B. M. Estes, Sp. J.
This case was heard at the last term by the Court as now constituted, the writer of this opinion sitting, without commission, at the request and by consent of parties, in the place of Judge Eolkes, who was incompetent, when a decree was pronounced in favor of the defendants upon the leading questions involved.
Upon a petition of great force and power a rehearing was ordered, and at the present term the case has been re-argued . by counsel, who, with much research and learning, have afforded the Court the aid that the importance of the questions involved demanded.
The litigation grew out of a lease of lands [644]*644situated in Mississippi County, Ark., for the term of five years from the 1st day of January, 1878, made by the complainant • to the Defendants Ferguson and Iiampson. At the date of the lease there was a suit pending in the Supreme Court of Arkansas, on appeal from the Circuit Court of Mississippi County, in which the land thus leased was sought to be subjected to the payment of large incumbrances thereon. The lessees were fully aware of the pciidency of this suit. They took the lease, went into possession, and were thus in possession when a decree for the sale of the land, to satisfy the incumbrances, was rendered by the Supreme Court of Arkansas, and when it was sold under the decree, on the 28th of February, 1879. At this sale the Defendant Hanauer, became the purchaser, hut both the Chancellor and Commission of Referees have found the fact to be that the purchase was- for the benefit of Ferguson and Iiampson, and, in fact, their purchase.
In this conclusion we think they were justified by the evidence. After the purchase under the decree, Hanauer conveyed the land to Ferguson and. Iiampson, and they remained in possession as before; and were thus in possession when this hill was filed in the Chancery Court of Shelby County, on the 18th day of February, 1881, claiming that under the facts alleged, and especially by reason of the fiduciary relation of landlord and tenant subsisting between the complainant and the Defendants Ferguson and Iiampson at the date of [645]*645tlieir purchase of the land, the complainant was the equitable owner thereof, and that the said de-fexxdants held the legal title as trustees for her under the equitable doctrine of constructive trusts.
The complainant sought by the. bill to establish the trust, to redeem the land, and prayed that the defendants be required to convey it to her. Process was duly served upon the Defendants Hanauer and Hampson, but no service was ever had on Defendant Eerguson, and he has never entered an appearance. After the fact of his non-residence, or of his being beyond the reach of the process of the Court, was developed, publication to him as a nonresident was duly made, and an order pro eonfesso taken against him. He has steadfastly held himself aloof from the case, and one of the chief contentions in argument has been whether a valid decree could be pronounced against him based upon this publication and order pro eonfesso.
At the threshold the Defendants Hanauer and Hampson filed a plea to the jurisdiction of the Court, alleging the ground that the subject-matter of the litigation was land situated in another State; and also that Eerguson was not befox-e the Court under the pxxblication to him. The Chancellor held the plea insufficient, and ovei’ruled it.
The supplomeixtal bill afterward filed, and the proceedings thereon, need not be considered, inasmuch as it was dismissed by the complainant herself. Subsequently, on bill, answer, and volixminous evidence, the case was heard before Special Chancel[646]*646lor Bllett, who pronounced an able and learned opinion, in which he held that, by reason of the fiduciary relation of landlord and tenant existing between complainant and Ferguson and llampson, the conduct of .the latter in purchasing the land at the judicial sale made them trustees under a constructive trust, and that complainant was entitled to redeem the land.
After the hearing by the Chancellor, but before the decree was pronounced, the complainant filed her bill in the Circuit Court of Mississippi County, Arkansas, in which she repeated in substance the statements and allegations'’ of her hill in this case, and prayed that, “in the -event of a failure of jurisdiction in the Tennessee Court, in whole or in part, she might, to that extent, he allowed to prosecute this bill as an independent, original hill, upon the facts and equities therein averred; hut if the jurisdiction of the Tennessee Court should he sustained, and the cause determined in that Court upon its merits and in complainant’s favor, this hill might be treated as auxiliary to that, and that complainant might he permitted, upon supplemental proceedings, to enforce such decree as she might thus obtain.”
To this bill, in the Arkansas Court, all the defendants, including Ferguson, 'promptly filed an answer and cross-bill. In their cross-hill they set up their title to the land, claiming that the Tennessee Court had no jurisdiction of the case; asked that Mrs. Pickett’s claim of title be removed as a [647]*647cloud on tlieir title, and that she and lier solicitors he enjoined from prosecuting her suit in Tennessee.
In obedience to the prayer of the cross-bill an injunction was granted against the complainant and her solicitors, and its purport made known,to them in Tennessee. Notwithstanding this injunction, the complainant, by her solicitors, prepared and caused to be entered the decree which the Chancellor had ordered in her favor, and subsequently obtained from the Chancellor an injunction against the defendants and their solicitors, prohibiting them from the further prosecution of their suit in Arkansas.
In disobedience of this writ, the defendants still prosecuted their cross-bill in the courts of Arkansas, and the record in this case embraces contempt proceedings against them for breach of the injunction. The complainant and her counsel were duly adjudged guilty of contempt by the Circuit Court of Mississippi County, Arkansas, and, as a penalty for their contumacy, that Court ordered that, unless the complainant purged herself of the contempt, by setting aside the decree entered in her favor in the Tennessee Court, she would not be allowed to prosecute her bill in that Court.
The complainant, refusing to comply with the order of the Court, made sundry ineffectual efforts to plead to and defend the cross-bill. The defendants filed all the. evidence taken on both sides in ■the Chancery Court of Shelby County; and on this they went to trial.
[648]*648The Court, still iefusing to hear the complainant in the suit, pronounced a decree dismissing her bill for want of " equity, and perpetuating the temporary injunction C granted on the cross - bill. The case was carried; to the Supreme Court of Arkansas, and there Mrs. Pickett appeared by her counsel, and the case' was fully argued on both sides. That Court, in ;1885, affirmed the decree of the lower Court, and, in an opinion reported in the forty-fifth volume of Arkansas Reports, held that the relation of laiidlord and tenant between Mrs. Pickett and Ferguson and Ilampson did not forbid the purchase of the land by the latter, that there was no constructive trust, and that Mrs. Pickett was not the equitable owner of the land.
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B. M. Estes, Sp. J.
This case was heard at the last term by the Court as now constituted, the writer of this opinion sitting, without commission, at the request and by consent of parties, in the place of Judge Eolkes, who was incompetent, when a decree was pronounced in favor of the defendants upon the leading questions involved.
Upon a petition of great force and power a rehearing was ordered, and at the present term the case has been re-argued . by counsel, who, with much research and learning, have afforded the Court the aid that the importance of the questions involved demanded.
The litigation grew out of a lease of lands [644]*644situated in Mississippi County, Ark., for the term of five years from the 1st day of January, 1878, made by the complainant • to the Defendants Ferguson and Iiampson. At the date of the lease there was a suit pending in the Supreme Court of Arkansas, on appeal from the Circuit Court of Mississippi County, in which the land thus leased was sought to be subjected to the payment of large incumbrances thereon. The lessees were fully aware of the pciidency of this suit. They took the lease, went into possession, and were thus in possession when a decree for the sale of the land, to satisfy the incumbrances, was rendered by the Supreme Court of Arkansas, and when it was sold under the decree, on the 28th of February, 1879. At this sale the Defendant Hanauer, became the purchaser, hut both the Chancellor and Commission of Referees have found the fact to be that the purchase was- for the benefit of Ferguson and Iiampson, and, in fact, their purchase.
In this conclusion we think they were justified by the evidence. After the purchase under the decree, Hanauer conveyed the land to Ferguson and. Iiampson, and they remained in possession as before; and were thus in possession when this hill was filed in the Chancery Court of Shelby County, on the 18th day of February, 1881, claiming that under the facts alleged, and especially by reason of the fiduciary relation of landlord and tenant subsisting between the complainant and the Defendants Ferguson and Iiampson at the date of [645]*645tlieir purchase of the land, the complainant was the equitable owner thereof, and that the said de-fexxdants held the legal title as trustees for her under the equitable doctrine of constructive trusts.
The complainant sought by the. bill to establish the trust, to redeem the land, and prayed that the defendants be required to convey it to her. Process was duly served upon the Defendants Hanauer and Hampson, but no service was ever had on Defendant Eerguson, and he has never entered an appearance. After the fact of his non-residence, or of his being beyond the reach of the process of the Court, was developed, publication to him as a nonresident was duly made, and an order pro eonfesso taken against him. He has steadfastly held himself aloof from the case, and one of the chief contentions in argument has been whether a valid decree could be pronounced against him based upon this publication and order pro eonfesso.
At the threshold the Defendants Hanauer and Hampson filed a plea to the jurisdiction of the Court, alleging the ground that the subject-matter of the litigation was land situated in another State; and also that Eerguson was not befox-e the Court under the pxxblication to him. The Chancellor held the plea insufficient, and ovei’ruled it.
The supplomeixtal bill afterward filed, and the proceedings thereon, need not be considered, inasmuch as it was dismissed by the complainant herself. Subsequently, on bill, answer, and volixminous evidence, the case was heard before Special Chancel[646]*646lor Bllett, who pronounced an able and learned opinion, in which he held that, by reason of the fiduciary relation of landlord and tenant existing between complainant and Ferguson and llampson, the conduct of .the latter in purchasing the land at the judicial sale made them trustees under a constructive trust, and that complainant was entitled to redeem the land.
After the hearing by the Chancellor, but before the decree was pronounced, the complainant filed her bill in the Circuit Court of Mississippi County, Arkansas, in which she repeated in substance the statements and allegations'’ of her hill in this case, and prayed that, “in the -event of a failure of jurisdiction in the Tennessee Court, in whole or in part, she might, to that extent, he allowed to prosecute this bill as an independent, original hill, upon the facts and equities therein averred; hut if the jurisdiction of the Tennessee Court should he sustained, and the cause determined in that Court upon its merits and in complainant’s favor, this hill might be treated as auxiliary to that, and that complainant might he permitted, upon supplemental proceedings, to enforce such decree as she might thus obtain.”
To this bill, in the Arkansas Court, all the defendants, including Ferguson, 'promptly filed an answer and cross-bill. In their cross-hill they set up their title to the land, claiming that the Tennessee Court had no jurisdiction of the case; asked that Mrs. Pickett’s claim of title be removed as a [647]*647cloud on tlieir title, and that she and lier solicitors he enjoined from prosecuting her suit in Tennessee.
In obedience to the prayer of the cross-bill an injunction was granted against the complainant and her solicitors, and its purport made known,to them in Tennessee. Notwithstanding this injunction, the complainant, by her solicitors, prepared and caused to be entered the decree which the Chancellor had ordered in her favor, and subsequently obtained from the Chancellor an injunction against the defendants and their solicitors, prohibiting them from the further prosecution of their suit in Arkansas.
In disobedience of this writ, the defendants still prosecuted their cross-bill in the courts of Arkansas, and the record in this case embraces contempt proceedings against them for breach of the injunction. The complainant and her counsel were duly adjudged guilty of contempt by the Circuit Court of Mississippi County, Arkansas, and, as a penalty for their contumacy, that Court ordered that, unless the complainant purged herself of the contempt, by setting aside the decree entered in her favor in the Tennessee Court, she would not be allowed to prosecute her bill in that Court.
The complainant, refusing to comply with the order of the Court, made sundry ineffectual efforts to plead to and defend the cross-bill. The defendants filed all the. evidence taken on both sides in ■the Chancery Court of Shelby County; and on this they went to trial.
[648]*648The Court, still iefusing to hear the complainant in the suit, pronounced a decree dismissing her bill for want of " equity, and perpetuating the temporary injunction C granted on the cross - bill. The case was carried; to the Supreme Court of Arkansas, and there Mrs. Pickett appeared by her counsel, and the case' was fully argued on both sides. That Court, in ;1885, affirmed the decree of the lower Court, and, in an opinion reported in the forty-fifth volume of Arkansas Reports, held that the relation of laiidlord and tenant between Mrs. Pickett and Ferguson and Ilampson did not forbid the purchase of the land by the latter, that there was no constructive trust, and that Mrs. Pickett was not the equitable owner of the land. The record of that suit is a part of the record here, and the report of • .the opinion of the Supreme Court of Arkansas has been produced on the argument of the case.
It will thus be seen that the Circuit and Supreme Courts of Arkansas have, upon a record substantially the same as this, reached a conclusion upon the merits of the controversy in direct antithesis to that reached by the Chancellor; and that while the complainant’s right to the Arkansas land is established by a decree óf the Chancery Court of Tennessee, entered by her counsel in disobedience of the injunction in the Arkansas Court, the defendants are in possession of the land, with a decree of the Supreme Court of Ai’kansas establishing their title, but rendered at their instance [649]*649in violation of the injunction of the Tennessee Court.
The decree of this Court at the last term was based exclusively upon the ground that the courts of Tennessee could not, under the authorities, entertain jurisdiction of the case, by reason of the fact that the subject-matter of the litigation was land situated in another State. The principles of the decision, very briefly stated, were these: The Court left out of view, as the Chancellor did, the claim that the Defendants Ferguson and ITamp-son were guilty of actual fraud in refusing to give their notes in advance for the annual rents of the land, for the reason that it was not satisfied from the evidence that the claim was well founded, or that the fraud, if any was in fact practiced, was effective to produce the alleged injury to the complainant. There .being, in the opinion of the Court, no actual effective fraud, the case was treated like the Chancellor treated it, as one involving a constructive trust, predicated alone on the supposed, fiduciary relation of landlord and tenant, which, under the doctrine of some of the authorities, forbade the purchase of the leased land by the tenant while the relation existed. The Court assumed, without discussion, that, under the Tennessee cases, the tenant could not thus purchase and hold for himself, and proceeded, with this assumption, to decide that the trust imposed in this case was a constructive trust-arising from constructive fraud only. 1 Perry on Trusts, Sec. 168.
[650]*650The limitation of the jurisdiction of courts of equity to make decrees respecting land situated in other States or countries than that of the forum, to cases of contract, trust,, and fraud, as. settled in Massic v. Watts, 6 Cranch, 148, and uniformly followed by the other courts, was announced, and the doctrine evolved from the -authorities that its fundamental principle was an avoidance of the disturbance of the comity which ought to exist between the courts of different nations, by bringing the decisions of foreign tribunals into conflict with those of the locus reí sitae; that the rationale of the limitation required that the contract, trust, and fraud intended by the courts in establishing the limitation, shpuld be understood to be an express contract, a direct trust, and actual fraud; that the constructive trust arising from actual fraud should be classed under the head of “fraud” in the statement of the limitation; that because the legal and equitable principles governing express contracts, direct trusts, and actual fraud were substantially the same — to use the expression of Lord Hardwick— “in every place,” there was but little danger in such cases of disturbing the comity between the courts of different countries by making a decree touching land in a foreign country; that the liabilities in such cases of contract, trust, and fraud were for the most part “purely personal,” and therefore within another -principle of the doctrine of the jurisdiction; but that cases of constructive trust arising from mere constructive fraud, and in[651]*651volving doubtful and disputed equities, that were not generally accepted by the courts of all States and countries, were not within the jurisdiction; for in such cases the danger existed of violating the fundamental principle of the doctrine, by the risk of disturbing the comity between the' courts of different countries, in bringing the decisions of foreign tribunals into conflict with those of the locus rei sites; and, finally, it was said that because the Supreme Court of Arkansas had in ’ this very case held that a constructive trust did not arise from the relation of ' landlord and tenant, the exercise of the jurisdiction here, upon the theory that it did, would make a .signal case of the disturbance of the comity that ought to exist between the courts of sister States, and in effect operate to impress upon the lands of Arkansas “a metaphorical trust,” arising under the notion or doctrine of the Tennessee courts in direct antagonism to the doctrine of the courts of the locus rei sites.
It was shown that in Massie v. Watts the fraud was actual, although not so expressly characterized, and that “perhaps in no well-considered case has the jurisdiction been extended to rights founded on doubtful equities, or mere constructive fraud, or upon legal principles that are not recognized and enforced generally by the jurisprudence of enlightened nations.”
The authorities cited were: Penn v. Lord Baltimore, 1 Ves., 144; Angus v. Angus, West’s [652]*652Rep., 23; Lord Cranstoun v. Johnson, 3 Ves., 170; Massie v. Watts, 6 Cranch, 148; Gardner v. Ogden, 22 N. Y., 327; Pickett v. Ferguson, 45 Ark., 178; Leading Cases in Eq., Vol. II., Pt. 2, p. 1832, etc.; Wharton’s Conflict of Laws (Ed. 1880), Sec. 288; Miller v. Birdsong, 7 Bax., 531, 537, etc.; Pomeroy’s Eq. Jurisprudence, Sec. 1044, etc.
Upon the reconsideration of the case now, the Court has concluded that its decision ought to be placed on another ground which - is fundamental; and it follows that the opinion of the last term is not to be regarded as a precedent. This ground will be presently stated.
The petition and argument for the complainant earnestly insist that the Court was in error in concluding, on the former hearing, that the charge of actual fraud against the Defendants Ferguson and Hanxpson in promising, and then refusing, to give their notes for the five years’ rent was not sustained by the evidence. We have again carefully examined and considered the evidence on this point, and find ourselves unable to agree with the contention of the learned counsel. The charge is substantially that these defendants, as lessees, .by the terms of the contract of lease, agreed to give their notes for the five years’ rent to the complainant, and fraudulently refused to do so, whereby the complainant was unable to' raise the money with which to pay off the incumbrance on the property, and prevent the sale under the.decree of [653]*653the Arkansas Court. It appears from tlie evidence, and the result showed, that complainant had no other adequate resource from which to raise this money, and thereby prevent the sale. She claims that her main object in making the lease was to secure the notes of the lessees, with which to raise this money. The written lease, as executed in duplicate, contains no such promise on the part of the lessees to give notes, but an original covenant to pay. the rents in annual installments.
Waiving- the question of the competency of pa-rol evidence to enlarge or add to the written contract this important promise, it is clear that, in the face of the denials of the answer and the omission of the promise from the writing, the complainant was required to make full and satisfactory proof that the promise was in fact made. Without entering upon a discussion of the question of fact, we think the complainant has wholly failed to do this. In the first place, the weight of the direct testimony on this point is against her, and the undisputed circumstances of the case abundantly negative the contention. Some of these circumstances are the following:
First — The claim is that the main inducement of the contract of lease was to enable the complainant to get the notes, and yet she and her husband formally executed the contract without this feature in it.
Second — She claims that it was omitted in order [654]*654that the laud might he surveyed, and yet it was surveyed a short time thereafter, and she did not then demand the notes.
. Third — The lease was made in November, and yet on the first of the succeeding January she surrendered the possession of the land to the lessees according to the terms of the lease without demanding the notes.
Fourth■ — The Defendants Ferguson and Tlampson were shrewd business men, who knew that the land leased was subject to an incumbrance under a decree of Court which might defeat the lessor’s title within a short time after the transaction, and it is not at all probable that they, in disregard of the danger incurred, agreed to give their negotiable notes for five years’ rent in advance, • amounting to about $17,000.
Fifth — It is shown that understandingly and purposely anything like a covenant for quiet enjoyment was omitted from the contract, under the impression that an express covenant was necessary to bind the lessor to keep the tenant in possession during the term. It would seem to he extremely improbable that the lessees, if otherwise inclined to give the notes for the five years’ rent in advance, would agree to do so, and at the same time release the lessor from the legal obligation to keep them in possession during the entire term.
Without enlarging this discussion, our conclusion is again that the complainant has not only failed to establish this verbal contract on the part [655]*655of tlie lessees to give rent notes, but that it is disproved. If the contract to give the rent notes is disproved, there could be no fraudulent refusal to give them, and no fraud effective to produce the failure of the complainant to pay off the in-cumbrances. It might be conceded that the conduct of these defendants in other respects mentioned in the petition was subject to criticism and censure, and yet it is quite clear that the .essential elements to constitute the effective fraud charged in the bill is not established.
The only remaining question is whether the ground upon which the Chancellor ' based his decree is sustainable and justifies a decree for the complainant. He held that the relation of landlord and tenant creates such influences of trust and confidence that courts of equity will construe a trust to arise out of a purchase by the tenant of the leased property at judicial sale for the satisfaction of an incumbrance thereon. This is a vexed and disputed question, as shown by the arguments and briefs of counsel. While Judge Story and Mr. Perry, in their discussion of this doctrine, mention landlord and tenant in their enumeration of the fiduciary relations from which the trust may be construed, neither Mr. Pomeroy, Mr. Sug-den, nor White and Tudor in their notes do. 2 Pomeroy Eq. Juris., Sec. 958-963; 2 Sugden ’on Vendors, p. 362, etc.; Leading Cases in Eq., Vol. L, Part I., p. 237, etc-.
Rut this Court is saved the labor of a full dis-[656]*656cussiou of this question hy reason of the fact that it has been authoritatively settled in the case of Bumpass v. Alexander, 10 Heis., 542; and we feel that we are bound to follow that precedent, even if, we doubted the soundness of the doctrine there announced, which we do not. We understand the opinion in that case on its facts to be decisive of this, and to settle the doctrine in Tennessee that courts of equity will not ordinarily construe a trust to arise from the purchase by the tenant at a trust or judicial sale of the property held under the tenancy. We are satisfied with this doctrine, and are content to' adhere to it. The statement of the Judge .who delivered the opinion in Scott v. Levy, 6 Lea, 667, we regard as a dictum, and not a decision overruling the case of Bumpass v. Alexander. See Casey v. Gregory, 13 B. Monroe (Ky.), 505.
Brora, all this it results that the decree here should be 'for' the defendants, both on the question of jurisdiction (for if there is not even a constructive -trust arising from the fiduciary relation, the courts of Tennessee can have no conceivable ground of jurisdiction of this case affecting land in Arkansas) and on the mei’its.
The petition for rehearing must be dismissed, and the decree entered at the last term, including the judgment for the complainant as shown, enforced. The report of the Referees is set aside.
It may be proper to remodel in some respects the decree as entered at the last term, so as to make it conform in full to the principles of this opinion.