Robert H. Dudley, Justice.
This quiet title action presents questions about oil, gas or mineral rights, thus jurisdiction is in this Court pursuant to our Rule 29(l)(n). The first point for reversal raised by the plaintiffs, appellants, concerns the construction to be given a warranty deed. In the deed, the owner of a fractional mineral interest purports to convey a larger interest than can be granted because of another outstanding fractional mineral interest and the grantor’s own purported reservation of a fractional interest in the minerals. The trial judge was correct in ruling that the warranty deed failed to reserve an undivided one-half interest in the oil, gas and other minerals.
In 1940, the Supreme Court of Texas published its opinion on the issue now before us in Duhig v. Peavy-Moore Lumber Co., 135 Tex. 503, 144 S.W.2d 878 (1940). In the 45 years since that decision was issued, Duhig has been accepted, in some form, by the courts of at least eight (8) oil and gas producing states: Alabama, Colorado, Mississippi, North Dakota, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming, and probably Louisiana. See 1 H. Williams & C. Meyers, Oil and Gas Law, § 311 n. 12 (1981) and W. Ellis, Rethinking the Duhig Doctrine, 28 Rocky Mt. Min. L. Inst. 947 (1982) for a complete listing of the cases. It has recently been rejected, in part, in North Dakota, in Gilbertson v. Charlson, 301 N.W.2d 144 (N.D. 1981), and in Utah, in Hartman v. Potter, 596 P.2d 653 (Utah 1979).
We recently rejected application of the Duhig Rule with respect to reservations contained in quit-claim deeds in Hill v. Gilliam, 284 Ark. 383, 682 S.W.2d 737 (1985). The facts of the instant case, however, present us with an issue of first impression in Arkansas — whether we adopt the Duhig rule with respect to warranty deeds.
A brief outline of the Duhig facts and reasoning are necessary to understand the rule. Gilmer conveyed land to Duhig, reserving 50% of the minerals. It is undisputed that at this point Duhig owned all of the surface and 50% of the minerals. Duhig then executed a warranty deed to the predecessor in interest of Peavy-Moore Lumber Company which warranted title to the described land, but then set out the following statement: “But it is expressly agreed and stipulated that the grantor herein retains an undivided one-half interest in and to all mineral rights or minerals of whatever description in the land.” Duhig v. Peavy-Moore Lumber Co., 135 Tex. 503, 144 S.W.2d 878 (1940). Duhig and the lumber company each claimed that they owned the 50% of the mineral interest not owned by Gilmer.
The Texas Supreme Court held in favor of the lumber company. The opinion was written by Commissioner Smedley, who did not agree with the majority justices. For himself, he wrote that the result was mandated by established rules of construction; that the deed showed an intent to convey to the lumber company all of the land owned by Duhig and a one-half interest in the minerals; and that the clause in question merely withheld the one-half mineral interest previously reserved in the Gilmer deed, which Duhig did not own, from the operation of the deed. For the majority, he explained the two step approach which they used in reaching their decision. First, the granting clause of the deed operates, and the lumber company receives all of the surface and one-half of the minerals, title to which was warranted. Duhig owns nothing. Next, the reservation operates, and the 50% interest in minerals returns to Duhig. Now the lumber company owns the surface but not mineral rights. At this point, both the grant and the reservation have been given effect, but Duhig is in violation of the warranty in the deed. To rectify the breach of warranty, 50% of the minerals are transferred from Duhig to the lumber company by using an analogy to the doctrine of estoppel by deed against assertion of an after acquired title.
It is not necessary to accept the Texas majority’s two-step estoppel theory in order to accept the Duhig result. Professor Ellis, in his outstanding article, Rethinking the Duhig Doctrine, 28 Rocky Mt. Min. L. Inst. 947 (1982), analyzes the Duhig rule as being made up of two sub-rules:
1. A warranty deed which does not limit the interest in the minerals granted purports to grant 100% of the minerals. He labels this the “100% rule.”
2. If the grantor of a warranty deed does not own enough interest to fill both the grant and the reservation, the grant must be filled first. He terms this the “allocation of shortage rule.”
Professor Ellis also discusses the underlying reason for the Duhig Rule:
In the United States, the recording system is the only method we have for keeping track of the ownership of mineral rights. The recording system only makes available the evidence of title, evidence which is meaningless until interpreted by a title examiner. Rules like those that comprise the Duhig rule exist primarily to make it possible for title examiners to interpret the evidence they find in the recorder’s office. Without such objective rules of construction, marketable title, and thus a market in mineral rights, would not be possible. The initial question faced by a court that is dealing with a Duhig problem is not whether to follow Duhig or some other rule of construction. The first question is whether to set aside all objective rules of construction and engage in a subjective inquiry into the meaning of the deed or to find the intent of the parties objectively according to accepted rules of construction.
The general criteria for making this threshold decision are clear. The goal of interpretation is finding, if possible, the actual intent of the parties. Relevant facts, which are admitted by the parties or are proper matters for judicial notice, can be taken into account if doing so will not injure the rights of subsequent purchasers or undermine reliance on the recording system. When, however, fairness to individual parties and preservation of a viable recording system are in conflict, preservation of the recording system, being more important, must control.
In the case at bar, Bullock, in 1938, conveyed land to Baird, reserving 50% of the minerals. It is undisputed that Bullock continues to own that 50% of the minerals. Next, in 1941, Baird conveyed his land and the other one-half of the minerals to Payne. In 1947, Payne conveyed his land and the one-half of the minerals he owned to Pope. In 1948, in the warranty deed now at issue, Pope, the predecessor in interest of the plaintiffs in this action, conveyed to Andrews setting out the following reservation: “Reserving however, from this conveyance, for the grantors herein, their heirs and assigns forever, ONE-HALF (Vi) of all oil, gas, coal and other minerals, in and to and that might be produced from the said real estate.” Andrews then conveyed his interest to Price, who conveyed to Brown, who conveyed to Neal, who conveyed to Pearson, who finally conveyed to the Simpsons, the defendants in this quiet title action.
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Robert H. Dudley, Justice.
This quiet title action presents questions about oil, gas or mineral rights, thus jurisdiction is in this Court pursuant to our Rule 29(l)(n). The first point for reversal raised by the plaintiffs, appellants, concerns the construction to be given a warranty deed. In the deed, the owner of a fractional mineral interest purports to convey a larger interest than can be granted because of another outstanding fractional mineral interest and the grantor’s own purported reservation of a fractional interest in the minerals. The trial judge was correct in ruling that the warranty deed failed to reserve an undivided one-half interest in the oil, gas and other minerals.
In 1940, the Supreme Court of Texas published its opinion on the issue now before us in Duhig v. Peavy-Moore Lumber Co., 135 Tex. 503, 144 S.W.2d 878 (1940). In the 45 years since that decision was issued, Duhig has been accepted, in some form, by the courts of at least eight (8) oil and gas producing states: Alabama, Colorado, Mississippi, North Dakota, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming, and probably Louisiana. See 1 H. Williams & C. Meyers, Oil and Gas Law, § 311 n. 12 (1981) and W. Ellis, Rethinking the Duhig Doctrine, 28 Rocky Mt. Min. L. Inst. 947 (1982) for a complete listing of the cases. It has recently been rejected, in part, in North Dakota, in Gilbertson v. Charlson, 301 N.W.2d 144 (N.D. 1981), and in Utah, in Hartman v. Potter, 596 P.2d 653 (Utah 1979).
We recently rejected application of the Duhig Rule with respect to reservations contained in quit-claim deeds in Hill v. Gilliam, 284 Ark. 383, 682 S.W.2d 737 (1985). The facts of the instant case, however, present us with an issue of first impression in Arkansas — whether we adopt the Duhig rule with respect to warranty deeds.
A brief outline of the Duhig facts and reasoning are necessary to understand the rule. Gilmer conveyed land to Duhig, reserving 50% of the minerals. It is undisputed that at this point Duhig owned all of the surface and 50% of the minerals. Duhig then executed a warranty deed to the predecessor in interest of Peavy-Moore Lumber Company which warranted title to the described land, but then set out the following statement: “But it is expressly agreed and stipulated that the grantor herein retains an undivided one-half interest in and to all mineral rights or minerals of whatever description in the land.” Duhig v. Peavy-Moore Lumber Co., 135 Tex. 503, 144 S.W.2d 878 (1940). Duhig and the lumber company each claimed that they owned the 50% of the mineral interest not owned by Gilmer.
The Texas Supreme Court held in favor of the lumber company. The opinion was written by Commissioner Smedley, who did not agree with the majority justices. For himself, he wrote that the result was mandated by established rules of construction; that the deed showed an intent to convey to the lumber company all of the land owned by Duhig and a one-half interest in the minerals; and that the clause in question merely withheld the one-half mineral interest previously reserved in the Gilmer deed, which Duhig did not own, from the operation of the deed. For the majority, he explained the two step approach which they used in reaching their decision. First, the granting clause of the deed operates, and the lumber company receives all of the surface and one-half of the minerals, title to which was warranted. Duhig owns nothing. Next, the reservation operates, and the 50% interest in minerals returns to Duhig. Now the lumber company owns the surface but not mineral rights. At this point, both the grant and the reservation have been given effect, but Duhig is in violation of the warranty in the deed. To rectify the breach of warranty, 50% of the minerals are transferred from Duhig to the lumber company by using an analogy to the doctrine of estoppel by deed against assertion of an after acquired title.
It is not necessary to accept the Texas majority’s two-step estoppel theory in order to accept the Duhig result. Professor Ellis, in his outstanding article, Rethinking the Duhig Doctrine, 28 Rocky Mt. Min. L. Inst. 947 (1982), analyzes the Duhig rule as being made up of two sub-rules:
1. A warranty deed which does not limit the interest in the minerals granted purports to grant 100% of the minerals. He labels this the “100% rule.”
2. If the grantor of a warranty deed does not own enough interest to fill both the grant and the reservation, the grant must be filled first. He terms this the “allocation of shortage rule.”
Professor Ellis also discusses the underlying reason for the Duhig Rule:
In the United States, the recording system is the only method we have for keeping track of the ownership of mineral rights. The recording system only makes available the evidence of title, evidence which is meaningless until interpreted by a title examiner. Rules like those that comprise the Duhig rule exist primarily to make it possible for title examiners to interpret the evidence they find in the recorder’s office. Without such objective rules of construction, marketable title, and thus a market in mineral rights, would not be possible. The initial question faced by a court that is dealing with a Duhig problem is not whether to follow Duhig or some other rule of construction. The first question is whether to set aside all objective rules of construction and engage in a subjective inquiry into the meaning of the deed or to find the intent of the parties objectively according to accepted rules of construction.
The general criteria for making this threshold decision are clear. The goal of interpretation is finding, if possible, the actual intent of the parties. Relevant facts, which are admitted by the parties or are proper matters for judicial notice, can be taken into account if doing so will not injure the rights of subsequent purchasers or undermine reliance on the recording system. When, however, fairness to individual parties and preservation of a viable recording system are in conflict, preservation of the recording system, being more important, must control.
In the case at bar, Bullock, in 1938, conveyed land to Baird, reserving 50% of the minerals. It is undisputed that Bullock continues to own that 50% of the minerals. Next, in 1941, Baird conveyed his land and the other one-half of the minerals to Payne. In 1947, Payne conveyed his land and the one-half of the minerals he owned to Pope. In 1948, in the warranty deed now at issue, Pope, the predecessor in interest of the plaintiffs in this action, conveyed to Andrews setting out the following reservation: “Reserving however, from this conveyance, for the grantors herein, their heirs and assigns forever, ONE-HALF (Vi) of all oil, gas, coal and other minerals, in and to and that might be produced from the said real estate.” Andrews then conveyed his interest to Price, who conveyed to Brown, who conveyed to Neal, who conveyed to Pearson, who finally conveyed to the Simpsons, the defendants in this quiet title action. The language in the deed to the Simpsons provides: “This deed is made subject to reservations of one half (Vi) of all minerals heretofore reserved. It is meant by this deed to convey the surface and one half of all minerals.”
The plaintiffs, successors in interest to Pope, urge us to examine subjective considerations in order to decide this case, as was done in Hartman v. Potter, 596 P.2d 653 (Utah 1979). The defendants, Simpsons, are subsequent purchasers, and they would have us apply the Duhig rule, a rule of objective construction. We choose to apply Duhig to the extent explained below.
As set forth previously in describing the chain of title, the plaintiffs’ predecessor in interest, Pope, did not convey directly to the defendants. In fact, there were four intervening conveyances between the Pope deed and the Simpson deed. To decide the issue now on the basis of what Pope subjectively thought, or intended, when he conveyed to Andrews in 1948, when neither the grantees, nor their title examiners were privy to that thought, would be greatly unfair. As Professor Ellis stated in concluding his article on Duhig: “The Duhig Rule is not intended to uncover the ‘real’ intent of the parties. It is intended to protect BFP’s.” W. Ellis, Rethinking the Duhig Doctrine, 28 Rocky Mt. Min. L. Inst. 947, 967 (1982). Therefore, the proper procedure to follow in cases which do not involve the original grantor and his immediate grantee, as here, is to arrive at the meaning of the deed according to rules of objective construction, which we now hold to include application of the Duhig rule. Subjective considerations are not appropriate in such cases. Accordingly, with respect to such reservations contained in warranty deeds, a subsequent grantee is to receive that percentage of mineral interest in the land not reserved to the grantor, since the deed purports to deal with 100% of the minerals. If both the grant and reservation cannot thereby be given effect, the reservation must fail and the risk of title loss is on the grantor.
Subsequent purchasers, or grantees, must be able to rely upon this interpretation or else, under these type of circumstances, every title would require a lawsuit in order to be alienable. Rejection of the Duhig Rule would mean sacrificing the degree of certainty and guidance that it can provide concerning marketability of mineral interests, and replacing it with an outbreak of lawsuits. This we are not willing to do.
The fairness of applying Duhig is obvious. First, Pope did not specify the quantum of interest in the minerals he conveyed. There are only two reasonable ways to read a warranty deed which does not specify the quantum of interest conveyed, either “No interest” or “all the interest there is.” The idea that Pope intended to convey no interest in the minerals does not comply with the expectations of reasonable people.
Second, Pope, did not own enough interest to satisfy both his grant and his reservation. That leaves only two choices, either the grantor bears all the loss or the grantee bears all the loss. It is more fair to allocate the loss to the grantor, who could have prevented the misunderstanding in the first place.
Our decision in this case does not change the general rule that subjective considerations may be taken into account in reformation cases involving the original grantor and his immediate grantee.
The second point for reversal raised by the plaintiffs, appellants, is that the trial court erred by refusing to hold that appellants acquired ownership to the undivided one-half interest in the minerals by adverse possession. The trial judge was correct. When a mineral ownership has not been severed by deed from the surface ownership, as here, one cannot acquire title to the minerals by adverse possession unless he actually invades the minerals by opening mines or drilling wells and continues that action for the necessary statutory period. Taylor v. Scott, 285 Ark. 102, 685 S.W.2d 160 (1985). Here, there was no drilling and operation of the gas wells continually for the statutory period of seven years.
Affirmed.
Holt, C.J., Hickman and Newbern, JJ., dissent.