05-2868-ag Perriello v. Napolitano
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 3 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 4 5 August Term, 2008 6 7 8 (Argued: June 2, 2009 Decided: September 1, 2009) 9 10 Docket No. 05-2868-ag 11 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x 13 14 SAVARIO PERRIELLO, 15 16 Petitioner, 17 18 -v.- 05-2868-ag 19 20 JANET NAPOLITANO; JOHN T. MORTON, Asst. 21 Secretary, United States Immigration and 22 Customs Enforcement; CHRISTOPHER SHANAHAN, 23 Field Office Director of New York City, 24 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 25 Department of Homeland Security; UNITED 26 STATES IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT, * 27 28 Respondents. 29 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
* Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Secretary Janet Napolitano of the Department of Homeland Security is automatically substituted for former Secretary Tom Ridge; Assistant Secretary John T. Morton of the Department of Homeland Security is automatically substituted for former Assistant Secretary Michael J. Garcia; and Field Office Director Christopher Shanahan is automatically substituted for former Field Office Director John P. Carbone as respondents in this case. 1 Before: JACOBS, Chief Judge, KEARSE and SACK, 2 Circuit Judges. 3 4 Petitioner Savario Perriello seeks review of a December
5 17, 2004 decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals
6 finding him ineligible for relief from removal. Perriello
7 argues for termination of his removal proceedings pursuant
8 to 8 C.F.R. § 1239.2(f) and a waiver of inadmissibility
9 pursuant to former Immigration and Nationality Act § 212(c) .
10 The petition is denied.
11 MATTHEW L. GUADAGNO (Ruchi 12 Thaker, Jules E. Coven, Kerry W. 13 Bretz on the brief), Bretz & 14 Coven LLP, New York, New York, 15 for Petitioner . 16 17 NATASHA OELTJEN, Assistant 18 United States Attorney (Sarah S. 19 Normand, Assistant United States 20 Attorney on the brief) for Lev 21 L. Dassin, Acting United States 22 Attorney for the Southern 23 District of New York, New York, 24 New York , for Respondents. 25 26 DENNIS JACOBS, Chief Judge: 27 28 Petitioner Savario Perriello, a native and citizen of
29 Italy and a lawful permanent resident of the United States,
30 seeks review of a December 17, 2004 order of the Board of
31 Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the August 30, 2002
32 decision of Immigration Judge (“IJ”) Robert D. Weisel
2 1 finding Perriello inadmissible and ordering him removed to
2 Italy. In re Savario Perriello, No. A 12 363 855 (B.I.A.
3 Dec. 17, 2004), aff’g No. A 12 363 855 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City
4 Aug. 30, 2002). Perriello argues for termination of his
5 removal proceedings pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1239.2(f) 1 and a
6 waiver of inadmissibility pursuant to former Immigration and
7 Nationality Act (“INA”) § 212(c) .
8 We acknowledge the significant hardship that Perriello
9 and his family will face as a result of the unaccountable
10 delay in the decision to seek his removal decades after his
11 conviction, and notwithstanding his evidently lawful and
12 productive life in the interval. Nonetheless, we conclude
13 that [i] Perriello is not entitled to relief under
14 § 1239.2(f) (which has been rendered vestigial by revisions
15 to the INA), because he has not established prima facie
16 eligibility for naturalization, and [ii] that he is barred
17 from relief under INA § 212(c) by virtue of § 511(a) of the
18 Immigration Act of 1990 (“IMMACT”), Pub. L. No. 101-649,
19 § 511(a), 104 Stat. 4978, 5052. Accordingly, the petition
20 is denied.
1 Unless otherwise noted, all citations to statutes and regulations refer to the current versions as of the filing of this opinion. 3 1 I
2 Perriello first entered the United States on December
3 27, 1961, when he was thirteen years old. On December 28,
4 1977, Perriello was convicted by a jury of Arson in the
5 Second Degree in violation of New York Penal Law § 150.15
6 and eight counts of Criminal Mischief in the Second Degree
7 in violation of New York Penal Law § 145.10. Perriello was
8 sentenced to a term of seven to twenty-five years in prison,
9 and he served seven years before his release on parole in
10 1984.
11 After his release from prison, Perriello started a
12 business and contributed to his community. Perriello
13 married a United States citizen in 1991, and he has four
14 United States citizen children. Perriello and his wife
15 operate a restaurant in Haverstraw, New York.
16 On November 28, 2000, Perriello was detained at Newark
17 Airport on his return from a brief trip to Italy. The
18 Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”),2 having
19 discovered Perriello’s 1977 conviction, paroled him into the
2 Effective March 1, 2003, the INS ceased to exist. The Department of Homeland Security has assumed responsibility for the immigration functions formerly performed by INS. See Ali v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 478, 482 n.4 (2d Cir. 2008).
4 1 country pending a determination of his admissibility. On
2 February 13, 2001, the INS issued a Notice to Appear and
3 placed Perriello in removal proceedings based on his 1977
4 conviction for a crime involving moral turpitude.
5 Perriello admitted the allegations contained in the
6 Notice to Appear, but sought to avoid removal by filing an
7 application for naturalization and moving for termination of
8 his removal proceedings pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1239.2(f),
9 which permits an IJ to terminate removal proceedings while
10 an application for naturalization is pending. The IJ
11 declined to terminate the removal proceedings and ordered
12 Perriello removed on August 30, 2002. The BIA affirmed on
13 December 17, 2004.
14 On February 22, 2005, Perriello challenged the BIA’s
15 decision in a habeas corpus petition filed in the Southern
16 District of New York . While the petition was pending,
17 Congress enacted section 106(a)(1) of the Real ID Act of
18 2005 (“Real ID Act”), Pub. L. No. 109-13, Div. B,
19 § 106(a)(1)(B), 119 Stat. 231, 310, which provides that “a
20 petition for review filed with an appropriate court of
21 appeals . . . shall be the sole and exclusive means for
22 judicial review of an order of removal.” The district court
5 1 transferred Perriello’s habeas petition to this Court
2 pursuant to Real ID Act § 106(c), which requires that any
3 habeas petition [i] challenging an order of removal, and
4 [ii] pending in district court on the date of the Act’s
5 enactment, be transferred to the appropriate court of
6 appeals.
8 II
9 By virtue of 8 C.F.R. § 1239.2(f), 3 an IJ may terminate
10 removal proceedings to permit an alien who has established
11 prima facie eligibility for naturalization to proceed to a
12 “final hearing” on a pending naturalization application.
13 The BIA has held, however, that an IJ may not terminate
3 The current text of the regulation is:
An immigration judge may terminate removal proceedings to permit the alien to proceed to a final hearing on a pending application or petition for naturalization when the alien has established prima facie eligibility for naturalization and the matter involves exceptionally appealing or humanitarian factors; in every other case, the removal hearing shall be completed as promptly as possible notwithstanding the pendency of an application for naturalization during any state of the proceedings.
8 U.S.C. § 1239.2(f). 6 1 removal proceedings unless the alien has obtained an
2 affirmative communication from the Department of Homeland
3 Security (“DHS”) stating that the alien is prima facie
4 eligible for naturalization. See In re Hidalgo, 24 I. & N.
5 Dec. 103, 106 (B.I.A. 2007) . But nothing seems to compel
6 DHS to make such a determination, let alone to issue such a
7 communication. Moreover, in many cases (including this
8 one), DHS is prohibited by statute from considering a
9 naturalization application (a prerequisite to determining
10 prima facie eligibility) while removal proceedings are
11 pending. The law, in effect, seems to be chasing its tail.
12 We review de novo Perriello’s claim that the IJ and BIA
13 erred as a matter of law in denying relief from removal.
14 See, e.g., Ibragimov v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 125, 132 (2d Cir.
15 2007). But we owe deference to the BIA’s interpretation of
16 its own regulations, and the BIA’s interpretation will be
17 “controlling unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with
18 the regulation.” Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461 (1997)
19 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Bah v. Mukasey,
20 529 F.3d 99, 110-11 (2d Cir. 2008).
21 In order to analyze Perriello’s arguments and to
22 appreciate the anomaly that complicates the analysis, it is
7 1 necessary to describe the evolution of the statutes and
2 regulations relevant to this appeal.
3 A. Naturalization and Removal Law Before 1990
4 From 1906 until 1990, an application for naturalization
5 was reviewed in two stages. See Etape v. Chertoff, 497 F.3d
6 379, 385 (4th Cir. 2007); Admin. Naturalization, 56 Fed.
7 Reg. 50475, 50476 (Oct. 7, 1991). First, the Attorney
8 General considered the application and made a recommendation
9 to the naturalization court as to the alien’s prima facie
10 eligibility for naturalization. See 8 U.S.C. § 1446(a)-(d)
11 (1988). The second stage was a “final hearing” held “in
12 open court before a judge or judges.” 8 U.S.C. § 1447(a)
13 (1988). Under this system, courts were vested with
14 “[e]xclusive jurisdiction to naturalize persons as citizens
15 of the United States.” 4 8 U.S.C. § 1421(a) (1988).
16 Until 1990, “naturalization authority and removal
17 authority were vested in different branches of government,
18 with naturalization being the province of the courts and
4 Courts with authority to naturalize aliens included United States district courts and “also all courts of record in any State or Territory . . . having a seal, a clerk, and jurisdiction in actions at law or equity, or law and equity, in which the amount in controversy is unlimited.” 8 U.S.C. § 1421(a) (1988).
8 1 removal the province of the executive acting through the
2 Attorney General.” Ajlani v. Chertoff, 545 F.3d 229, 235
3 (2d Cir. 2008). Prior to 1950, this led to “both the
4 deportation and naturalization processes . . . proceed[ing]
5 along together until either petitioner’s deportation or
6 naturalization ipso facto terminated the possibility of the
7 other occurring.” Shomberg v. United States, 348 U.S. 540,
8 543 (1955).
9 In 1950, Congress put an end to this “race between the
10 alien to gain citizenship and the Attorney General to deport
11 him,” id. at 544, by enacting section 27 of the Internal
12 Security Act of 1950, Pub. L. No. 81-831, § 27, 64 Stat.
13 987, 1015, reenacted without significant change by
14 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, Pub. L. No. 82-414,
15 § 318, 66 Stat. 163, 244 (codified as amended at 8 U.S.C.
16 § 1429). That statute “afforded [priority to] removal
17 proceedings,” Ajlani, 545 F.3d at 239, and “prohibited
18 naturalization or the holding of final hearings on
19 naturalization petitions where deportation proceedings were
20 instituted,” Shomberg, 540 U.S. at 544. As a result, aliens
21 who had successfully navigated the first stage of the
22 naturalization process, and were thus prima facie eligible
9 1 for naturalization, were in limbo because courts were
2 prohibited from conducting final hearings on their
3 applications. To provide such aliens access to court, the
4 BIA held, in Matter of B-, 6 I. & N. Dec. 713, 720 (B.I.A.
5 1955), that “there exists inherent authority in the Attorney
6 General to terminate deportation proceedings for the limited
7 purpose of permitting the alien to file a petition for
8 naturalization and to be heard thereon by a naturalization
9 court.”
10 In 1974, the BIA’s decision in Matter of B- was adopted
11 in the regulation now found at § 1239.2(f). The regulation
12 provided, in relevant part:
13 A[n immigration judge] may, in his 14 discretion, terminate deportation 15 proceedings to permit respondent to 16 proceed to a final hearing on a pending 17 application or petition for 18 naturalization when the respondent has 19 established prima facie eligibility for 20 naturalization and the case involves 21 exceptionally appealing or humanitarian 22 factors; in every other case, the 23 deportation hearing shall be completed as 24 promptly as possible notwithstanding the 25 pendency of an application for 26 naturalization during any stage of the 27 proceedings. 28 29 8 CFR § 242.7 (1974).
30 Soon after, in Matter of Cruz, 15 I. & N. Dec. 236
10 1 (B.I.A. 1975), the BIA considered the regulation’s
2 requirement that an alien “ha[ve] established prima facie
3 eligibility for naturalization.” Id. at 236-38. The BIA
4 held that “neither [it] nor immigration judges have
5 authority with respect to the naturalization of aliens,” and
6 concluded therefore that the alien must establish “prima
7 facie eligibility” by adducing “an affirmative communication
8 from the [INS] or . . . a declaration of a court that the
9 alien would be eligible for naturalization but for the
10 pendency of the deportation proceedings or the existence of
11 an outstanding order of deportation.” Id. at 237.
12 B. Naturalization and Removal Law After 1990
13 With the passage of IMMACT in 1990, Congress
14 substantially reformed the naturalization process. Two
15 features of that reform are relevant to this case. First,
16 IMMACT eliminated “final hearing[s] . . . in open court,”
17 IMMACT § 407(d)(14), 104 Stat. at 5044, and established that
18 “[t]he sole authority to naturalize persons as citizens of
19 the United States is conferred upon the Attorney General,”
20 id. § 401(a), 104 Stat. at 5038 (codified at 8 U.S.C.
11 1 § 1421(a)).5 To implement this shift in authority, IMMACT
2 streamlined the naturalization process and provided for
3 comprehensive review of applications by immigration officers
4 empowered to grant or deny naturalization. Id.
5 § 407(d)(13)(E), 104 Stat. at 5043 (codified at 8 U.S.C.
6 § 1446(d)); see also Etape, 497 F.3d at 385-86.
7 Second, IMMACT froze the processing of naturalization
8 applications while removal proceedings are pending. Before
9 IMMACT, the Attorney General had an unrestricted ability to
10 review naturalization applications notwithstanding the
11 pendency of removal proceedings: only courts were prohibited
12 from conducting “final hearings.” IMMACT, however, amended
13 § 1429 to provide that “no person shall be naturalized
14 against whom there is outstanding a final finding of
15 deportability . . . and no application for naturalization
16 shall be considered by the Attorney General if there is
5 IMMACT preserved a role for federal courts in the naturalization process: “after exhausting administrative remedies, [an alien] may petition for de novo review in the district court.” See Etape, 497 F.3d at 386 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c)). An alien may also seek relief in district court if DHS fails to act on a naturalization application within 120 days of an alien’s examination by an immigration officer. See 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b). Additionally, naturalization courts continue to administer the oath of allegiance to new citizens. See 8 U.S.C. § 1421(b).
12 1 pending against the applicant a [removal] proceeding.”
2 IMMACT § 407(d)(3), 104 Stat. at 5041 (codified as amended
3 at 8 U.S.C. § 1429 (Supp. II 1990)) (emphasis added).
4 C. The Application of § 1239.2(f) After IMMACT
5 After IMMACT, courts considered the continued viability
6 of § 1239.2(f), as interpreted by the BIA in Cruz. Several
7 circuit courts of appeal questioned whether the BIA could
8 continue to rely on courts to issue declarations as to prima
9 facie eligibility for naturalization in light of the
10 language in § 1421(a) granting the Attorney General
11 exclusive jurisdiction over naturalization applications.
12 See, e.g., Saba-Bakare v. Chertoff, 507 F.3d 337, 341 (5th
13 Cir. 2007); De Lara Bellajaro v. Schiltgen, 378 F.3d 1042,
14 1047 (9th Cir. 2004); Zayed v. United States, 368 F.3d 902,
15 907 & n.6 (6th Cir. 2004). And at least one circuit
16 questioned whether the Attorney General could consider
17 naturalization applications for the limited, administrative
18 purpose of terminating removal proceedings in light of the
19 bar in § 1429. Apokarina v. Ashcroft, 93 Fed. App’x 469,
20 470, 472 (3d Cir. 2004).
21 In 2007, the BIA reconsidered Cruz and overruled the
22 decision insofar as it contemplated that aliens would obtain
13 1 declarations from courts as to prima facie eligibility for
2 naturalization. Hidalgo, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 105. The BIA
3 concluded that courts no longer had jurisdiction to provide
4 such declarations, in light of § 1421. Id.
5 Nonetheless, the BIA reaffirmed its instruction that
6 “the Board and . . . Immigration Judges . . . require some
7 form of affirmative communication from the DHS prior to
8 terminating proceedings based on [an alien’s] pending
9 naturalization application.” Id. at 106. In doing so, the
10 BIA did not take into account IMMACT’s revisions to § 1429,
11 which limited administrative review of naturalization
12 applications while removal proceedings are pending.
13 Likewise, the Attorney General (and DHS) failed to conform
14 the antiquated language in § 1239.2(f), which has caused
15 inconsistency. 6 In some cases (such as this one), DHS has
6 In 1997, INS made technical changes to the language of the regulation after passage of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (“IIRIRA”), Pub. L. 104-208, Div. C, 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-546 et seq. Specifically, INS replaced the word “deportation” with the word “removal” in two places. Inspection and Expedited Removal of Aliens; Detention and Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 62 Fed. Reg. 10312, 10367 (March 6, 1997). Although the agency revised the regulation to reflect changes in IIRIRA, it never revised the regulation in response to IMMACT, and the regulation remains inconsistent with that statute.
14 1 adjudicated naturalization applications while aliens have
2 awaited termination of their removal proceedings,
3 notwithstanding the bar in § 1429. See, e.g., Saba-Bakare,
4 507 F.3d at 339; Hidalgo, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 106-07. In
5 other cases, IJs have determined prima facie eligibility for
6 naturalization, notwithstanding the BIA’s holding in Cruz
7 that they lack jurisdiction to do so. See, e.g., Nolan v.
8 Holmes, 334 F.3d 189, 191-92 (2d Cir. 2003); Fretas v.
9 Hansen, No. 1:06CV1475, 2008 WL 4404276, at *1 (N.D. Ohio
10 Sep. 23, 2008). And in yet other cases, no determination of
11 prima facie eligibility has been made by anybody, leaving
12 aliens to pursue writs of mandamus in an effort to compel
13 DHS to produce “affirmative statement[s]” as to prima facie
14 eligibility. See, e.g., Sandoval-Valenzuela v. Gonzalez,
15 No. C 08-2361 RS, 2008 WL 3916030, at *1-2 (N.D. Cal. Aug.
16 25, 2008); Escobar-Garfias v. Gonzales, No. 06-CV-103-BR,
17 2007 WL 281657, at *2 (D. Or. Jan. 26, 2007); Fuks v.
18 Devine, No. 05 C 5666, 2006 WL 2051321, at *2-4 (N.D. Ill.
19 July 20, 2006).
20 One of these cases is edifying, at least to illustrate
21 the prevailing muddle. A writ of mandamus was sought “to
22 the Attorney General, ordering him to perform his legal duty
15 1 and prevent different parts of the Department of Justice
2 from adopting conflicting view[s] of Cruz.” Fretas, 2008 WL
3 4404276, at *2. The alien sought this relief after DHS
4 concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over Fretas’
5 application because of § 1429, but nonetheless advised that
6 Fretas was not prima facie eligible for naturalization. Id.
7 An IJ had previously ruled that Fretas was prima facie
8 eligible for naturalization, but the BIA reversed, holding
9 that Cruz prohibited the IJ from making that determination.
10 Id. at *1.
11 D. Perriello’s Motion to Terminate Removal Proceedings
12 In this case, the IJ denied Perriello’s motion to
13 terminate the removal proceedings on the ground that he had
14 not obtained an “affirmative communication from [INS]
15 regarding [his] naturalization eligibility.” But the agency
16 could not provide an “affirmative communication,” because
17 § 1429 prohibited it from considering Perriello’s
18 naturalization application while removal proceedings were
19 pending.
20 The effect of IMMACT is that aliens can no longer do
21 what Perriello did in this case: apply for naturalization
22 after removal proceedings have commenced and then move for
16 1 termination of the removal proceedings. 7 Once removal
2 proceedings are in progress, DHS is barred by IMMACT from
3 considering an alien’s application; so it will be impossible
4 for an alien to establish prima facie eligibility for
5 naturalization. 8
6 Perriello argues that it is unnecessary for him to
7 obtain a statement from DHS, because IJs and the BIA may
8 make prima facie determinations as to eligibility for
9 naturalization. Perriello is mistaken for two reasons.
10 First, the BIA determined in Hidalgo that it and IJs
11 lack jurisdiction to make prima facie determinations of
12 eligibility for naturalization. The BIA’s conclusion is
13 consistent with § 1421(a), which states that “[t]he sole
14 authority to naturalize persons as citizens of the United
15 States is conferred upon the Attorney General.” We owe
7 In Nolan, 334 F.3d at 193-204, we considered the petitioner’s prima facie eligibility for naturalization. In Nolan, neither party raised the question whether IMMACT limited our review, and the question therefore was not considered, let alone decided. Moreover, Nolan involved an application for naturalization under INA § 329, which exempts veterans who have served during periods of military hostilities from the bar in § 1429. See 8 U.S.C. § 1440(b)(1). 8 We need not decide on this appeal whether, and in what circumstances, an alien could benefit from § 1239.2(f) if she has a naturalization application pending at the time removal proceedings commence. 17 1 deference to the BIA’s conclusions about the scope of its
2 jurisdiction under the immigration laws, and the BIA’s
3 holding is neither “plainly erroneous [n]or inconsistent
4 with the regulation.” Auer, 519 U.S. at 461 (internal
5 quotation marks omitted).
6 Second, the plain language of § 1429 prohibits the
7 Attorney General from considering naturalization
8 applications while removal proceedings are pending, and we
9 have held that “district court authority [under 8 U.S.C.
10 § 1447(b)] to grant naturalization relief while removal
11 proceedings are pending cannot be greater than that of the
12 Attorney General,” Ajlani, 545 F.3d at 240. It would be odd
13 if the Attorney General and district courts were barred from
14 considering naturalization applications while removal
15 proceedings are pending, yet the BIA and IJs--who have no
16 jurisdiction over such applications in any case--were not.
17 Perriello also argues that this Court should not
18 interpret the regulation in a way that restricts its benefit
19 to aliens. But it is not a judicial role to save a
20 regulation that now conflicts, at least in part, with the
21 underlying statute. As reflected in federal court decisions
22 around the country, the failure of DHS to amend § 1239.2(f)
18 1 has made for considerable confusion. It is for DHS or
2 Congress to reconcile the regulation with the INA.
3 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the denial of
4 relief under § 1239.2(f), on the ground that Perriello has
5 not (and cannot) establish prima facie eligibility for
6 naturalization. 9
8 III
9 Perriello also claims that he is eligible for a waiver
10 of inadmissibility pursuant to former INA § 212(c). That
11 section provided that:
12 Aliens lawfully admitted for permanent 13 residence who temporarily proceeded 14 abroad voluntarily and not under an order 15 of deportation, and who are returning to 16 a lawful unrelinquished domicile of seven 17 consecutive years, may be admitted in the 18 discretion of the Attorney General
9 Perriello points out that DHS’s denial of his naturalization application (while his appeal was pending before the BIA) was without prejudice, and argues that the willingness to leave open the prospect of future proceedings amounts to an affirmative statement that he is prima facie eligible for naturalization. Accordingly, he contends that the BIA should have remanded his motion for termination of the removal proceedings to the IJ for further consideration. But especially considering that DHS was prohibited from ruling on Perriello’s naturalization application while removal proceedings were pending, denial without prejudice does not signify a ruling on prima facie eligibility one way or another.
19 1 without regard to the provisions [setting 2 forth various grounds for exclusion]. 3 4 Buitrago-Cuesta v. I.N.S., 7 F.3d 291, 292 (2d Cir. 1993)
5 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c)).
6 However, the class of aliens eligible for relief under
7 § 212(c) was narrowed by IMMACT § 511(a), 104 Stat. at 5052,
8 which precludes an alien who has “been convicted of an
9 aggravated felony and has served a term of imprisonment of
10 at least 5 years” from relief under § 212(c). In
11 Buitrago-Cuesta, we ruled that § 511(a) applies
12 retroactively to aliens convicted of aggravated felonies
13 before the statute was enacted. 7 F.3d at 295. “[T]he
14 plain language of the statute indicates a congressional
15 intent that § 511 apply retroactively.” Id.
16 Perriello argues that under Restrepo v. McElroy, 369
17 F.3d 627 (2d Cir. 2004), his reliance on the continuing
18 availability of § 212(c) during the period between his
19 release from prison and the enactment of § 511(a) precludes
20 the retroactive application of § 511(a) in his case.
21 Restrepo held that ambiguity in the Antiterrorism and
22 Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-132,
23 110 Stat. 1214--which barred certain aliens, including those
24 convicted of aggravated felonies, from obtaining § 212(c)
20 1 relief--precludes retroactive application of that statute to
2 aliens who delayed proactively seeking § 212(c) relief
3 because they believed such relief would be available in the
4 future. 369 F.3d at 638.
5 Restrepo is of no help to Perriello, because we held in
6 Buitrago-Cuesta that § 511(a) unambiguously applies
7 retroactively.10 7 F.3d at 295; see also Singh v. Mukasey,
8 520 F.3d 119, 123 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (restating
9 Buitrago-Cuesta’s holding “that the plain language of IMMACT
10 indicates a congressional intent that § 511 apply
11 retroactively” (internal quotation marks and brackets
12 omitted)); Thom v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d 158, 163 n.7
13 (observing that Restrepo had no impact on Buitrago-Cuesta’s
14 holding with respect to aliens convicted after trial); Reid
15 v. Holmes, 323 F.3d 187, 188 (2d Cir. 2003) (per curiam)
16 (noting that Buitrago-Cuesta “clearly established that
17 § 511(a) of the Immigration Act of 1990 could be applied
18 retroactively to aliens whose criminal convictions pre-dated
10 Restrepo itself did not involve § 511(a), presumably because “[t]he record d[id] not indicate the length of [Restrepo’s] term of imprisonment.” 369 F.3d at 630 n.1. Also, Restrepo was convicted in 1992 and INS initiated removal proceedings in 1996, id. at 630, which was too soon for the agency to rely on § 511(a).
21 1 the statute’s enactment”). When a statute is unambiguous,
2 we are bound by the clear intent of Congress. See Landgraf
3 v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 280 (1994) (holding that
4 courts must defer to express congressional prescriptions in
5 determining the retroactivity of civil statutes). We
6 conclude that Restrepo is inapplicable to an alien convicted
7 of an aggravated felony at trial who is barred by § 511(a)
8 from obtaining § 212(c) relief.11
9 For the foregoing reasons, the petition is denied.
11 Because Perriello was convicted after a jury trial, we express no view as to the possible retroactivity of § 511(a) to aliens who were convicted pursuant to plea agreements. See 8 C.F.R. § 1212.3(f)(4)(ii) (“An alien is not ineligible for section 212(c) relief on account of an aggravated felony conviction entered pursuant to a plea agreement that was made before [the enactment of § 511(a)].”).