F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit PUBLISH JAN 21 1998 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS PATRICK FISHER Clerk TENTH CIRCUIT
MELTON PIETROWSKI,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 97-6012
TOWN OF DIBBLE, shown on petition as The Town Council of Dibble, OK; RONNIE JACKSON,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
MCCLAIN COUNTY; DWAYNE ANDERSON,
Defendants.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA (D.C. No. 94-CV-417)
Submitted on the briefs:
Melton Pietrowski, pro se.
David W. Lee, Ambre C. Gooch, of Comingdeer & Lee, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Defendants-Appellees. Before PORFILIO and LUCERO, Circuit Judges, and MARTEN, * District Judge.
PORFILIO, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
defendants Ronnie Jackson and the Town of Dibble. Because plaintiff’s
malicious prosecution claim abated upon the death of defendant Jackson and
plaintiff failed to show that Jackson acted pursuant to an official policy of the
Town of Dibble, we affirm. **
On January 19, 1991, plaintiff was arrested by defendant Jackson, the Chief
of Police of Dibble, Oklahoma, for speeding and driving under the influence
(DUI). After a preliminary hearing, plaintiff was bound over for trial on a felony
DUI charge. He remained in jail until March 29, 1991, when he was released on
bail. In September 1992, plaintiff was tried and acquitted of the DUI charge.
On March 24, 1994, plaintiff filed this civil rights action pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that defendant Jackson lacked probable cause to arrest
* The Honorable J. Thomas Marten, District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Kansas, sitting by designation. ** After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
-2- him for a DUI, and that the officer actually arrested him to separate him from an
intoxicated minor who was a passenger in his vehicle. Plaintiff sought damages
from several defendants for his arrest without probable cause, for events that
occurred during the arrest and booking process, and for his alleged malicious
prosecution.
The district court dismissed all of plaintiff’s claims as barred by the statute
of limitations, except his malicious prosecution claim. Plaintiff has not appealed
these dismissals. The court then granted summary judgment on the malicious
prosecution claim, holding that the preliminary hearing finding of probable cause
collaterally estopped plaintiff from raising his claim, or, alternatively, that the
probable cause determination broke the chain of causation between Jackson’s
conduct and plaintiff’s prosecution. This appeal followed.
We review summary judgment rulings de novo, applying the same standard
as the district court. See Kidd v. Taos Ski Valley, Inc., 88 F.3d 848, 851
(10th Cir. 1996). Summary judgment is proper when “the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits,
if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
When a moving party makes a properly supported summary judgment motion, the
nonmoving party has the burden of showing a genuine issue for trial, “by any of
-3- the kinds of evidentiary materials listed in Rule 56(c), except the mere pleadings
themselves.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986).
Plaintiff first argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment on his malicious prosecution claim, brought against defendant Jackson
in his personal capacity, because the probable cause determination neither
estopped plaintiff from raising the claim in this action nor broke the chain
of causation. We need not determine the preclusive effect of the state court’s
probable cause determination because, in any event, plaintiff’s malicious
prosecution cause of action abated upon defendant Jackson’s death. See United
States v. Sandoval, 29 F.3d 537, 542 n.6 (10th Cir. 1994) (“We are free to affirm
a district court decision on any grounds for which there is a record sufficient to
permit conclusions of law, even grounds not relied upon by the district court.”)
(quotations omitted).
The federal civil rights statutes do not address whether a cause of action
abates upon the death of a party. In Robertson v. Wegmann, 436 U.S. 584,
588-90 (1978), the Supreme Court held that the survival of a § 1983 action is
determined by looking to state law, so long as it is not inconsistent with federal
law or the Constitution. The Court in Robertson concluded that a state statute,
abating a malicious prosecution claim upon the death of a plaintiff not survived
-4- by certain family members, was not inconsistent with the civil rights statutes or
the United States Constitution. See id. at 590-94.
Oklahoma law specifically provides that a malicious prosecution cause
of action abates upon the death of a defendant. See Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 1052
(“No action pending in any court shall abate by the death of either or both the
parties thereto, except an action for libel, slander or malicious prosecution, which
shall abate by the death of the defendant.”). Applying Robertson, it does not
appear that § 1052 is inconsistent with the civil rights statutes or the Constitution.
The statute is not “generally inhospitable to survival of § 1983 actions,” 436 U.S.
at 594, as it preserves all actions except libel, slander, and malicious prosecution,
see id. at 591. It also does not adversely affect § 1983’s policy of preventing
official illegality, as it is unreasonable to assume that a defendant’s conduct will
be influenced by the possibility he or she may die before litigation is resolved.
See id. at 592.
Although § 1052 does adversely affect § 1983’s goal of compensating
injured parties, the effect is limited in scope, abating only those libel, slander, or
malicious prosecution actions in which a defendant dies before a verdict is
rendered. Further, in light of the nineteenth century common law rule
extinguishing all personal injury claims upon either party’s death, see id. at 589,
the statute actually serves to further § 1983’s compensation goal by providing for
-5- the survival of such actions in most cases. The Supreme Court has given
deference to state survivorship statutes reversing the common law rule. See id.
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit PUBLISH JAN 21 1998 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS PATRICK FISHER Clerk TENTH CIRCUIT
MELTON PIETROWSKI,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 97-6012
TOWN OF DIBBLE, shown on petition as The Town Council of Dibble, OK; RONNIE JACKSON,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
MCCLAIN COUNTY; DWAYNE ANDERSON,
Defendants.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA (D.C. No. 94-CV-417)
Submitted on the briefs:
Melton Pietrowski, pro se.
David W. Lee, Ambre C. Gooch, of Comingdeer & Lee, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Defendants-Appellees. Before PORFILIO and LUCERO, Circuit Judges, and MARTEN, * District Judge.
PORFILIO, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
defendants Ronnie Jackson and the Town of Dibble. Because plaintiff’s
malicious prosecution claim abated upon the death of defendant Jackson and
plaintiff failed to show that Jackson acted pursuant to an official policy of the
Town of Dibble, we affirm. **
On January 19, 1991, plaintiff was arrested by defendant Jackson, the Chief
of Police of Dibble, Oklahoma, for speeding and driving under the influence
(DUI). After a preliminary hearing, plaintiff was bound over for trial on a felony
DUI charge. He remained in jail until March 29, 1991, when he was released on
bail. In September 1992, plaintiff was tried and acquitted of the DUI charge.
On March 24, 1994, plaintiff filed this civil rights action pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that defendant Jackson lacked probable cause to arrest
* The Honorable J. Thomas Marten, District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Kansas, sitting by designation. ** After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
-2- him for a DUI, and that the officer actually arrested him to separate him from an
intoxicated minor who was a passenger in his vehicle. Plaintiff sought damages
from several defendants for his arrest without probable cause, for events that
occurred during the arrest and booking process, and for his alleged malicious
prosecution.
The district court dismissed all of plaintiff’s claims as barred by the statute
of limitations, except his malicious prosecution claim. Plaintiff has not appealed
these dismissals. The court then granted summary judgment on the malicious
prosecution claim, holding that the preliminary hearing finding of probable cause
collaterally estopped plaintiff from raising his claim, or, alternatively, that the
probable cause determination broke the chain of causation between Jackson’s
conduct and plaintiff’s prosecution. This appeal followed.
We review summary judgment rulings de novo, applying the same standard
as the district court. See Kidd v. Taos Ski Valley, Inc., 88 F.3d 848, 851
(10th Cir. 1996). Summary judgment is proper when “the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits,
if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
When a moving party makes a properly supported summary judgment motion, the
nonmoving party has the burden of showing a genuine issue for trial, “by any of
-3- the kinds of evidentiary materials listed in Rule 56(c), except the mere pleadings
themselves.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986).
Plaintiff first argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment on his malicious prosecution claim, brought against defendant Jackson
in his personal capacity, because the probable cause determination neither
estopped plaintiff from raising the claim in this action nor broke the chain
of causation. We need not determine the preclusive effect of the state court’s
probable cause determination because, in any event, plaintiff’s malicious
prosecution cause of action abated upon defendant Jackson’s death. See United
States v. Sandoval, 29 F.3d 537, 542 n.6 (10th Cir. 1994) (“We are free to affirm
a district court decision on any grounds for which there is a record sufficient to
permit conclusions of law, even grounds not relied upon by the district court.”)
(quotations omitted).
The federal civil rights statutes do not address whether a cause of action
abates upon the death of a party. In Robertson v. Wegmann, 436 U.S. 584,
588-90 (1978), the Supreme Court held that the survival of a § 1983 action is
determined by looking to state law, so long as it is not inconsistent with federal
law or the Constitution. The Court in Robertson concluded that a state statute,
abating a malicious prosecution claim upon the death of a plaintiff not survived
-4- by certain family members, was not inconsistent with the civil rights statutes or
the United States Constitution. See id. at 590-94.
Oklahoma law specifically provides that a malicious prosecution cause
of action abates upon the death of a defendant. See Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 1052
(“No action pending in any court shall abate by the death of either or both the
parties thereto, except an action for libel, slander or malicious prosecution, which
shall abate by the death of the defendant.”). Applying Robertson, it does not
appear that § 1052 is inconsistent with the civil rights statutes or the Constitution.
The statute is not “generally inhospitable to survival of § 1983 actions,” 436 U.S.
at 594, as it preserves all actions except libel, slander, and malicious prosecution,
see id. at 591. It also does not adversely affect § 1983’s policy of preventing
official illegality, as it is unreasonable to assume that a defendant’s conduct will
be influenced by the possibility he or she may die before litigation is resolved.
See id. at 592.
Although § 1052 does adversely affect § 1983’s goal of compensating
injured parties, the effect is limited in scope, abating only those libel, slander, or
malicious prosecution actions in which a defendant dies before a verdict is
rendered. Further, in light of the nineteenth century common law rule
extinguishing all personal injury claims upon either party’s death, see id. at 589,
the statute actually serves to further § 1983’s compensation goal by providing for
-5- the survival of such actions in most cases. The Supreme Court has given
deference to state survivorship statutes reversing the common law rule. See id.
at 589-90 (holding state survivorship statutes “provide[] the principal reference
point in determining survival of civil rights actions”); Moor v. County of
Alameda, 411 U.S. 693, 703 n.14 (1973) (noting propriety of adopting state
survivorship statute reversing common law rule).
Upon comparing the policies behind § 1052--that claims for malicious
prosecution, libel, and slander are so personal as not to survive the defendant’s
death--and § 1983’s general policy of compensating victims, they do not appear to
be inconsistent. Cf. Board of Regents v. Tomanio, 446 U.S. 478, 487-91 (1980)
(holding that state statute of limitations not inconsistent with civil rights statute
even though it barred action, as state’s policy determination regarding staleness of
claim not inconsistent with federal remedy). We conclude that Oklahoma’s
abatement statute does not so undermine the overall goal of compensating victims
as to be inconsistent with § 1983. As the Court stated in Robertson:
A state statute cannot be considered “inconsistent” with federal law merely because the statute causes the plaintiff to lose the litigation. If success of the § 1983 action were the only benchmark, there would be no reason at all to look to state law, for the appropriate rule would then always be the one favoring the plaintiff . . . . But § 1988 quite clearly instructs us to refer to state statutes; it does not say that state law is to be accepted or rejected based solely on which side is advantaged thereby.
Id. at 593.
-6- Plaintiff also argues that summary judgment should not have been granted
in favor of the Town of Dibble because he sued Jackson in his official capacity
as well, seeking to hold the Town of Dibble liable for its lack of care in hiring
and training Jackson. Plaintiff’s complaint does not clearly present this claim,
however--the allegation of inadequate hiring and training is made only within his
untimely intentional infliction of emotional distress claim.
An action against a person in his official capacity is, in reality, an action
against the government entity for whom the person works. See Kentucky v.
Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66 (1985). Even construing the complaint broadly to
include an official capacity claim, plaintiff has not presented any evidence of
inadequate hiring or training procedures to withstand the Town of Dibble’s
summary judgment motion. A government entity may not be held liable under a
respondeat superior or vicarious liability theory, but must be shown to have
contributed to the constitutional violation through execution of its policy or
custom. See Board of County Comm’rs v. Brown, 117 S. Ct. 1382, 1388 (1997).
Although liability may be premised on an entity’s inadequate hiring or training of
an employee, the plaintiff must show that the entity’s decision “reflect[ed]
deliberate indifference to the risk that a violation of a particular constitutional or
statutory right [would] follow.” Id. at 1392-94 (examining § 1983 liability for
-7- inadequate hiring practices); City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388-92
(1989) (examining § 1983 liability for inadequate training).
In response to defendants’ motion for summary judgment, plaintiff failed
to present any evidence showing that the Town of Dibble, in hiring and training
defendant Jackson, was deliberately indifferent to an obvious risk that Jackson
would maliciously prosecute plaintiff. Further, plaintiff’s Rule 56(f) motion did
not identify any evidence which would establish such deliberate indifference.
See R. III and attached exhibits. Therefore, summary judgment was appropriate
in favor of the Town of Dibble.
Plaintiff has filed a motion requesting this court to hold his custodian in
contempt for failing to make payments on plaintiff’s filing fee obligation out
of plaintiff’s account. While we deny this motion, we note that plaintiff has
authorized his custodian to make payments, and we hereby direct the custodian
to forward the authorized payments as ordered until plaintiff’s filing fee
obligation is satisfied.
The judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of
Oklahoma is AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
-8-