Deemer, J.
[148] 1 2 [147] During the year 1897 plaintiff 'sold and delivered to defendant Seiler certain boots and shoes of the aggregate value of $207.60. After.Seiler obtained the goods and placed them with his other stock, he mortgaged the whole to his co-defendants the Waterloo State Bank and Ed Croak; to secure a pre-existing indebtedness due each of the mortgagees. Plaintiff claims that defendants Seiler falsely and fraudulently represented that he was solvent and able to pay for the goods, whereas in truth and in fact he was insolvent; and that when he purchased he (Seiler) did not intend to pay for the goods. Seiler did not appear, and during the course of the trial judgment was rendered against him by default. The issues tendered by the other [148] defendants have been stated with sufficient fullness, and need not be repeated. To sustain its contention, ' ' plaintiff offered several witnesses to prove the value of the stock owned by Seiler at the time he purchased the goods of plaintiff, and was also allowed to prove by these same witnesses the value of the usual and customary stock of boots and shoes kept by an'exclusive boot and shoe dealer in towns the size of Whittemore, where Seiler was engaged in business. The value of the stock at, the time Seiler purchased the goods of plaintiff was certainly a material inquiry, and, as each and all of the witnesses called to fix that value stated they had some knowledge, thereof, their testimony was admissible. The fact that Seiler had on hand, when he made the purchase in question, a very much larger stock than the legitimate demands of trade in the locality where he was doing business would justify, was also relevant to the issue of fraud ,and any proper and competent evidence tending to show that fact was admissible. The witnesses called each and all stated that they were familiar with the size of stocks usually carried in towns the size of Whittemore. Having thus qualified themselves, they were permitted to state the value thereof. In this there was no error. The fact was, as we have seen, relevant to the issue of fraud; and it could only be proven by witnesses who were familiar with such matters. It was not a matter of common knowledge. The ordinary person has little or no information on the subject. Men who are familiar with such matters do have this knowledge. It comes to them by reason of experience and observation along their particular lines of trade. Evidence as to the value of stocks usually carried in towns of a particular size is a species of opinion evidence that is admissible from the very necessities of the case. The weight of such evidence is for the jury, that at the suggestion of counsel or bv direction of the court will no doubt make an allowance for mistakes of judgment on the part of" the buyer, and all other facts and cir[149] eumstanees tending'to negative the idea that the overstock-, ing was with fraudulent intent- Evidence as to value of the stock and as to the value of the usual and ordinary stock carried in such a place was properly admitted. error. This assignment is not sufficiently specific,
3 II. At the conclusion of plaintiff’s evidence defendants moved for a verdict. This motion was based on nine distinct grounds. They assign the overruling of the motion as and cannot, therefore, be considered. Hamilton Buggy Co. v. Iowa Buggy Co., 88 Iowa, 368; Sisson v. Kaper, 105 Iowa, 599; Shakman v. Potter, 98, Iowa, 61.
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Deemer, J.
[148] 1 2 [147] During the year 1897 plaintiff 'sold and delivered to defendant Seiler certain boots and shoes of the aggregate value of $207.60. After.Seiler obtained the goods and placed them with his other stock, he mortgaged the whole to his co-defendants the Waterloo State Bank and Ed Croak; to secure a pre-existing indebtedness due each of the mortgagees. Plaintiff claims that defendants Seiler falsely and fraudulently represented that he was solvent and able to pay for the goods, whereas in truth and in fact he was insolvent; and that when he purchased he (Seiler) did not intend to pay for the goods. Seiler did not appear, and during the course of the trial judgment was rendered against him by default. The issues tendered by the other [148] defendants have been stated with sufficient fullness, and need not be repeated. To sustain its contention, ' ' plaintiff offered several witnesses to prove the value of the stock owned by Seiler at the time he purchased the goods of plaintiff, and was also allowed to prove by these same witnesses the value of the usual and customary stock of boots and shoes kept by an'exclusive boot and shoe dealer in towns the size of Whittemore, where Seiler was engaged in business. The value of the stock at, the time Seiler purchased the goods of plaintiff was certainly a material inquiry, and, as each and all of the witnesses called to fix that value stated they had some knowledge, thereof, their testimony was admissible. The fact that Seiler had on hand, when he made the purchase in question, a very much larger stock than the legitimate demands of trade in the locality where he was doing business would justify, was also relevant to the issue of fraud ,and any proper and competent evidence tending to show that fact was admissible. The witnesses called each and all stated that they were familiar with the size of stocks usually carried in towns the size of Whittemore. Having thus qualified themselves, they were permitted to state the value thereof. In this there was no error. The fact was, as we have seen, relevant to the issue of fraud; and it could only be proven by witnesses who were familiar with such matters. It was not a matter of common knowledge. The ordinary person has little or no information on the subject. Men who are familiar with such matters do have this knowledge. It comes to them by reason of experience and observation along their particular lines of trade. Evidence as to the value of stocks usually carried in towns of a particular size is a species of opinion evidence that is admissible from the very necessities of the case. The weight of such evidence is for the jury, that at the suggestion of counsel or bv direction of the court will no doubt make an allowance for mistakes of judgment on the part of" the buyer, and all other facts and cir[149] eumstanees tending'to negative the idea that the overstock-, ing was with fraudulent intent- Evidence as to value of the stock and as to the value of the usual and ordinary stock carried in such a place was properly admitted. error. This assignment is not sufficiently specific,
3 II. At the conclusion of plaintiff’s evidence defendants moved for a verdict. This motion was based on nine distinct grounds. They assign the overruling of the motion as and cannot, therefore, be considered. Hamilton Buggy Co. v. Iowa Buggy Co., 88 Iowa, 368; Sisson v. Kaper, 105 Iowa, 599; Shakman v. Potter, 98, Iowa, 61.
4 5 [150]*1506 [151] 7 8 [149] III. It is said that the court failed to state the issues in its charge to the jury, in that it neglected to advise them that defendants Croak and the Waterloo Bank filed separate answers. This is a hypercritical objection, entirely devoid of merit. The answers, although separate, tendered identical issues, and no prejudice resulted from stating they were joint. The complaint made of instruction No. 3 is without merit. Construed with instruction No. 2, immediately preceding, it was sufficiently- specific, and could not have misled the jury. Instructions 5 and 8, so far as material, read as follows: “(5) If you believe from the evidence that on or about the 14th day of July and the 1st day of September, 1897, Adam Seiler was ‘engaged in .the boot and shoe business at Whittemore, Iowa, and that at said times the said Adam Seiler was insolvent,- and that at said times he did purchase of the plaintiff any part or all of the goods sued for in this action, and that at the time of making the purchase of said goods the said. Adam Seiler knew that he was insolvent and unable to pay therefor, and that the said Adam Seiler purchased said goods from the plaintiff with the purpose and intention not to pay .therefor, and for purpose of defrauding the plaintiff out of said good's, then, you are told that as a matter of law the plaintiff would be entitled to re[150] cover sucli goods as you find from the evidence these defendants had in their possession at the time of the commencement of this suit, and were delivered to said Adam Seiler under the purchases mentioned in this instruction.” “(8) In considering the question as to whether or not Adam Seiler bought the goods with the intention and purpose' of defrauding the plaintiff, you are told that there are in law certain matters which are sometimes termed ‘badges of fraud’; that is, matters which, if shown, are usually considered as evidence tending to show fraud. Among these are unusual or extraordinary methods of conducting business, if shown. Any secrecy or concealment in said business, if shown, or any other unusual methods or acts connected with the transaction in question, if shown by the evidence, are proper to be considered when deciding whether fraud in fact existed in connection with the transaction. As applied to this case, if Adam Seiler, by his acts prior' to or at the time of the sale, intentionally induced plaintiff to believe that he intended to pay for the goods, and saidSeiler in fact did not intend to pay therefor, and the said Seiler induced this belief intending to deceive the plaintiff and induce it to sell the goods to him, and the plaintiff was-thereby deceived, and was induced by this misrepresentation to make the sales, and would not have made them if defendant had not made this misrepresentation, then the debt- was created by fraud of said Seiler, and the ‘plaintiff would be entitled to recover, provided you find that said Seiler was at the time of the sale insolvent.” Pive is.complained of because it is said that Seiler purchased the goods June 10th, -and not at the time stated in the instructions. It is true, he gave the order June 10th, but the order was not accepted and the goods shipped until the time stated in the instruction; hence there was no error. See Kearney Milling & Elevator Co. v. Union Pac. Ry. Co., 97 Iowa, 719. The eighth instruction is said to be errone[151] ■ons because there is no evidence'to sustain it, and no such issue as is referred to therein is made by the pleadings. There is no evidence, it is true, of any express representations made by the defendant regarding his solvency or of his intent to pay for the goods; but in giving -his order and receiving the goods he impliedly represented that he intended to pay for them, and, if he had a secret intent not to pay, this was such a fraud on the seller as would justify a rescission of the sale. Starr v. Stevenson, 91 Iowa, 681; Oswego Starch Factory v. Lendrum, 57 Iowa, 5Y5. The • instruction explicitly refers to such representations, and was ■au accurate statement of the law applicable to such cases. •It seems to be based on the language used in the Oswego Starch Co. Case, supra, and was not erroneous. No property statement was required, nor was there any express representation as to solvency, but the instruction did not assume that either of these things existed. It referred simply to the implied representation growing out of the purchase and sale of the goods. In the ninth paragraph •of the charge the jury was told that, if Seiler was insolvent when he purchased the goods — that is, was unable to pay his hills as they matured in the ordinary course of business— such fact should be taken into account in determining the real issue of intent to pay for the goods; that it was not •what Seiler said his intent was, but, talcing all the evidence ■or. tin sub pet, inclu.lug his statement, the jury should determine that issue; and that “in determining this question you should take into consideration the amount of indebtedness which he then had, the amount of -goods which he was -ordering, the length of time and terms upon which payments were to be made, his income from the business and other sources, if any, and from all these circumstances, and all ■other surrounding facts and circumstances proven upon the trial, determine the question.” This instruction is criticised because there1 was no evidence to support it, because it invaded the province of the jury, and because it improperly [152] defined insolvency. None of these objections are tenable. Insolvency was properly defined, the real issue was stated,, and tbe question of fact was left to -tlie jury.
9 10 IV. Error is assigned on the overruling of defendant’s motion for- a new trial. The motion was based. on 21 grounds, and the assignment is general. Under repeated decisions this is insufficient. Tliar. a wrong construction may not be placed on this opinion, it is-proper to say that the defendant mortgagees took their mortgages to secure pre-existing debts. They neither-extended time of payment nor parted with other thing of value when they received their mortgages,, and consequently cannot be treated as innocent purchasers. Starr v. Stevenson, supra. The claim that the verdict is without support in the evidence has no sufficient assignment of error on which to res; and that question is not considered. No prejudicial error appears, and the judgment is AEETRMED.