IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED SEPTEMBER 1997 SESSION January 8, 1998
Cecil W. Crowson PHILLIP W. POMEROY, * Appellate Court Clerk C.C.A. # 01C01-9610-CR-00424
Appellant, * DAVIDSON COUNTY
VS. * Hon. Walter C. Kurtz, Judge
STATE OF TENNESSEE, * (Post-Conviction)
Appellee. *
For Appellant: For Appellee:
Samuel F. Anderson, Attorney Charles W. Burson 2016 Eighth Avenue South Attorney General and Reporter Nashville, TN 37204 Elizabeth B. Marney Assistant Attorney General 450 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Tom Thurman Assistant District Attorney General Washington Square, Suite 500 222 Second Avenue North Nashville, TN 37201-1649
OPINION FILED:__________________________
AFFIRMED
GARY R. WADE, JUDGE OPINION
The petitioner, Phillip W. Pomeroy, appeals the trial court's dismissal
of his petition for post-conviction relief. The single issue presented for review is
whether the petition is barred by the statute of limitations.
We find no error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
On October 31, 1985, the petitioner, after being found guilty of two
counts of armed robbery, was determined to be a habitual criminal. The trial court
imposed two consecutive life sentences. The convictions and sentences were
affirmed on direct appeal. State v. Phillip W. Pomeroy, No. 86-55-III (Tenn. Crim.
App., at Nashville, Feb. 12, 1987). On May 11, 1987, application for permission to
appeal was denied by the supreme court.
In 1988, the petitioner filed and then voluntarily withdrew his first
petition for post-conviction relief. A second petition, filed in 1991, was dismissed by
the trial court.1 On direct appeal, this court determined that guilty pleas entered in
1975 and 1977, which served as the basis for credit offenses necessary for the
habitual criminality determination, were validly entered. Phillip W ayne Pomeroy v.
State, No. 01C01-9112-CR-00352 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Clarksville, July 17, 1992).
The record indicates that a petition for writ of habeas corpus, filed in the United
States District Court, was dismissed on May 17, 1993.
This petition, the petitioner's third, was filed April 30, 1996. The trial
1 Tenn essee Code Annota ted § 40- 30-102 provided for a three -year statute of limitations . In State v. Masucci, 754 S.W.2d 90 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988), the effective date of the statute, July 1, 1986, w as interpr eted to ex tend the tim e for filing of p ost-con victions claim until July 3, 1989 . Altho ugh there is no in dica tion in the re cord as to why th e 199 1 pet ition w as dis mis sed , it wou ld appea r that the pe tition would ha ve been barred u nder the three-yea r statute of limitations.
2 court dismissed the petition because it was not timely filed.
The petitioner insists that the trial court should have afforded him an
evidentiary hearing to determine whether the statute of limitations as applied in this
instance would have violated due process. See Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d 204
(Tenn. 1992). The petitioner has complained that the reasonable doubt instruction
utilized at his trial unconstitutionally shifted the burden of proof from the state. Cage
v. Louisiana, 498 U.S. 39, 111 S.Ct. 328 (1990) (held unconstitutional an instruction
equating reasonable doubt with "grave uncertainty" or "actual substantial doubt").
He has argued that the jury instructions requiring a presumption of malice violated
his right to due process. Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450
(1979). The petitioner claims that the rulings in Cage and Sandstrom were not
recognizable as grounds for relief during the term of the limitations period and that
his petition should not be barred by the new one-year statute of limitations. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-30-202.
Originally, the Post-Conviction Procedure Act of 1967 did not include a
statute of limitations. Effective July 1, 1986, the General Assembly adopted a three-
year statute of limitations. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-102 (repealed 1995). In
consequence, any petitioner whose judgment had become final before July 1, 1986,
had only three years thereafter to file a petition for post-conviction relief. Abston v.
State, 749 S.W.2d 487, 488 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988).
Here, the petitioner was subject to the three-year statute of limitations.
This legislation allowed the petitioner three years from "the date of the final action of
the highest state appellate court to which an appeal [was] taken." Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-30-102 (repealed 1995). The 1995 Act did not enlarge the time within which
3 this petitioner could file as "the enabling provision ... is not intended to revive claims
that were barred by the previous [three-year] statute of limitations." Carter v. State,
952 S.W.2d 417, 419 (Tenn. 1997).
In Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d 204, 208 (Tenn. 1992), our supreme
court held that in certain situations application of the statute of limitations in a post-
conviction proceeding would violate due process. In determining whether there has
been a violation of due process, the essential question is whether the time period
allowed by law provides petitioner a fair and reasonable opportunity to file suit. Id.
In Burford, the petitioner could not file within the three-year limitation absent a
determination on his prior post-conviction petition. Our supreme court ruled that Mr.
Burford was "caught in a procedural trap and unable to initiate litigation ... despite
the approach of the three-year limitation." Id. There was no such trap here.
In Sands v. State, 903 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tenn. 1995), our supreme
court further defined how courts should apply the Burford test:
(1) determine when the limitations period would normally have begun to run; (2) determine whether the grounds for relief actually arose after the limitations period would normally have commenced; and (3) if the grounds are "later arising," determine if, under the facts of the case, a strict application of the limitations period would effectively deny the petitioner a reasonable opportunity to present the claim. In making this final determination, courts should carefully weigh the petitioner's liberty interest in "collaterally attacking constitutional violations occurring during the conviction process," against the state's interest in preventing the litigation of "stale and fraudulent claims."
(citations omitted) (quoting Burford, 845 S.W.2d at 207, 208).
By the use of these guidelines, we have determined that the statute of
limitations for the petitioner's convictions began to run on May 11, 1987, when the
4 Tennessee Supreme Court declined to grant permission to appeal. In our view, the
Sandstrom issue would have been available during the limitation periods and,
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED SEPTEMBER 1997 SESSION January 8, 1998
Cecil W. Crowson PHILLIP W. POMEROY, * Appellate Court Clerk C.C.A. # 01C01-9610-CR-00424
Appellant, * DAVIDSON COUNTY
VS. * Hon. Walter C. Kurtz, Judge
STATE OF TENNESSEE, * (Post-Conviction)
Appellee. *
For Appellant: For Appellee:
Samuel F. Anderson, Attorney Charles W. Burson 2016 Eighth Avenue South Attorney General and Reporter Nashville, TN 37204 Elizabeth B. Marney Assistant Attorney General 450 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Tom Thurman Assistant District Attorney General Washington Square, Suite 500 222 Second Avenue North Nashville, TN 37201-1649
OPINION FILED:__________________________
AFFIRMED
GARY R. WADE, JUDGE OPINION
The petitioner, Phillip W. Pomeroy, appeals the trial court's dismissal
of his petition for post-conviction relief. The single issue presented for review is
whether the petition is barred by the statute of limitations.
We find no error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
On October 31, 1985, the petitioner, after being found guilty of two
counts of armed robbery, was determined to be a habitual criminal. The trial court
imposed two consecutive life sentences. The convictions and sentences were
affirmed on direct appeal. State v. Phillip W. Pomeroy, No. 86-55-III (Tenn. Crim.
App., at Nashville, Feb. 12, 1987). On May 11, 1987, application for permission to
appeal was denied by the supreme court.
In 1988, the petitioner filed and then voluntarily withdrew his first
petition for post-conviction relief. A second petition, filed in 1991, was dismissed by
the trial court.1 On direct appeal, this court determined that guilty pleas entered in
1975 and 1977, which served as the basis for credit offenses necessary for the
habitual criminality determination, were validly entered. Phillip W ayne Pomeroy v.
State, No. 01C01-9112-CR-00352 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Clarksville, July 17, 1992).
The record indicates that a petition for writ of habeas corpus, filed in the United
States District Court, was dismissed on May 17, 1993.
This petition, the petitioner's third, was filed April 30, 1996. The trial
1 Tenn essee Code Annota ted § 40- 30-102 provided for a three -year statute of limitations . In State v. Masucci, 754 S.W.2d 90 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988), the effective date of the statute, July 1, 1986, w as interpr eted to ex tend the tim e for filing of p ost-con victions claim until July 3, 1989 . Altho ugh there is no in dica tion in the re cord as to why th e 199 1 pet ition w as dis mis sed , it wou ld appea r that the pe tition would ha ve been barred u nder the three-yea r statute of limitations.
2 court dismissed the petition because it was not timely filed.
The petitioner insists that the trial court should have afforded him an
evidentiary hearing to determine whether the statute of limitations as applied in this
instance would have violated due process. See Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d 204
(Tenn. 1992). The petitioner has complained that the reasonable doubt instruction
utilized at his trial unconstitutionally shifted the burden of proof from the state. Cage
v. Louisiana, 498 U.S. 39, 111 S.Ct. 328 (1990) (held unconstitutional an instruction
equating reasonable doubt with "grave uncertainty" or "actual substantial doubt").
He has argued that the jury instructions requiring a presumption of malice violated
his right to due process. Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450
(1979). The petitioner claims that the rulings in Cage and Sandstrom were not
recognizable as grounds for relief during the term of the limitations period and that
his petition should not be barred by the new one-year statute of limitations. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-30-202.
Originally, the Post-Conviction Procedure Act of 1967 did not include a
statute of limitations. Effective July 1, 1986, the General Assembly adopted a three-
year statute of limitations. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-102 (repealed 1995). In
consequence, any petitioner whose judgment had become final before July 1, 1986,
had only three years thereafter to file a petition for post-conviction relief. Abston v.
State, 749 S.W.2d 487, 488 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988).
Here, the petitioner was subject to the three-year statute of limitations.
This legislation allowed the petitioner three years from "the date of the final action of
the highest state appellate court to which an appeal [was] taken." Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-30-102 (repealed 1995). The 1995 Act did not enlarge the time within which
3 this petitioner could file as "the enabling provision ... is not intended to revive claims
that were barred by the previous [three-year] statute of limitations." Carter v. State,
952 S.W.2d 417, 419 (Tenn. 1997).
In Burford v. State, 845 S.W.2d 204, 208 (Tenn. 1992), our supreme
court held that in certain situations application of the statute of limitations in a post-
conviction proceeding would violate due process. In determining whether there has
been a violation of due process, the essential question is whether the time period
allowed by law provides petitioner a fair and reasonable opportunity to file suit. Id.
In Burford, the petitioner could not file within the three-year limitation absent a
determination on his prior post-conviction petition. Our supreme court ruled that Mr.
Burford was "caught in a procedural trap and unable to initiate litigation ... despite
the approach of the three-year limitation." Id. There was no such trap here.
In Sands v. State, 903 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tenn. 1995), our supreme
court further defined how courts should apply the Burford test:
(1) determine when the limitations period would normally have begun to run; (2) determine whether the grounds for relief actually arose after the limitations period would normally have commenced; and (3) if the grounds are "later arising," determine if, under the facts of the case, a strict application of the limitations period would effectively deny the petitioner a reasonable opportunity to present the claim. In making this final determination, courts should carefully weigh the petitioner's liberty interest in "collaterally attacking constitutional violations occurring during the conviction process," against the state's interest in preventing the litigation of "stale and fraudulent claims."
(citations omitted) (quoting Burford, 845 S.W.2d at 207, 208).
By the use of these guidelines, we have determined that the statute of
limitations for the petitioner's convictions began to run on May 11, 1987, when the
4 Tennessee Supreme Court declined to grant permission to appeal. In our view, the
Sandstrom issue would have been available during the limitation periods and,
therefore, does not qualify as "later arising." See Allen v. State, 854 S.W.2d 873,
876 (Tenn. 1993); State v. Bolin, 678 S.W.2d 40 (Tenn. 1984); Daniel Carl Brewer v.
State, No. 1179 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Feb. 22, 1991). In April 1985, the
instruction required by Sandstrom was incorporated into 20.01 of the Tennessee
Pattern Instructions--Criminal. See Brewer, slip op. at 4. On December 30, 1985,
our supreme court reversed a conviction based on the erroneous burden-shifting
charge precluded in Sandstrom as to the issue of malice. State v. Martin, 702
S.W.2d 560 (Tenn. 1985), overruled by State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530 (Tenn.
1992). Moreover, the reasonable doubt instructions used in the 1980 trial of the
petitioner have been upheld as compliant with the principles of Cage v. Louisiana.
See State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722, 734 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Sexton, 917
S.W.2d 263, 266 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). The use of the phrase "moral certainty,"
standing alone, would not taint an otherwise sufficient instruction on reasonable
doubt. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d at 734. The jury instruction at the petitioner's trial
provided as follows:
By reasonable doubt is not meant that which of possibility may arise, but is that doubt engendered by an investigation of the whole proof, and an inability, after such investigation, to let the mind rest easily as to the certainty of guilt. Absolute certainty is not demanded by the law to convict of any criminal charge, but moral certainty is required, and this certainty is required as to every proposition of proof requisite to constitute the offense and as to every grade of crime charged or included in the indictment.
In our view, there was no due process violation.
Because the Sandstrom grounds rose well before the limitations period
commenced, it would not be a viable ground for relief. Because the instructions
given in the petitioner's 1985 trial did not violate the principles announced in Cage, a
5 summary denial of relief would have been appropriate even if the statute of
limitations had not barred the action.
Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.
________________________________ Gary R. Wade, Judge
CONCUR:
_____________________________ Thomas T. W oodall, Judge
_____________________________ Curwood Witt, Judge