GARDNER, J.
Appellant rented from ap-pellee for the year 1922 a farm known as the J. D. Holman place. He went into possession, cultivated the land, and failing to pay the rent to appellee, for which he had executed his promissory note due September 1, 1922, this litigation followed, resulting in a judgment against him — from which this ap1-peal is prosecuted.
The defendant fully recognized the general rule that a tenant is not permitted to deny the title of Ms landlord, and made an effort to bring his case within some exception to the rule, as where the landlord’s title has been extinguished or changed for the worse subsequent to the rental contract — citing, among other authorities, Sadler v. Jefferson, 143 Ala. 669, 39 South. 380; Davis v. Williams, 130 Ala. 530, 30 South. 488, 54 L. R. A. 749, 89 Am. St. Éep. 55.
It appears that the plaintiff had previously rented this land from the owner, J. D. Holman, for a period of five years and this written lease was introduced in evidence. It bears date December 12, 1921, and bears every evidence of being a full and
complete contract between tlie parties, and. is as follows:
“Ozark, Ala. Dec. 12, 1921.
“State of Alabama, Dale County This trade and agreement made by and between J. D. Holman as party of the first part and S. R. Pilcher as party of the second part witnesseth that' party of the first part has this day rented to party of the second part his place in Geneva county known as the Price place for a cerm of five years covering the crop years 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 and 1926 for which party of the second part has this day signed his several rent notes for $112.50 each due on Oct. 1 of each year.
“Party of the second part rents the place just as it is and agrees to do all necessary work that is needed on the place at his own expense, and is to keep the place in good state of repairs and to keep the fences terraces, and other repair work in good shape.
“It is agreed that all litter and stalks are to be turned unde;.- for fertilizer each year, and not burned and no wood nor lightwood is to be hauled off the place while this contract is in force.
“Party of the second part agrees to take good care of the place in every way just as if it were his own.
“Written in duplicate on this the day above written. X D. Holman.
“S. R. Pilcher.”
“Witness:
“J. G. Whitman.
“R. R. Holman.
“T. F. Hayes.”
It is to be observed the contract contains no provision requiring the lessee to move upon the premises or to build a room to the house, or restricting the lessee as to the right of subletting the property. Under the contract as thus entered into between the parties the tenant had the right to underlet the premises.
i
“As the owner of a well-defined interest or estate in lands, a tenant for years, unless restrained by the covenants and conditions in his lease, may underlet the premises, or any part of them.” Maddox v. Westeott, 156 Ala. 492, 47 South. 170, 16 Ann. Cas. 604. See, also, 16 R. C. L. 871.
Immediately upon learning that the plaintiff in this action had rented the place to this defendant, J. D. Holman (the owner) sought to cancel the lease, contract giving notice to that effect to both the plaintiff and the defendant, and subsequently on January 2, 1922, entered into a rental contract with this defendant for the rent of this identical place. Holman sought to justify his action upon the theory that the plaintiff Pilcher had violated the contract by subletting the property to this defendant and failing himself to move upon the premises and cultivate the land.
The defendant offered to show that at the time of the execution of the rental contract between Holman and Pilcher there was a verbal understanding between the parties that Pilcher was in fact to move upon the premises and not sublet, and, also, to make certain improvements not specified in the contract above set out. The action of the court in sustaining objection by plaintiff to this part of the testimony constitutes the basis for the assignment of error on this appeal.
It is a well-recognized general rule that the writing is presumed to contain the entire contract, all the stipulations and promises the parties intended to make and assume, and that all previous negotiations and parol agreements were merged in the terms of the written instrument. There are of course some exceptions, as where the writing does not purport to disclose a complete contract, but we are persuaded, however, the ease here presented does not come within any of the exceptions to the general rule.
Under the contract, as expressed in writing, Pilcher had the right to sublet the premises and to prove by parol' to the contrary, would be violative of the well-understood rule prohibiting parol proof which contradicts or varies written contracts.
A question of similar character was presented in the recent case of Miller Bros. v. Direct Lumber Co., 207 Ala. 338, 92 South. 473.
As previously stated, the contract bears upon its face every evidence that it was full and complete and intended to express the understanding and agreement of the parties. So, also, evidence that the tenant was to make any improvements other than those stipulated in the written contract would be violative of this same rule of evidence. Middleton v. Alabama Power Co., 196 Ala. 1, 71 South. 461; Hill v. Weil, 202 Ala. 400, 80 South. 536; Griel v. Lomax, 86 Ala. 132, 5 South. 325; Drennen v. Satterfield, 119 Ala. 84, 24 South. 723.
We are persuaded that the ruling of the trial court upon these questions of evidence was well sustained by the foregoing authorities.
Appellant relies, however, upon the principle recognized in our decisions, that the rule forbidding introduction of parol proof to vary or contradict writings applies only to parties and privies, and not to strangers to the writing, who are not bound thereby, and who may, therefore, when it is introduced to affect their rights, contradict it by parolciting, among other authorities, Lehman v. Howze, 73 Ala. 302; Venable v. Thompson, 11 Ala. 147; Robinson v. Moseley, 93 Ala. 70, 9 South. 372; Jones v. First Nat. Bank, 206 Ala. 207, 89 South. 437; Troy v. Norman, 107 Ala. 667, 18 South. 255. These authorities are without application to the instant case.
The defendant had rented the place from plaintiff, executed his note therefor, which so recited, and, while he had not actually moved upon the premises, had in fact plowed some three or four acres when Holman interfered, as above noted. Plaintiff had a valid
lease for a period of five years. There has been no failure of his title, nor other impediment to the use and enjoyment of the premises, save the unauthorized interference on Holman’s part, that is unauthorized if the written contract is to stand unimpeached. Defendant’s offered proof was for the purpose of impeaching the written contract, varying and contradicting it.
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GARDNER, J.
Appellant rented from ap-pellee for the year 1922 a farm known as the J. D. Holman place. He went into possession, cultivated the land, and failing to pay the rent to appellee, for which he had executed his promissory note due September 1, 1922, this litigation followed, resulting in a judgment against him — from which this ap1-peal is prosecuted.
The defendant fully recognized the general rule that a tenant is not permitted to deny the title of Ms landlord, and made an effort to bring his case within some exception to the rule, as where the landlord’s title has been extinguished or changed for the worse subsequent to the rental contract — citing, among other authorities, Sadler v. Jefferson, 143 Ala. 669, 39 South. 380; Davis v. Williams, 130 Ala. 530, 30 South. 488, 54 L. R. A. 749, 89 Am. St. Éep. 55.
It appears that the plaintiff had previously rented this land from the owner, J. D. Holman, for a period of five years and this written lease was introduced in evidence. It bears date December 12, 1921, and bears every evidence of being a full and
complete contract between tlie parties, and. is as follows:
“Ozark, Ala. Dec. 12, 1921.
“State of Alabama, Dale County This trade and agreement made by and between J. D. Holman as party of the first part and S. R. Pilcher as party of the second part witnesseth that' party of the first part has this day rented to party of the second part his place in Geneva county known as the Price place for a cerm of five years covering the crop years 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 and 1926 for which party of the second part has this day signed his several rent notes for $112.50 each due on Oct. 1 of each year.
“Party of the second part rents the place just as it is and agrees to do all necessary work that is needed on the place at his own expense, and is to keep the place in good state of repairs and to keep the fences terraces, and other repair work in good shape.
“It is agreed that all litter and stalks are to be turned unde;.- for fertilizer each year, and not burned and no wood nor lightwood is to be hauled off the place while this contract is in force.
“Party of the second part agrees to take good care of the place in every way just as if it were his own.
“Written in duplicate on this the day above written. X D. Holman.
“S. R. Pilcher.”
“Witness:
“J. G. Whitman.
“R. R. Holman.
“T. F. Hayes.”
It is to be observed the contract contains no provision requiring the lessee to move upon the premises or to build a room to the house, or restricting the lessee as to the right of subletting the property. Under the contract as thus entered into between the parties the tenant had the right to underlet the premises.
i
“As the owner of a well-defined interest or estate in lands, a tenant for years, unless restrained by the covenants and conditions in his lease, may underlet the premises, or any part of them.” Maddox v. Westeott, 156 Ala. 492, 47 South. 170, 16 Ann. Cas. 604. See, also, 16 R. C. L. 871.
Immediately upon learning that the plaintiff in this action had rented the place to this defendant, J. D. Holman (the owner) sought to cancel the lease, contract giving notice to that effect to both the plaintiff and the defendant, and subsequently on January 2, 1922, entered into a rental contract with this defendant for the rent of this identical place. Holman sought to justify his action upon the theory that the plaintiff Pilcher had violated the contract by subletting the property to this defendant and failing himself to move upon the premises and cultivate the land.
The defendant offered to show that at the time of the execution of the rental contract between Holman and Pilcher there was a verbal understanding between the parties that Pilcher was in fact to move upon the premises and not sublet, and, also, to make certain improvements not specified in the contract above set out. The action of the court in sustaining objection by plaintiff to this part of the testimony constitutes the basis for the assignment of error on this appeal.
It is a well-recognized general rule that the writing is presumed to contain the entire contract, all the stipulations and promises the parties intended to make and assume, and that all previous negotiations and parol agreements were merged in the terms of the written instrument. There are of course some exceptions, as where the writing does not purport to disclose a complete contract, but we are persuaded, however, the ease here presented does not come within any of the exceptions to the general rule.
Under the contract, as expressed in writing, Pilcher had the right to sublet the premises and to prove by parol' to the contrary, would be violative of the well-understood rule prohibiting parol proof which contradicts or varies written contracts.
A question of similar character was presented in the recent case of Miller Bros. v. Direct Lumber Co., 207 Ala. 338, 92 South. 473.
As previously stated, the contract bears upon its face every evidence that it was full and complete and intended to express the understanding and agreement of the parties. So, also, evidence that the tenant was to make any improvements other than those stipulated in the written contract would be violative of this same rule of evidence. Middleton v. Alabama Power Co., 196 Ala. 1, 71 South. 461; Hill v. Weil, 202 Ala. 400, 80 South. 536; Griel v. Lomax, 86 Ala. 132, 5 South. 325; Drennen v. Satterfield, 119 Ala. 84, 24 South. 723.
We are persuaded that the ruling of the trial court upon these questions of evidence was well sustained by the foregoing authorities.
Appellant relies, however, upon the principle recognized in our decisions, that the rule forbidding introduction of parol proof to vary or contradict writings applies only to parties and privies, and not to strangers to the writing, who are not bound thereby, and who may, therefore, when it is introduced to affect their rights, contradict it by parolciting, among other authorities, Lehman v. Howze, 73 Ala. 302; Venable v. Thompson, 11 Ala. 147; Robinson v. Moseley, 93 Ala. 70, 9 South. 372; Jones v. First Nat. Bank, 206 Ala. 207, 89 South. 437; Troy v. Norman, 107 Ala. 667, 18 South. 255. These authorities are without application to the instant case.
The defendant had rented the place from plaintiff, executed his note therefor, which so recited, and, while he had not actually moved upon the premises, had in fact plowed some three or four acres when Holman interfered, as above noted. Plaintiff had a valid
lease for a period of five years. There has been no failure of his title, nor other impediment to the use and enjoyment of the premises, save the unauthorized interference on Holman’s part, that is unauthorized if the written contract is to stand unimpeached. Defendant’s offered proof was for the purpose of impeaching the written contract, varying and contradicting it. He was not a stranger to plaintiff’s title in the sense referred to in the above cited authorities. He was plaintiff’s tenant and in privity with such title. Had he continued in possession as plaintiff’s tenant and suit been brought by Holman to oust him therefrom, defendant would have offered proof as to his tenancy under plaintiff, and then shown plaintiff’s lease as a complete defense thereto. This but illustrates his relation to the lease. Under plaintiff’s lease he had the right to possession for five years, and defendant by his rental contract had the right to possession as plaintiff’s tenant, and in fact did, to some extent at least, exercise that right, and so far as this record discloses, was not justified in thus repudiating his tenancy under plaintiff, and, very clearly, will not be permitted under these circumstances to impeach plaintiff’s title by contradicting his written lease.
Much stress is laid upon Lehman v. Howze, supra, but that authority does not militate against the conclusion here reached. There the subtenant was permitted to show that the consideration recited in a separate written obligation of the tenant in chief was not as therein recited, but this writing bore no delation to the title of the tenant to the premises or right to possession, but was. an entirely separate obligation of the chief tenant, with which the subtenant was in no manner connected. As to that particular obligation, the subtenant was a stranger. Defendant in the instant case, however, is not a stranger to plaintiff’s title, which he then sought to destroy, but in fact in privity therewith. The cases are readily distinguishable.
Let the judgment be affirmed.
Affirmed.
ANDERSON, O. J., and SOMERVILLE and THOMAS, JJ., concur.