of any particular
crime.”). Although the Fort Worth Court does not come right out and say it, one
gets the feeling that the panel would have been more receptive to a report of an
actual crime taking place. See Pinkston, 2015 WL 1262919 at *3 (“But unlike in
Gurrola, the officers in this case had not received an uncorroborated complaint of
a disturbance.”). But Derichsweiler confirmed that such a view is not required: the
11
requirement that unusual activity be related to crime does not necessarily mean that
the information point to a definite offense. Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 917.2
As an aside, the State finds fault with the Fort Worth Court’s assumption
that Gurrola must be good law because this Court cited it in 2010. See Pinkston,
2015 WL 1262919 at *3 (“Moreover, the court of criminal appeals has recently
cited Gurrola in its analysis of what constitutes reasonable suspicion to detain an
individual.”). The opinion in Crain certainly cites Gurrola. But Crain’s reliance on
Gurrola was limited to the fact that a reviewing court should employ a “totality of
the circumstances” analysis when trying to decide which category of police-citizen
interaction a given situation falls in. Crain, 315 S.W.3d at 49. That’s it. The Fort
Worth Court was wrong to read into this citation an intent on the part of this Court
to resurrect the “as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity”
construct.
Finally, it bears mention that the State should have prevailed in this case,
even under the straitjacketed and outdated analysis in Gurrola that was followed
by the Fort Worth Court. In the first place, Appellant’s detention took place at
night, not in the afternoon sun. See Tanner v. State, 228 S.W.3d 852, 858 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2007, no pet.) (fact that detention was middle of the night and in
suspicious place are factors to be considered together in reasonable suspicion 2 The Fort Worth Court did not mention Derichsweiler.
12
analysis); see also United States v. McHugh, 639 F.3d 1250, 1257 (10th Cir. 2011)
(lateness of hour, though not dispositive by itself, is factor to be used in assessing
reasonableness of detention). The fact that, in Appellant’s case, the officers heard
what appeared to be yelling and screaming late at night, in an area known for drug
use and domestic violence, should likewise be a factor in a reasonable suspicion
analysis.
Second, what Officer Galbraith heard far outshone what this Court was
faced with in Gurrola. In Gurolla, the detained persons were, according to this
Court, “engaged in no more than a heated discussion.” Gurolla, 877 S.W.2d at 302.
The officer described it as a “disturbance,” and the Court disagreed with the court
of appeals’ conclusion that it was an “altercation.” Id. This Court, in fact, made
clear that what the officer in Gurolla saw was “an entirely innocent activity,” and
that the defendant could not have been suspected of any crime. Id. at 304, 305. In
any event, three men and a woman having a “heated discussion” is much different
from what Appellant was doing. Officer Galbraith was aware that the Regency
Oaks apartment had a reputation for hosting domestic violence situations. RR 7.
And what he heard was not a mere disturbance – despite the presence of a building
between himself and the fighting couple, he could clearly hear a man and woman
“yelling and screaming.” RR 9. Officer Galbraith believed that it was possible an
13
assault was taking place. Id. Thus, unlike the situation in Gurolla, Officer
Galbraith reasonably suspected that an actual crime was happening and he was
justified in investigating.3
But these distinctions merely highlight the bigger problem: that under an “as
consistent with innocent activity as with criminal activity” construct, a police
officer is not allowed to investigate what he believes is a possible domestic
violence situation, a situation based on perceived facts (screaming, etc.) which he
can articulate, in an apartment complex that the officer knows from past experience
has been the scene of domestic violence. Fortunately, that test is no longer the law,
and the Fort Worth Court was wrong to rely on a superficially similar case that
employed that construct.
3 See also State v. Olson, 729 N.W.2d 132, 135-36 (N.D. 2007) (officer reasonably detained defendant, who was running behind screaming woman; he could reasonably suspect a domestic assault situation); State v. Madrigal, 827 P.2d 1105, 1106-07 (Wash. Ct. App. 1992) (officer’s detention of defendant was justified by the “loud altercation” he heard between defendant and his wife).
14
CONCLUSION
The Fort Worth Court erroneously relied on implicitly overruled caselaw
from this Court in finding that there was inadequate reasonable suspicion to detain
Appellant. Under current law, Officer Galbraith was justified in detaining
Appellant to investigate what reasonably sounded like a near-violent domestic
dispute.
PRAYER
The State prays that its petition be granted and that the Court of Appeals’
judgment reversing the judgment of the trial court be reversed.
Respectfully submitted,
SHAREN WILSON Criminal District Attorney Tarrant County, Texas
DEBRA WINDSOR, Assistant Criminal District Attorney, Chief, Post-Conviction
/s/ James Gibson_____________ JAMES GIBSON, Assistant Criminal District Attorney State Bar No. 00787533 Tim Curry Criminal Justice Center 401 W. Belknap Fort Worth, Texas 76196-0201 (817) 884-1687 FAX (817) 884-1672 CCAappellatealterts@tarrantcounty.com
15
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
The word count for the portions of the document covered by TEX. R. APP. P.
9.4(i)(1) is 2,589.
/s/ James Gibson_____________ JAMES GIBSON
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
Copies of the State’s petition have been e-served to opposing counsel, the
Hon. Maggie McBride, maggiemcbride@charter.net, 2000 Carson St., Fort Worth,
Texas 76117, and to Hon. Lisa McMinn, State's Attorney,
information@spa.texas.gov, P.O. Box 13046, Capitol Station, Austin, Texas 78711
on May 26, 2015.
/s/ James Gibson_____________ JAMES GIBSON
H:\GIBSON.G17\BRIEFS\Pinkston St Pdr (revised after efile return).docx
Pinkston v. State, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2015)
the trial court's judgment and remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
2015 WL 1262919
Only the Westlaw citation is currently available.
SEE TX R RAP RULE 47.2 FOR II. BACKGROUND DESIGNATION AND SIGNING OF OPINIONS.
After the State charged Pinkston with possession of cocaine, MEMORANDUM OPINION he filed a motion to suppress. At the suppression hearing, DO NOT PUBLISH TEX.R.APP. P. 47.2(B) the State stipulated that the officers in this case did not have Court of Appeals of Texas, a warrant to arrest or detain Pinkston prior to searching his Fort Worth. person and discovering cocaine.
Dezmone Pinkston, Appellant Fort Worth Police Officer Barrett Galbraith testified that on v.
June 7, 2013, he and fellow officers conducted a walk-through The State of Texas, State of the Regency Oaks Apartments, an area that, according to Galbraith, is “very problematic” and known as an area NO. 02–14–00041–CR |
where “violent crimes [and] narcotics crimes” occur with DELIVERED: March 19, 2015 frequency. Galbraith also said that the area is known as a place FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 3 OF where domestic and violent family crimes occur. Galbraith TARRANT COUNTY, TRIAL COURT NO. 1329761D. did not state at what time he and fellow officers conducted JERRY W. WOODCOCH, JUDGE their walk-through, but he did testify that his shift that night was from 8:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m. and that his encounter Attorneys and Law Firms with Pinkston occurred while it was “dark”; and the parties'
agreed-to proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law Maggie McBride Fort Worth, Texas, Attorney for Appellant reflect that Galbraith's encounter with Pinkston occurred “at approximately midnight.” There is, however, no evidence Sharen Wilson, Criminal District Attorney; Debra Windsor, that the trial court adopted these proposed findings and Chief of Post–Conviction; James Gibson, James Luster, conclusions.
Assistant Criminal District Attorneys; Tarrant County Criminal District Attorney's Office Fort Worth, Texas, By Galbraith's account, he and fellow officers had been at the Attorney for State apartment complex for more than twenty minutes and most of PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MEIER and GABRIEL, JJ. the people around had begun to “go inside because they saw [the police] walking around” when he heard “arguing ... to the north” of his location. Galbraith testified that although he could not see who was arguing, the arguing was loud enough MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
that he could hear it despite the location of the argument 1 occurring a building over from where he was. Galbraith said See Tex.R.App. P. 47.4.
that in his report from that night he described the argument as “yelling and screaming.” According to Galbraith, the tenor of BILL MEIER, JUSTICE the argument led him to believe that he needed to investigate “an assault [or] something of that nature.” He also described I. INTRODUCTION the argument as being consistent with “a domestic assault.”
Galbraith averred that as he approached the area where the *1 In two issues, appellant Dezmone Pinkston appeals his argument was occurring, he witnessed Pinkston and a female conviction for possession of cocaine in an amount of less arguing but that once the couple saw him, “they stopped than one gram. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § arguing and began to walk away.” 481.115(b) (West 2010). Because we hold that the trial court erred by denying Pinkston's motion to suppress, we reverse Galbraith said that the couple's conduct of ceasing their argument and walking away led him to believe that “they
© 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1
Pinkston v. State, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2015)
were trying to get away from [him] so that they didn't deference to the trial court's rulings on (1) questions of have to talk to [him].” Galbraith stated to the couple that historical fact, even if the trial court's determination of those they should come back and talk to him, but as the couple facts was not based on an evaluation of credibility and continued their retreat, Galbraith declared, “Stop, police.” demeanor, and (2) application-of-law-to-fact questions that At that moment, the female stopped, but Pinkston continued turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Amador, walking away. From there, Galbraith and his fellow officers 221 S.W.3d at 673; Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108– chased down Pinkston and arrested him for “[e]vading arrest 09 (Tex.Crim.App.2006); Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, or detention.” After patting down Pinkston, Galbraith found 652–53 (Tex.Crim.App.2002). But when application-of-law- “an off white rock-like substance” on Pinkston's person that to-fact questions do not turn on the credibility and demeanor Galbraith believed to be crack cocaine. of the witnesses, we review the trial court's rulings on those questions de novo. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Estrada v.
*2 The trial court denied Pinkston's suppression motion, and State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex.Crim.App.2005); Johnson, he later entered into a plea bargain with the State whereby he 68 S.W.3d at 652–53. pleaded guilty to possession of less than one gram of cocaine. The State recommended sixty days' jail time. The trial court Stated another way, when reviewing the trial court's ruling entered judgment accordingly, and this appeal followed. on a motion to suppress, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling. Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 24; State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex.Crim.App.2006).
III. DISCUSSION
In two issues, citing both state and federal principles of B. No Reasonable Suspicion to Detain Pinkston search and seizure, Pinkston argues that the trial court The Fourth Amendment, and its corresponding state abused its discretion by denying his motion to suppress principles codified in the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, because Galbraith lacked reasonable suspicion to detain protects against evidence being used at trial when it was him at the moment Galbraith announced, “Stop, police.”
obtained through unreasonable searches and seizures by In support of his position, Pinkston cites the court of government officials. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tex.Code criminal appeals's decision in Gurrola v. State 877 S.W.2d Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23 (West 2005); Wiede, 214 S.W.3d 300, 303 (Tex.Crim.App.1994). The State argues that this at 24. To suppress evidence because of an alleged Fourth case is distinguishable from Gurrola. Furthermore, the State Amendment violation, the defendant bears the initial burden argues that Gurrola “seems to be simply outdated” as a of producing evidence that rebuts the presumption of proper touchstone for determining reasonable suspicion. We agree police conduct. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 672; see Young v.
with Pinkston.
State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 872 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1093 (2009). A defendant satisfies this burden A. Standard of Review by establishing that a search or seizure occurred without a We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress warrant. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 672. Once the defendant evidence under a bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. has made this showing, the burden of proof shifts to the State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.Crim.App.2007); Guzman v. State, which is then required to establish that the search State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App.1997). In reviewing or seizure was conducted pursuant to a warrant or was the trial court's decision, we do not engage in our own reasonable. Id. at 672–73; Torres v. State, 182 S.W.3d 899, factual review. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 902 (Tex.Crim.App.2005); Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, (Tex.Crim.App.1990); Best v. State, 118 S.W.3d 857, 861 492 (Tex.Crim.App.2005). (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). The trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of *3 A detention, as opposed to an arrest, may be justified on the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. less than probable cause if a person is reasonably suspected of Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex.Crim.App.2007); criminal activity based on specific, articulable facts. Terry v. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex.Crim.App.2000), Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1880 (1968); Carmouche modified on other grounds by State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). An 696 (Tex.Crim.App.2006). Therefore, we give almost total officer conducts a lawful temporary detention when he has reasonable suspicion to believe that an individual is
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violating the law. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 52 participants of the argument dispersed upon seeing the police. (Tex.Crim.App.2010); Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. Reasonable But unlike in Gurrola, the officers in this case had not suspicion exists when, based on the totality of the received an uncorroborated complaint of a disturbance. The circumstances, the officer has specific, articulable facts that only distinction that this court can detect that differs in this when combined with rational inferences from those facts, case from Gurrola is that in Gurrola the argument occurred would lead him to reasonably conclude that a particular during the day, and in this case, the argument occurred while person is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal it was “dark.” But time of night alone is not sufficient to rise activity. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. This is an objective to the level of reasonable suspicion. See Crain, 315 S.W.3d standard that disregards any subjective intent of the detaining at 53 (“Neither time of day nor level of criminal activity in an officer and looks solely to whether an objective basis for the area are suspicious in and of themselves.”). detention exists. Id.
Furthermore, we are unpersuaded by the State's argument Here, the circumstances that Galbraith testified about that that Gurrola is no longer good law. First, it is not this gave him reasonable suspicion to detain Pinkston were that court's prerogative to refuse to follow the court of criminal Pinkston's argument with his female companion was of such appeals's decisions. See Wiley v. State, 112 S.W.3d 173, 175 volume and nature that he believed that “a possible offense” (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref'd) (“It is axiomatic that in the nature of an “assault” was transpiring. Galbraith also a Court of Appeals has no power to ‘overrule or circumvent testified that this argument occurred in an area known for [the] decisions, or disobey [the] mandates,’ of the Court of domestic violence and that this all transpired while it was Criminal Appeals.”). Moreover, the court of criminal appeals “dark” outside. And, according to Galbraith's testimony, has recently cited Gurrola in its analysis of what constitutes because Pinkston and the female stopped arguing and began reasonable suspicion to detain an individual. Crain, 315 to walk away upon seeing the police, the totality of this S.W.3d at 49, n.16. Cram is also instructive to this case. conduct provided him with reasonable suspicion that a crime In Crain, the Court held that an officer lacked reasonable had been committed. suspicion to detain Crain even though Crain was walking at night in a residential area known for night-time burglaries and We agree with Pinkston that the Court's decision in Gurrola Crain had exhibited the “suspicious” conduct of “grabb[ing] is instructive in this case. 877 S.W.2d at 304. In Gurrola, at his waist” upon seeing a police officer. Id. at 53. Like during the afternoon, an unknown man reported to a patrol in Crain, in this case, the circumstances of an argument at officer that there was a disturbance at a nearby apartment night in an area known for crime coupled with Pinkston's complex. Id. at 301. The officer knew the apartment complex constitutional right to walk away from police also do not to be “an unsafe location that had incurred several complaints rise to the level of reasonable suspicion. See Zone v. State, of disturbances from area residents.” Id. The officer drove 84 S.W.3d 733, 738–39 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] over to the parking lot of the complex and saw three men 2002), aff'd, 118 S.W.3d 776 (Tex.Crim.App.2003) (“An and a woman engaged in what appeared to be an argument. individual has the right to refuse to answer a police officer's Id. The officer approached the individuals to find out “what questions and walk away unless the officer has reasonable was going on,” but as he did so, they all began to leave. Id. suspicion to detain that person.”). We hold that Galbraith After the individuals began to disperse, the officer ordered lacked reasonable suspicion to detain Pinkston. Thus, we hold them to stop and the officer then conducted a pat-down that the trial court erred by denying Pinkston's motion to search and discovered cocaine on Gurrola's person. Id. The suppress the evidence found on his person after Galbraith Court held that the officer lacked reasonable suspicion to detained him, and we sustain both of Pinkston's issues on detain Gurrola even though the officer had received an appeal. uncorroborated complaint of a disturbance; the argument the officer witnessed occurred in a “high-crime” area; and the individuals involved in the argument dispersed upon seeing C. Was the Denial of Pinkston's Motion to Suppress the officer. Id. at 303, 305. Harmful?
*4 Galbraith's unlawful stop of Pinkston violated his Here, Galbraith lacked even more articulable facts than the Fourth Amendment rights, and thus the cocaine discovered officer in Gurrola. In this case, like in Gurrola, the argument from that detention should have been suppressed. Because Galbraith witnessed occurred in a high-crime area and the the trial court committed constitutional error by denying Pinkston's motion to suppress, we must reverse his conviction
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799 (Tex.Crim.App.1989)). Indeed, the cocaine found on unless we determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the Pinkston during Galbraith's illegal detention is the only error did not contribute to his conviction. See Tex.R.App.
evidence that Pinkston possessed cocaine.
P. 44.2(a). We hold that the trial court's denial of Pinkston's motion to suppress was harmful error because it “undoubtedly contributed in some measure to the State's leverage in the plea bargaining process and may well IV. CONCLUSION have contributed to [Pinkston's] decision to relinquish [his] constitutional rights of trial and confrontation in exchange for Having sustained both of Pinkston's issues on appeal, we a favorable punishment recommendation.” See Castleberry reverse the trial court's judgment and remand this cause for v. State, 100 S.W.3d 400, 404 (Tex.App.—San Antonio further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 2002, no pet.) (citing McKenna v. State, 780 S.W.2d 797,
End of Document © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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