[364]*364OPINION.
Opper:
We can not distinguish this case in principle from Commissioner v. Buck (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 120 Fed. (2d) 775, which applies to its own facts the theory of Helvering v. Clifford, 309 U. S. 331, and concludes that the taxpayer there was subject to tax on the income of a trust he had created. We think the same result must follow here.
It has been said that the Clifford principle rests upon a triangular base: Control over the corpus by the grantor, intimate family relationship with the beneficiaries, and the short term of the trust. But the clarification contributed in a number of subsequent decisions makes it evident that the last of the three considerations is in fact nothing but a factor supplemental to the other two. The doctrine may be narrowed to this: That if the grantor has retained the substance of control over the custody and management of the principal of the trust by his own position as trustee or by his control of the fiduciary, cf. Frank G. Hoover, 42 B. T. A. 786, and if at the same time he enjoys a sufficient measure of the financial or even of the noneconomic benefits of tlie income through its distribution within the intimate family group, Whitely v. Commissioner (C. C. A., 3d Cir.), 120 Fed. (2d) 782, or alternatively through his control of that distribution, direct or indirect, Commissioner v. Buck, supra, then the transfer to the trust is at best illusory and the grantor has unsuccessfully attempted “to .have his cake and eat it.”
The function of the length- of the term of the trust is thus no more than to act as an indicator or contributing factor in the determination of the other two criteria. Morton Stein, 41 B. T. A. 994. If the term is short, evidence of control is furnished almost automatically. If the term is long or indeterminable, it may be that other elements •of control must be found. Helvering v. Elias (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 122 Fed. (2d) 171; Ellis H. Warren, 45 B. T. A. 379. And the same may be said of the grantor’s position as sole or joint trustee. He may, through a power to influence the trustee’s action, be in a position as dominant as though he were technically the trustee himself. Frank G. Hoover, supra; Commissioner v. Barbour (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 122 Fed. (2d) 165. The important process is to decipher if we can in an all-inclusive survey of the terms of the arrangement, the relationship of the parties, and the potential as well as actual developments, whether there has in fact resulted an open-handed freeing by the grantor of substantially all of his connection with the trust property on the one hand or a purely perfunctory and superficial release while at the same time the basic elements of control and enjoyment remain. Cf. Harrison v. Schaffner, 312 U. S. 579; Helvering v. Horst, 311 U. S. 112.
The present circumstances may indeed differ considerably from those in the Clifford case. But the principle does not rest within [365]*365the frame of an instantly recognizable and always identical arrangement of provisions and circumstances. The grantor may ostensibly have surrendered what lawyers are accustomed to consider the legal tools for controlling property. The income may be irrevocably guided to destinations excluding his own pocket. Yet the doctrine of the Cilford case requires the triers of the facts to consider whether, in the light of all the circumstances and with an eye to all the significant relationships, the grantor has so fundamentally separated himself from the control of corpus, the enjoyment of income, and the realization of economic benefits and personal satisfactions connected with the property, that as practical people we can assure ourselves of the reality of any conclusion that the beneficiary enjoys substantially ail, and the grantor substantially none, of those advantages of civilized government inhering in the possession of property for which income taxes in the last analysis are exacted. See Corliss v. Bowers, 281 U. S. 376.
In many situations, to which the present is no exception, this is a difficult and subtle exercise. It may be necessary to arrive at an appropriate solution by resort to analogy and hypothesis. And yet if we fail to do so a result which is evident to the lay mind may fail of recognition by the very bodies which are entrusted with applying in the field of taxation what must be essentially practical and common experience.
Here we have the story of an individual whose asserted motive is the making of periodic gifts to a member of his intimate family. If, while retaining the property producing them, these presents were handed out from time to time by the petitioner, it is clear his income would remain undiminished for tax purposes. Helvering v. Horst, supra. But for reasons of which we are not apprised, except that they seem to have stemmed from the legal and technical advice which petitioner obtained, these gifts were made, not by an outright transfer, but by the indirect process of a discretionary trust, with at least the exercise of a joint control lodged in a corporate trustee operated by petitioner’s family.
Clearly this family fiduciary was dominated by petitioner, his brothers and sisters. Just as positively, though this is partly inference, the wishes of each as to the fiduciary’s transactions respecting a trust established by him would be respected by the others. To every practical degree, therefore, we must consider that petitioner could control the fiduciary’s activities to accord with his wishes, even though he may as yet have made no effort to do so, and we have so found as an ultimate fact. “The possession of the power is determinative, not the fortuitous manner of its use.” David M. Heyman, 44 B. T. A. 1009.
Income was payable for the wife’s use or for the support of the child, or was to be accumulated, depending exclusively on the discretion of the trustees. In New York, decisions of that nature must [366]*366be unanimous in the case of multiple trustees, and that, of course, is even more true where there are but two. “It seems to be well established that where the acts of trustees call for exercise of discretion and judgment, the concurrence of all is necessary.” In re Johnson’s Will, 123 Misc. 834; 207 N. Y. S. 66; In re Campbell’s Estate, 13 N. Y. S. (2d) 773; affd., 26 N. Y. S. (2d) 491.
The wife, therefore, could lay no positive claim to a single penny of the trust income. See Fulham v. Commissioner (C. C. A., 1st Cir.), 110 Fed. (2d) 916. If the corporate trustee of which petitioner had practical control refused to sanction the enjoyment of these benefits by the wife, her capacity to share in the prospective gifts could be limited, reduced, or destroyed. The money could then be spent for the support of petitioner’s child, or it could be withheld from both wife and child. “Though lacking legal power to control [the trustee’s] discretion, there is little doubt that [the grantor] could have her way in directing the disposition of income between the possible beneficiaries.” Commissioner v. Lamont (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 127 Fed. (2d) 875.
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[364]*364OPINION.
Opper:
We can not distinguish this case in principle from Commissioner v. Buck (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 120 Fed. (2d) 775, which applies to its own facts the theory of Helvering v. Clifford, 309 U. S. 331, and concludes that the taxpayer there was subject to tax on the income of a trust he had created. We think the same result must follow here.
It has been said that the Clifford principle rests upon a triangular base: Control over the corpus by the grantor, intimate family relationship with the beneficiaries, and the short term of the trust. But the clarification contributed in a number of subsequent decisions makes it evident that the last of the three considerations is in fact nothing but a factor supplemental to the other two. The doctrine may be narrowed to this: That if the grantor has retained the substance of control over the custody and management of the principal of the trust by his own position as trustee or by his control of the fiduciary, cf. Frank G. Hoover, 42 B. T. A. 786, and if at the same time he enjoys a sufficient measure of the financial or even of the noneconomic benefits of tlie income through its distribution within the intimate family group, Whitely v. Commissioner (C. C. A., 3d Cir.), 120 Fed. (2d) 782, or alternatively through his control of that distribution, direct or indirect, Commissioner v. Buck, supra, then the transfer to the trust is at best illusory and the grantor has unsuccessfully attempted “to .have his cake and eat it.”
The function of the length- of the term of the trust is thus no more than to act as an indicator or contributing factor in the determination of the other two criteria. Morton Stein, 41 B. T. A. 994. If the term is short, evidence of control is furnished almost automatically. If the term is long or indeterminable, it may be that other elements •of control must be found. Helvering v. Elias (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 122 Fed. (2d) 171; Ellis H. Warren, 45 B. T. A. 379. And the same may be said of the grantor’s position as sole or joint trustee. He may, through a power to influence the trustee’s action, be in a position as dominant as though he were technically the trustee himself. Frank G. Hoover, supra; Commissioner v. Barbour (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 122 Fed. (2d) 165. The important process is to decipher if we can in an all-inclusive survey of the terms of the arrangement, the relationship of the parties, and the potential as well as actual developments, whether there has in fact resulted an open-handed freeing by the grantor of substantially all of his connection with the trust property on the one hand or a purely perfunctory and superficial release while at the same time the basic elements of control and enjoyment remain. Cf. Harrison v. Schaffner, 312 U. S. 579; Helvering v. Horst, 311 U. S. 112.
The present circumstances may indeed differ considerably from those in the Clifford case. But the principle does not rest within [365]*365the frame of an instantly recognizable and always identical arrangement of provisions and circumstances. The grantor may ostensibly have surrendered what lawyers are accustomed to consider the legal tools for controlling property. The income may be irrevocably guided to destinations excluding his own pocket. Yet the doctrine of the Cilford case requires the triers of the facts to consider whether, in the light of all the circumstances and with an eye to all the significant relationships, the grantor has so fundamentally separated himself from the control of corpus, the enjoyment of income, and the realization of economic benefits and personal satisfactions connected with the property, that as practical people we can assure ourselves of the reality of any conclusion that the beneficiary enjoys substantially ail, and the grantor substantially none, of those advantages of civilized government inhering in the possession of property for which income taxes in the last analysis are exacted. See Corliss v. Bowers, 281 U. S. 376.
In many situations, to which the present is no exception, this is a difficult and subtle exercise. It may be necessary to arrive at an appropriate solution by resort to analogy and hypothesis. And yet if we fail to do so a result which is evident to the lay mind may fail of recognition by the very bodies which are entrusted with applying in the field of taxation what must be essentially practical and common experience.
Here we have the story of an individual whose asserted motive is the making of periodic gifts to a member of his intimate family. If, while retaining the property producing them, these presents were handed out from time to time by the petitioner, it is clear his income would remain undiminished for tax purposes. Helvering v. Horst, supra. But for reasons of which we are not apprised, except that they seem to have stemmed from the legal and technical advice which petitioner obtained, these gifts were made, not by an outright transfer, but by the indirect process of a discretionary trust, with at least the exercise of a joint control lodged in a corporate trustee operated by petitioner’s family.
Clearly this family fiduciary was dominated by petitioner, his brothers and sisters. Just as positively, though this is partly inference, the wishes of each as to the fiduciary’s transactions respecting a trust established by him would be respected by the others. To every practical degree, therefore, we must consider that petitioner could control the fiduciary’s activities to accord with his wishes, even though he may as yet have made no effort to do so, and we have so found as an ultimate fact. “The possession of the power is determinative, not the fortuitous manner of its use.” David M. Heyman, 44 B. T. A. 1009.
Income was payable for the wife’s use or for the support of the child, or was to be accumulated, depending exclusively on the discretion of the trustees. In New York, decisions of that nature must [366]*366be unanimous in the case of multiple trustees, and that, of course, is even more true where there are but two. “It seems to be well established that where the acts of trustees call for exercise of discretion and judgment, the concurrence of all is necessary.” In re Johnson’s Will, 123 Misc. 834; 207 N. Y. S. 66; In re Campbell’s Estate, 13 N. Y. S. (2d) 773; affd., 26 N. Y. S. (2d) 491.
The wife, therefore, could lay no positive claim to a single penny of the trust income. See Fulham v. Commissioner (C. C. A., 1st Cir.), 110 Fed. (2d) 916. If the corporate trustee of which petitioner had practical control refused to sanction the enjoyment of these benefits by the wife, her capacity to share in the prospective gifts could be limited, reduced, or destroyed. The money could then be spent for the support of petitioner’s child, or it could be withheld from both wife and child. “Though lacking legal power to control [the trustee’s] discretion, there is little doubt that [the grantor] could have her way in directing the disposition of income between the possible beneficiaries.” Commissioner v. Lamont (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 127 Fed. (2d) 875.
True, so long as the affectionate solidarity of the family was preserved, such a development was unlikely, and in fact we know from the evidence that it has not occurred. But if these contributions flowing indirectly from the petitioner were those which he would in any event have contrived for his own personal satisfaction, there is here no detriment to his position, attributable to the trust arrangements, such as would satisfy the Clifford test. A similar situation applies to the management of the corpus and to the reinvestment of accumulated income. Petitioner’s subservient corporation could stalemate, and in fact did arrange and govern these matters.
Thus, so long as the anticipated relationship between petitioner and his wife might prevail we have the very essence of the family’s solidarity upon which the principle of the Clifford case fundamentally rests. And if the time arrives when this no longer obtains, the structure and arrangement of the trust is such that petitioner’s intervention can be made effective. See David M. Heyman, supra. He can then control, by indirection, the distribution of the trust income. Commissioner v. Buck, supra.
It can not be said that petitioner has relinquished this control merely because, in addition to the discretionary possibility of the current receipt of income by the wife, she has a substantial right by virtue of her interest in income and principal upon the death of the daughter. That condition did not exist during the year we are considering. Cf. Frank G. Hoover, supra. And while such a potential adversity of interest may be significant in applying sections 166 and 167, it is inconsequential in construing section 22 (a). But cf. Everett D. Graff, 40 B. T. A. 920; affd. (C. C. A., 7th Cir.), 117 Fed. (2d) 247. And see [367]*367Altmaier v. Commissioner (C. C. A., 6th Cir.), 116 Fed. (2d) 162. And finally the power of appointment over the principal which was given to the wife was, like all the other trust arrangements when adequately scrutinized, carefully limited and safeguarded so that the grantor failed to relinquish his fundamental interest. For the appointment is confined to claimants who would be the natural objects of the grantor’s bounty in any event, his own descendants. We can scarcely conclude that a power so circumscribed, particularly with respect to any desire which the wife might have to benefit her own family and personal concerns where they differed from those of the grantor, can be said to effect a substantial relinquishment of property interests by the husband.
A perhaps not inadmissible test of the extent to which this trust was a mere rearrangement of the family finances on the one hand or an outright disposition in favor of the wife on. the other is to consider the probable attitude of the parties, were they in a position of dealing at arm’s length or in a situation where their interests were actually adverse. Suppose, for example, that this trust had been occasioned by the imminence of a proceeding for separation or divorce. Can it be imagined for an instant that a wife would be willing to accept, in lieu of alimony or a property settlement, provision whereby all of the income could be withheld from her throughout her daughter’s life; where payment of income and control of the investment and maintenance of principal were in the hands of a cotrustee dominated by the husband and his family; and where the sole right with respect to disposition of the principal upon her death would rest in the wife, subject to the frustrating limitation that the appointment could be made only in favor of her husband’s descendants? We think it clear that judged by such a test the result must be that this was the kind of trust that would only be established by the husband and-would only be acceptable to the wife as an indirect means for the one to make periodical gifts to the other as long as the family relationship existed undisturbed. This seems to us the very crux and core of the Clifford principle and of other cases recently dealing with similar problems.
We do not pass upon the separate applicability of sections 166 and 167, nor upon whether that issue is neatly severable in such cases as this. It might be argued that what we have said adds up to an absence of that adverse interest of the wife which sections 166 and 167 require, see Rollins v. Helvering (C. C. A., 8th Cir.), 92 Fed. (2d) 390; Fulham v. Commissioner, supra; that as long as the wife’s conduct satisfies petitioner, she may have an interest but clearly one Avhich is not adverse ; and that if the reverse occurs, she may be an adverse party, but the situation can be so controlled that she has no effective interest. But the doctrine of the Clifford case and the rule of sections 166 and .167 are designed for the same puipose and applicable at times to the same [368]*368situations. See Whitely v. Commissioner, supra; Helvering v. Elias, supra; Commissioner v. Barbour, supra. They are certainly not inconsistent. Suffice it to say here, therefore, merely that all the present circumstances go to show how little this petitioner, like Clifford, can justifiably feel that he wras any worse off financially or from the viewpoint of family control after he had placed property of which he was the outright owner in a trust fashioned to carry out his purposes and subject in the last analysis to his ultimate direction; and that as the grantor of property of which control and benefit is in fact retained, we think petitioner has failed to divest himself to a sufficient degree of the advantages and satisfactions of ownership to be freed from the tax on this income.
Reviewed by the Board.
Decision will be entered for respondent.