UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
KARIN PEETERS, : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 15-00835 (RC) : v. : Re Document No.: 2 : RONALD MLOTEK, : : Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S EMERGENCY MOTION FOR IMMEDIATE REMAND
I. INTRODUCTION
This case concerns removal of a divorce proceeding before the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia. See Peeters v. Mlotek, Case No. 2013 DRB 004222 (Sup. Ct. D.C. Dom.
Rel. Branch). On December 19, 2013, Plaintiff Karin Peeters filed for divorce from Defendant
Ronald Mlotek. See Compl., Notice of Removal Ex. C, ECF No. 1-1. Trial before the Superior
Court is scheduled to begin tomorrow, Wednesday, June 10, 2015. See Notice of Removal
and/or Petition for Writ of Prohibition (“Notice of Removal”), ECF No. 1, at 1; Pl.’s Emergency
Mot. for Immediate Remand (“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 1. On June 5, 2015, 1 Mr. Mlotek filed a Notice of
Removal from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1446, arguing that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. §
1331 because it raises questions of federal law. 2
1 Although Mr. Mlotek filed his notice on June 5, 2015, the record before the Court indicates that he did not serve the notice upon Ms. Peeters’s counsel until yesterday, June 8, 2015, two days before the scheduled trial. See Pl.’s Mot. Ex. A, ECF No. 2-1. 2 Mr. Mlotek states that he “does not seek to have this District Court actually adjudicate the merits of the divorce matter per se. Instead removal here is being sought for solely two, specific Given the time exigency, Ms. Peeters has timely filed an emergency motion today, June
9, 2015, asking the Court to remand this case back to the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1446(b) and 1447(c). For the reasons provided below, the
Court finds that remand is appropriate and grants Ms. Peeters’s motion.
II. DISCUSSION
Ms. Peeters argues that the Court should remand this case to the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia so that the parties’ divorce trial may move forward as scheduled because
Mr. Mlotek’s notice of removal is untimely under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) and because this matter
falls within the “domestic relations” exception to federal jurisdiction. Ms. Peeters also requests
that the Court order Mr. Mlotek to bear her attorney fees and other associated costs pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).
The federal removal statute provides that a defendant desiring to remove a civil action
from a state court must file his notice of removal “within 30 days after the receipt by the
defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim
for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). The statute
further provides that if the case stated by the initial pleading is not removable, then the defendant
has 30 days after receipt of “an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it
may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable” to file the notice
of removal. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c). “Because federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, the
removal statute is to be strictly construed.” Kopff v. World Research Group, LLC, 298 F. Supp.
and narrow purposes: (a) to secure the correct construction of a United States treaty obligation, to wit: the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 23 U.S.T. 3227 et seq.; and (b) to ensure the appropriate application of this treaty to the exceptional facts and circumstances that make this a matter of first impression.” Notice of Removal ¶ 2. 2d 50, 54 (D.D.C. 2003). See also Zbranek v. Hofheinz, 727 F. Supp. 324, 326 (E.D. Tex. 1989)
(“[I]t is the duty of the federal court reviewing a motion for remand to resolve all doubt in favor
of the plaintiff. The removal statutes must be strictly construed to protect the states from
infringement by the federal government.”) (internal citations omitted).
Mr. Mlotek was served with Ms. Peeters’s Complaint on January 15, 2014. See Notice of
Removal Ex. C, ECF No. 1-1. He did not file his notice of removal until June 2015, over sixteen
months later, greatly exceeding the limit under Section 1446(b). It is also clear that, by his own
admission, Mr. Mlotek was aware of the basis for removal since he received the Complaint. Mr.
Mlotek states in his Notice of Removal that “[f]rom the filing of his very first pleading in
Superior Court,” he has “repeatedly, consistently, and vigorously raised the jurisdictional
problems created by the two Federal questions” that underlie his notice of removal. Notice of
Removal ¶ 15. Indeed, Mr. Mlotek explicitly stated in his Answer, filed on February 7, 2014,
that “it is arguably possible that the Federal courts possess exclusive jurisdiction over this
litigation” and that he was “contemplating and investigating possible removal of this case to the
U.S. District Court.” Answer, Notice of Removal Ex. D, ECF No. 1-1, at ¶ 3. Section 1446(c),
therefore, is inapplicable, and Mr. Mlotek’s notice of removal is untimely. See Marine Midland
Bank v. Bravo, No. 00-cv-0369, 2000 WL 175132, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 11, 2000) (ordering
remand because “the removed claim is asserted in a pleading which was filed and served over
fifteen months ago”).
Moreover, even if Mr. Mlotek had timely filed the notice of removal, the Court finds that
he waived his right to removal by submitting to the jurisdiction of the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia through his litigation of this matter over the course of the past sixteen
months. “A defendant who has a right to remove an action to federal court may waive that right by actions indicating that he has submitted to the jurisdiction of the state court.” McKinnon v.
Doctor’s Assocs., Inc., 769 F. Supp. 216, 217 (E.D. Mich. 1991). “The basis for this rule of law
is that it is unfair to permit a party to experiment with his case in state court, and, upon adverse
decision, remove the case for another try in federal court.” Rose v. Giamatti, 721 F. Supp. 906,
922 (S.D. Ohio 1989) (citing Bolivar Sand Co., Inc. v. Allied Equip., Inc., 631 F. Supp. 171
(W.D. Tenn. 1986)). Federal courts are “bound to consider the stage of the state court litigation
in ruling on a motion to remand.” Zbranek, 727 F. Supp. at 326. Courts have found that
defendants have waived their right to removal by, for example, seeking to dismiss an action in
state court, see, e.g., Heafitz v. Interfirst Bank of Dallas, 711 F. Supp. 92, 96-97 (S.D.N.Y.
1989), or extensively participating in discovery and proceeding with trial in state court. See, e.g.,
Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 51 F. Supp. 2d 756 (E.D. Tex.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
KARIN PEETERS, : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 15-00835 (RC) : v. : Re Document No.: 2 : RONALD MLOTEK, : : Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S EMERGENCY MOTION FOR IMMEDIATE REMAND
I. INTRODUCTION
This case concerns removal of a divorce proceeding before the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia. See Peeters v. Mlotek, Case No. 2013 DRB 004222 (Sup. Ct. D.C. Dom.
Rel. Branch). On December 19, 2013, Plaintiff Karin Peeters filed for divorce from Defendant
Ronald Mlotek. See Compl., Notice of Removal Ex. C, ECF No. 1-1. Trial before the Superior
Court is scheduled to begin tomorrow, Wednesday, June 10, 2015. See Notice of Removal
and/or Petition for Writ of Prohibition (“Notice of Removal”), ECF No. 1, at 1; Pl.’s Emergency
Mot. for Immediate Remand (“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 1. On June 5, 2015, 1 Mr. Mlotek filed a Notice of
Removal from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1446, arguing that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. §
1331 because it raises questions of federal law. 2
1 Although Mr. Mlotek filed his notice on June 5, 2015, the record before the Court indicates that he did not serve the notice upon Ms. Peeters’s counsel until yesterday, June 8, 2015, two days before the scheduled trial. See Pl.’s Mot. Ex. A, ECF No. 2-1. 2 Mr. Mlotek states that he “does not seek to have this District Court actually adjudicate the merits of the divorce matter per se. Instead removal here is being sought for solely two, specific Given the time exigency, Ms. Peeters has timely filed an emergency motion today, June
9, 2015, asking the Court to remand this case back to the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1446(b) and 1447(c). For the reasons provided below, the
Court finds that remand is appropriate and grants Ms. Peeters’s motion.
II. DISCUSSION
Ms. Peeters argues that the Court should remand this case to the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia so that the parties’ divorce trial may move forward as scheduled because
Mr. Mlotek’s notice of removal is untimely under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) and because this matter
falls within the “domestic relations” exception to federal jurisdiction. Ms. Peeters also requests
that the Court order Mr. Mlotek to bear her attorney fees and other associated costs pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).
The federal removal statute provides that a defendant desiring to remove a civil action
from a state court must file his notice of removal “within 30 days after the receipt by the
defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim
for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). The statute
further provides that if the case stated by the initial pleading is not removable, then the defendant
has 30 days after receipt of “an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it
may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable” to file the notice
of removal. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c). “Because federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, the
removal statute is to be strictly construed.” Kopff v. World Research Group, LLC, 298 F. Supp.
and narrow purposes: (a) to secure the correct construction of a United States treaty obligation, to wit: the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 23 U.S.T. 3227 et seq.; and (b) to ensure the appropriate application of this treaty to the exceptional facts and circumstances that make this a matter of first impression.” Notice of Removal ¶ 2. 2d 50, 54 (D.D.C. 2003). See also Zbranek v. Hofheinz, 727 F. Supp. 324, 326 (E.D. Tex. 1989)
(“[I]t is the duty of the federal court reviewing a motion for remand to resolve all doubt in favor
of the plaintiff. The removal statutes must be strictly construed to protect the states from
infringement by the federal government.”) (internal citations omitted).
Mr. Mlotek was served with Ms. Peeters’s Complaint on January 15, 2014. See Notice of
Removal Ex. C, ECF No. 1-1. He did not file his notice of removal until June 2015, over sixteen
months later, greatly exceeding the limit under Section 1446(b). It is also clear that, by his own
admission, Mr. Mlotek was aware of the basis for removal since he received the Complaint. Mr.
Mlotek states in his Notice of Removal that “[f]rom the filing of his very first pleading in
Superior Court,” he has “repeatedly, consistently, and vigorously raised the jurisdictional
problems created by the two Federal questions” that underlie his notice of removal. Notice of
Removal ¶ 15. Indeed, Mr. Mlotek explicitly stated in his Answer, filed on February 7, 2014,
that “it is arguably possible that the Federal courts possess exclusive jurisdiction over this
litigation” and that he was “contemplating and investigating possible removal of this case to the
U.S. District Court.” Answer, Notice of Removal Ex. D, ECF No. 1-1, at ¶ 3. Section 1446(c),
therefore, is inapplicable, and Mr. Mlotek’s notice of removal is untimely. See Marine Midland
Bank v. Bravo, No. 00-cv-0369, 2000 WL 175132, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 11, 2000) (ordering
remand because “the removed claim is asserted in a pleading which was filed and served over
fifteen months ago”).
Moreover, even if Mr. Mlotek had timely filed the notice of removal, the Court finds that
he waived his right to removal by submitting to the jurisdiction of the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia through his litigation of this matter over the course of the past sixteen
months. “A defendant who has a right to remove an action to federal court may waive that right by actions indicating that he has submitted to the jurisdiction of the state court.” McKinnon v.
Doctor’s Assocs., Inc., 769 F. Supp. 216, 217 (E.D. Mich. 1991). “The basis for this rule of law
is that it is unfair to permit a party to experiment with his case in state court, and, upon adverse
decision, remove the case for another try in federal court.” Rose v. Giamatti, 721 F. Supp. 906,
922 (S.D. Ohio 1989) (citing Bolivar Sand Co., Inc. v. Allied Equip., Inc., 631 F. Supp. 171
(W.D. Tenn. 1986)). Federal courts are “bound to consider the stage of the state court litigation
in ruling on a motion to remand.” Zbranek, 727 F. Supp. at 326. Courts have found that
defendants have waived their right to removal by, for example, seeking to dismiss an action in
state court, see, e.g., Heafitz v. Interfirst Bank of Dallas, 711 F. Supp. 92, 96-97 (S.D.N.Y.
1989), or extensively participating in discovery and proceeding with trial in state court. See, e.g.,
Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 51 F. Supp. 2d 756 (E.D. Tex.
1999). This case has reached an advanced stage before the Superior Court. Mr. Mlotek has
litigated this case for the past sixteen months, seeking discovery, filing a motion to dismiss that,
as of the date of his Notice of Removal, remains pending before the Superior Court, and
proceeding to the eve of trial. See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Notice of Removal Ex. A, ECF No. 1-
1. By doing so, Mr. Mlotek has waived any right to removal.
Because the Court finds that remand to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia is
appropriate based on the untimeliness of Mr. Mlotek’s notice of removal and his waiver of his
right to removal, the Court need not address Mr. Peeters’s argument concerning whether the
Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this case. The Court also declines to order Mr. Mlotek
to bear Ms. Peeters’s fees and costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), as the Court finds that the
issue of Ms. Peeters’s expenses is best left to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia,
which was most disrupted by Mr. Mlotek’s notice of removal. III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Emergency Motion for Immediate Remand is
GRANTED. Accordingly, this case is REMANDED to the Superior Court of the District of
Columbia.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: June 9, 2015 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS United States District Judge