Phillips v. City of New York

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedJanuary 7, 2015
Docket14-2156-cv
StatusPublished

This text of Phillips v. City of New York (Phillips v. City of New York) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Phillips v. City of New York, (2d Cir. 2015).

Opinion

14‐2156‐cv Phillips v. City of New York

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

August Term, 2014

(Argued: January 5, 2015 Decided: January 7, 2015)

Docket No. 14‐2156‐cv

________________

NICOLE PHILLIPS, individually and on behalf of B.P. and S.P., minors, DINA CHECK, on behalf of minor M.C., FABIAN MENDOZA‐VACA, individually and on behalf of M.M. and V.M., minors,

Plaintiffs‐Appellants, — v. —

CITY OF NEW YORK, ERIC T. SCHNEIDERMAN, in his official capacity as Attorney General, State of New York, DR. NIRAV R. SHAH, in his official capacity as Commissioner, New York State Department of Health, NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,

Defendants‐Appellees.*

* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption in this case to conform to the caption above.

B e f o r e:

LYNCH and CHIN, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN, District Judge.**

__________________

Plaintiffs‐appellants challenge on constitutional grounds New York State’s

requirement that all children be vaccinated in order to attend public school.

Plaintiffs‐appellants argue that the statutory vaccination requirement, which is

subject to medical and religious exemptions, violates their substantive due

process rights, the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, the Equal

Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Ninth Amendment, and

both state and municipal law. On the same grounds, plaintiffs‐appellants argue

that a state regulation permitting state officials to temporarily exclude students

who are exempted from the vaccination requirement from school during an

outbreak of a vaccine‐preventable disease is unconstitutional. The district court

concluded that the statute and regulation are constitutional. We agree and

therefore AFFIRM.

** The Honorable Edward R. Korman, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.

PATRICIA FINN, Patricia Finn, Attorney, P.C., Piermont, New York, for Plaintiffs‐Appellants.

JAMES ANDREW KENT, Assistant Solicitor General (Steven C. Wu, Deputy Solicitor General, on the brief) on behalf of Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General, for State Defendants‐Appellees.

JANE L. GORDON on behalf of Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, for Municipal Defendants‐ Appellees.

PER CURIAM:

Plaintiffs brought this action challenging on constitutional grounds New

York State’s requirement that all children be vaccinated in order to attend public

school. Plaintiffs argued that the statutory vaccination requirement, which is

subject to medical and religious exemptions, violates their substantive due

process rights, the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, the Equal

Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Ninth Amendment, and

both state and municipal law. On the same grounds, plaintiffs argued that a state

regulation permitting school officials to temporarily exclude from school

students who are exempted from the vaccination requirement during an

outbreak of a vaccine‐preventable disease is unconstitutional. Defendants moved

3 to dismiss or for summary judgment. The district court (William F. Kuntz II,

Judge) granted defendants’ motions. Because we conclude that the statute and

regulation are a constitutionally permissible exercise of the State’s police power

and do not infringe on the free exercise of religion, and we determine that

plaintiffs’ remaining arguments are either meritless or waived, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

New York requires that students in the State’s public schools be

immunized against various vaccine‐preventable illnesses. The New York Public

Health Law provides that “[n]o principal, teacher, owner or person in charge of a

school shall permit any child to be admitted to such school, or to attend such

school, in excess of fourteen days” without a certificate of immunization. N.Y.

Pub. Health Law § 2164(7)(a). The statute provides two exemptions from the

immunization mandate. First, a medical exemption is available “[i]f any

physician licensed to practice medicine in this state certifies that such

immunization may be detrimental to a child’s health.” Id. § 2164(8). Second, the

a religious exemption is available for “children whose parent, parents, or

guardian hold genuine and sincere religious beliefs which are contrary to the

4 practices herein required.” Id. § 2164(9). The State provides multiple layers of

review for parents if either of these exemptions is denied.

Plaintiffs Nicole Phillips and Fabian Mendoza‐Vaca, who are Catholic,

received religious exemptions for their children. In November 2011 and January

2012, however, the Phillips and Mendoza‐Vaca children were excluded from

school when a fellow student was diagnosed with chicken pox, pursuant to a

state regulation that provides, “in the event of an outbreak . . . of a vaccine‐

preventable disease in a school, the commissioner, or his or her designee, . . . may

order the appropriate school officials to exclude from attendance” those students

who have received exemptions from mandatory vaccination. 10 N.Y.C.R.R. § 66‐

1.10.

Plaintiff Dina Check applied for a religious exemption for her daughter,

M.C.1 After asking Check to clarify her basis for seeking the exemption, a

Department of Education (“DOE”) official ultimately denied the exemption,

finding that Check’s objections to vaccinating M.C. were not based on genuine

1 According to plaintiffs, M.C. had a religious exemption while attending a private pre‐school, but was required to reapply when she entered the public school system.

5 and sincere religious beliefs.2 Check then brought this lawsuit seeking a

preliminary injunction to compel the DOE to allow M.C. to attend school

unvaccinated.

The district court (Sandra L. Townes, Judge) referred the preliminary

injunction application to Magistrate Judge Lois Bloom, who held a hearing at

which Check testified regarding the purported religious basis for her objections

to vaccines.3 Check testified that she is Catholic and stated, “How I treat my

daughter’s health and her well‐being is strictly by the word of God.” (Joint

App’x 136.) Check also testified, however, that she believed that vaccination

“could hurt my daughter. It could kill her. It could put her into anaphylactic

shock. It could cause any number of things.” (Id. at 146.) On cross‐examination,

Check testified that she did not know of any tenets of Catholicism that prohibited

vaccinations. She also detailed several adverse reactions that M.C. had had to

2 Check appealed this denial, and, after an interview with a different DOE official, her appeal was dismissed. Although an additional appeal to the Commissioner of Education was available, Check chose not to appeal and instead commenced this litigation. 3 M.C. had previously been denied a medical exemption, though Check stated during the preliminary injunction hearing that she never applied for a medical exemption and that the application submitted on her behalf was submitted in error.

6 vaccinations before Check determined not to subject her to any further

inoculation, and stated that these bad reactions led Check to ask God for

guidance and protection.

The Magistrate Judge issued a Report and Recommendation

recommending that the request for a preliminary injunction be denied. She

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Phillips v. City of New York, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/phillips-v-city-of-new-york-ca2-2015.