USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-11391 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-00475-TCB
In re: PETER OTOH,
Debtor.
_________________________________________________________________
PETER OTOH,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION, NATIONSTAR MORTGAGE LLC, d.b.a. Mr. Cooper,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(February 18, 2021) USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 2 of 6
Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Peter Otoh, a Chapter 7 debtor proceeding pro se, appeals from the district
court’s order denying his jury demand on two counts of his amended adversarial
complaint. In September 2019, Otoh filed the adversarial complaint in bankruptcy
court seeking preliminary and permanent injunctions under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a)
prohibiting the defendants from foreclosing on and selling his property, as well as
an order directing that they allow him to lease out the rooms of his house while the
foreclosure proceedings were pending. He also moved for a jury trial. In January
2020, the bankruptcy court denied Otoh’s request for a jury trial and, in a separate
order, denied his request for preliminary injunction. Otoh appealed only the denial
of his jury demand, and the district court affirmed the denial of his jury demand.
The district court’s order is the subject of this appeal. Since the filing of Otoh’s
appeal in this court, the bankruptcy court has dismissed his adversarial complaint
in full.1
On appeal, Otoh argues that the district court erred in finding that Otoh’s
requests for relief were equitable in nature and thus did not entitle him to a jury
trial under the Seventh Amendment. In response, the defendants assert that we
1 Additionally, Otoh has been discharged as a debtor in the underlying bankruptcy proceedings since the filing of this appeal. 2 USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 3 of 6
lack jurisdiction because the bankruptcy court, which certified its denial of Otoh’s
jury trial demand as final under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), was without
authority to do so, as that ruling was an interlocutory order. Otoh does not respond
to the defendants’ jurisdictional argument. We agree with the defendants and
conclude that we lack jurisdiction over the appeal.
Pursuant to Article III of the Constitution, our jurisdiction is limited to
“cases” and “controversies.” Christian Coal. of Fla., Inc. v. United States, 662
F.3d 1182, 1189 (11th Cir. 2011). “[A]n issue is moot when it no longer presents a
live controversy with respect to which the court can give meaningful relief.” Id.
In considering whether a case is moot, we “look at the events at the present time,
not at the time the complaint was filed or when the federal order on review was
issued.” Dow Jones & Co. v. Kaye, 256 F.3d 1251, 1254 (11th Cir. 2001). “When
events subsequent to the commencement of a lawsuit create a situation in which
the court can no longer give the plaintiff meaningful relief, the case is moot and
must be dismissed.” Fla. Ass'n of Rehab. Facilities, Inc. v. State of Fla. Dep't of
Health & Rehab. Servs., 225 F.3d 1208, 1217 (11th Cir. 2000). Moreover, because
the question of mootness is jurisdictional in nature, we may raise it sua sponte,
regardless of whether the district court considered it or the parties briefed the issue
3 USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 4 of 6
on appeal. Nat’l Advert. Co. v. City of Miami, 402 F.3d 1329, 1331–32 (11th Cir.
2005) (per curiam).
Similarly, we must review sua sponte the propriety of a Rule 54(b)
certification because it implicates appellate jurisdiction. Ebrahimi v. City of
Huntsville Bd. of Educ., 114 F.3d 162, 165 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam). “To be
appealable, an order must either be final or fall into a specific class of interlocutory
orders that are made appealable by statute or jurisprudential exception.” CSX
Transp. Inc. v. City of Garden City, 235 F.3d 1325, 1327 (11th Cir. 2000) (citing
28 U.S.C. §§ 1291, 1292). An order that adjudicates fewer than all claims against
all parties is not final and appealable absent certification by the district court under
Rule 54(b). Supreme Fuels Trading FZE v. Sargeant, 689 F.3d 1244, 1246 (11th
Cir. 2012). Rule 54(b) provides:
When an action presents more than one claim for relief . . . or when multiple parties are involved, the court may direct entry of a final judgment as to one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly determines that there is no just reason for delay.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). A district court’s Rule 54(b) certification is not conclusive on
appeal, and if the district court incorrectly granted Rule 54(b) certification, we will
dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. See Ebrahimi, 114 F.3d at 166, 168.
In bankruptcy cases, our appellate jurisdiction extends to “all final decisions,
judgments, orders, and decrees” entered by the district court. 28 U.S.C.
§ 158(d)(1). “A final decision is one which ends the litigation on the merits and
4 USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 5 of 6
leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Lockwood v.
Snookies, Inc. (In re F.D.R. Hickory House, Inc.), 60 F.3d 724, 726 (11th Cir.
1995) (internal quotation mark omitted). “Although a district court, at its
discretion, may review interlocutory judgments and orders of a bankruptcy
court . . . a court of appeals has jurisdiction over only final judgments and orders
entered by a district court . . . sitting in review of a bankruptcy court.” Michigan
State Univ. v. Asbestos Settlement Trust (In re Celotex Corp.), 700 F.3d 1262, 1265
(11th Cir. 2012) (per curiam).
“In bankruptcy, adversary proceedings generally are viewed as stand-alone
lawsuits, and final judgments issued in adversary proceedings are usually
appealable as if the dispute had arisen outside of bankruptcy.” Dzikowski v.
Boomer’s Sports & Recreation Ctr., Inc.
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USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-11391 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-00475-TCB
In re: PETER OTOH,
Debtor.
_________________________________________________________________
PETER OTOH,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION, NATIONSTAR MORTGAGE LLC, d.b.a. Mr. Cooper,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(February 18, 2021) USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 2 of 6
Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Peter Otoh, a Chapter 7 debtor proceeding pro se, appeals from the district
court’s order denying his jury demand on two counts of his amended adversarial
complaint. In September 2019, Otoh filed the adversarial complaint in bankruptcy
court seeking preliminary and permanent injunctions under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a)
prohibiting the defendants from foreclosing on and selling his property, as well as
an order directing that they allow him to lease out the rooms of his house while the
foreclosure proceedings were pending. He also moved for a jury trial. In January
2020, the bankruptcy court denied Otoh’s request for a jury trial and, in a separate
order, denied his request for preliminary injunction. Otoh appealed only the denial
of his jury demand, and the district court affirmed the denial of his jury demand.
The district court’s order is the subject of this appeal. Since the filing of Otoh’s
appeal in this court, the bankruptcy court has dismissed his adversarial complaint
in full.1
On appeal, Otoh argues that the district court erred in finding that Otoh’s
requests for relief were equitable in nature and thus did not entitle him to a jury
trial under the Seventh Amendment. In response, the defendants assert that we
1 Additionally, Otoh has been discharged as a debtor in the underlying bankruptcy proceedings since the filing of this appeal. 2 USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 3 of 6
lack jurisdiction because the bankruptcy court, which certified its denial of Otoh’s
jury trial demand as final under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), was without
authority to do so, as that ruling was an interlocutory order. Otoh does not respond
to the defendants’ jurisdictional argument. We agree with the defendants and
conclude that we lack jurisdiction over the appeal.
Pursuant to Article III of the Constitution, our jurisdiction is limited to
“cases” and “controversies.” Christian Coal. of Fla., Inc. v. United States, 662
F.3d 1182, 1189 (11th Cir. 2011). “[A]n issue is moot when it no longer presents a
live controversy with respect to which the court can give meaningful relief.” Id.
In considering whether a case is moot, we “look at the events at the present time,
not at the time the complaint was filed or when the federal order on review was
issued.” Dow Jones & Co. v. Kaye, 256 F.3d 1251, 1254 (11th Cir. 2001). “When
events subsequent to the commencement of a lawsuit create a situation in which
the court can no longer give the plaintiff meaningful relief, the case is moot and
must be dismissed.” Fla. Ass'n of Rehab. Facilities, Inc. v. State of Fla. Dep't of
Health & Rehab. Servs., 225 F.3d 1208, 1217 (11th Cir. 2000). Moreover, because
the question of mootness is jurisdictional in nature, we may raise it sua sponte,
regardless of whether the district court considered it or the parties briefed the issue
3 USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 4 of 6
on appeal. Nat’l Advert. Co. v. City of Miami, 402 F.3d 1329, 1331–32 (11th Cir.
2005) (per curiam).
Similarly, we must review sua sponte the propriety of a Rule 54(b)
certification because it implicates appellate jurisdiction. Ebrahimi v. City of
Huntsville Bd. of Educ., 114 F.3d 162, 165 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam). “To be
appealable, an order must either be final or fall into a specific class of interlocutory
orders that are made appealable by statute or jurisprudential exception.” CSX
Transp. Inc. v. City of Garden City, 235 F.3d 1325, 1327 (11th Cir. 2000) (citing
28 U.S.C. §§ 1291, 1292). An order that adjudicates fewer than all claims against
all parties is not final and appealable absent certification by the district court under
Rule 54(b). Supreme Fuels Trading FZE v. Sargeant, 689 F.3d 1244, 1246 (11th
Cir. 2012). Rule 54(b) provides:
When an action presents more than one claim for relief . . . or when multiple parties are involved, the court may direct entry of a final judgment as to one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly determines that there is no just reason for delay.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). A district court’s Rule 54(b) certification is not conclusive on
appeal, and if the district court incorrectly granted Rule 54(b) certification, we will
dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. See Ebrahimi, 114 F.3d at 166, 168.
In bankruptcy cases, our appellate jurisdiction extends to “all final decisions,
judgments, orders, and decrees” entered by the district court. 28 U.S.C.
§ 158(d)(1). “A final decision is one which ends the litigation on the merits and
4 USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 5 of 6
leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Lockwood v.
Snookies, Inc. (In re F.D.R. Hickory House, Inc.), 60 F.3d 724, 726 (11th Cir.
1995) (internal quotation mark omitted). “Although a district court, at its
discretion, may review interlocutory judgments and orders of a bankruptcy
court . . . a court of appeals has jurisdiction over only final judgments and orders
entered by a district court . . . sitting in review of a bankruptcy court.” Michigan
State Univ. v. Asbestos Settlement Trust (In re Celotex Corp.), 700 F.3d 1262, 1265
(11th Cir. 2012) (per curiam).
“In bankruptcy, adversary proceedings generally are viewed as stand-alone
lawsuits, and final judgments issued in adversary proceedings are usually
appealable as if the dispute had arisen outside of bankruptcy.” Dzikowski v.
Boomer’s Sports & Recreation Ctr., Inc. (In re Boca Arena, Inc.), 184 F.3d 1285,
1286 (11th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). Like a district court, a
bankruptcy court may certify an order disposing of fewer than all claims against all
parties for immediate review pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 7054, which
incorporates Rule 54(b). Id. A final bankruptcy court order must “completely
resolve all of the issues pertaining to a discrete claim, including issues as to the
proper relief.” In re Donovan, 532 F.3d 1134, 1136–37 (11th Cir. 2008). We have
held that orders denying demands for a jury trial are interlocutory, as they do not
dispose entirely of the underlying claims, but rather leave them pending for a
5 USCA11 Case: 20-11391 Date Filed: 02/18/2021 Page: 6 of 6
bench trial. Howard v. Parisian, Inc., 807 F.2d 1560, 1566 (11th Cir. 1987).
Accordingly, a district court may not certify an order denying a demand for jury
trial, but not otherwise disposing of a claim or party, as final under Rule 54(b). Id.
Here, we conclude that we lack jurisdiction over Otoh’s appeal for two
reasons. First, his appeal of the district court’s order affirming the denial of his
jury demand is moot, as the bankruptcy court has since dismissed his adversarial
complaint in full, and the time to appeal has long-since passed. Second, the order
Otoh appeals is not a final order subject to appeal. The bankruptcy court only
certified as final under Bankruptcy Rule 7054 its denial of Otoh’s jury demand—
the subject of the present appeal.2 The denial of his jury demand, standing alone,
was not a final order, and no exceptions to the finality rule apply under these
circumstances.3 Therefore, we lack jurisdiction to consider Otoh’s appeal, and we
dismiss it accordingly.
DISMISSED.
2 While the bankruptcy court’s separate order disposing of Otoh’s preliminary injunction request did dispose of a discrete claim, Otoh did not appeal that order to the district court. 3 We have recognized three exceptions to the finality rule, but they do not apply here. A denial of a jury demand does not fall within the scope of the collateral order doctrine, Howard, 807 F.2d at 1566, the doctrine of practical finality applies in cases involving property contests, In re F.D.R. Hickory House, Inc., 60 F.3d at 726, and the doctrine of marginal finality “has been given a narrow construction” that is inapplicable here, see Devine v. Indian River Cty. School Bd., 121 F.3d 576, 579 n.8 (11th Cir. 1997), overruled in part on other grounds by Winkelman ex rel. Winkelman v Parma City Sch. Dist., 550 U.S. 516 (2007). 6