MEMORANDUM OPINION
BUSSEY, Judge:
The appellant, Merle Perkins, hereinafter referred to as the defendant, was convicted of Second Degree Burglary, After Former Conviction of a Felony, in Bryan County District Court, Case No. CRF-81-163, was sentenced to ten (10) years’ imprisonment, and he appeals.
Testimony revealed that at approximately 3:00 a.m. on January 20th, 1981, Cindy Spencer awoke at her Durant, Oklahoma, home, looked out a window and saw a light on inside her car parked in the carport and a person inside the vehicle. She called the police and later identified a wallet shown to her by Durant police officer James Elledge as belonging to her sister, Deborah. Deborah Spencer testified that the billfold was hers which she had left in Cindy’s car three days prior to the incident.
The preliminary hearing testimony of El-ledge, the first officer to arrive at the scene, was read into the trial record over defense counsel’s objection. In the preliminary hearing, which occurred IOV2 months before the trial, Elledge testified that in response to a radio dispatch he went to the Spencer residence and saw a subject, whom he positively identified as the defendant, run across the alley adjacent to Cindy Spencer’s home and drop a purse and a welding glove by a tree.
Officer James Hill testified that Officer Elledge was on the scene when he arrived, that the defendant was standing near a tree and that a billfold was lying five to ten feet from the defendant.
Defendant denied being inside the Spencer vehicle and testified that he had car trouble and decided to walk down the alley toward his brother-in-law’s house. When he saw the police coming, he hid behind a tree because he feared being arrested for public drunkenness. Perkins testified that the welding glove was his and that he did not notice the purse near him when he was hiding. He also admitted to prior convictions of Grand Larceny and Burglary.
I
In his first assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the preliminary hearing testimony of Officer Elledge because proof was insufficient that he was unavailable to testify in person.
A thorough discussion of this issue was set forth in Smith v. State, 546 P.2d 267 (Okl.Cr.1976), wherein we quoted from Newton v. State, 403 P.2d 913 (Okl.Cr.1965), as follows:
[T]he introduction of the previous testimony is at the discretion of the trial judge but that the exercise of such discretion is limited by certain limitations including; that the testimony was taken down by a reporter in the presence of the defendant and his counsel, who cross-examined him; that the testimony was filed with the clerk; that a proper predicate is laid for the introduction of such testimony, by showing the exercise of due diligence in attempting to locate the missing witness; and, that due diligence has been exercised in an effort to produce the witness, by timely issuance and service of subpoena.
The State bears the burden of proving by a good faith effort that the witness was truly unavailable. Dilworth v. State, 611 P.2d 256 (Okl.Cr.1980), and cases cited therein. We are of the opinion that the State met its burden by producing fellow officer Bob Hendrix, who testified at an in-camera hearing that he had known Elledge for ten years, that he had cancer “very bad” and that in his opinion, when he saw Elledge 15 days before the trial date, he was bedfast and incapable of testifying in court. This Court rejects the defendant’s argument that Officer Hendrix was incompetent to testify about Elledge’s health and that medical testimony had to be produced before Elledge could be declared unavailable as a witness. See, Lee [1367]*1367v. State, 600 P.2d 344 at 347 (Okl.Cr.1979). A lay witness’ testimony in the form of an opinion is admissible where it is rationally based on the perception of the witness. 12 O.S.1981, § 2701. Under these circumstances, Officer Hendrix’ opinion was properly considered by the trial court.
We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the prior testimony, especially in light of a stipulation entered later on the day of the trial in which it was agreed that if Officer Hendrix were to be recalled he would testify that Elledge died at approximately 2:30 p.m. that afternoon. This assignment of error is without merit.
II
In a closely related argument, the defendant next asserts that the trial court erred by refusing to allow him to object during the reading of the transcript of El-ledge’s testimony.1 Defendant analogizes the use of Elledge’s preliminary hearing testimony to the use of conditional examinations pursuant to 22 O.S.1981, §§ 761-771, particularly § 770, which reads in pertinent part: “... Upon reading depositions in evidence, the same objections may be taken to a question or answer contained therein as if the witness had been examined orally in court.” (our emphasis). However, the use of depositions at trial differs from the use of preliminary hearing testimony because deposition proceedings do not require the presence of the State, whereas a preliminary hearing cannot proceed without the defendant being present and being allowed to cross-examine the witness. 22 O.S.1981, § 258. Defendant’s analogy is misplaced.
The issue whether defense counsel may object at trial to former testimony and if so, whether the scope of his objection is limited to the substance of the testimony rather than its form does not appear to have ever been directly addressed by this Court. While some jurisdictions hold that testimony given by a witness at a prior proceeding is open to all proper objections which would exclude the testimony, we align ourselves with the view that if allegedly improper questions are asked at the preliminary hearing level and no objections are made at that time, such objections are waived at trial. See, Leach v. Nelson, 50 N.D. 538, 196 N.W. 755 (1924); Smith v. Cincinnati Traction Co., 24 Ohio N.P., N.S. 565 (1924); but cf. Louisville & N.R. Co. v. Scott, 232 Ala. 284, 167 So. 572 (1936); Arnold v. Genzberger, 96 Mont. 358, 31 P.2d 296 (1934). To hold otherwise would frustrate the intent of 12 O.S.1981, § 2804(B)(1), which states in pertinent part that, “testimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or another proceeding is not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.” This assignment of error is without merit.
Ill
In his final assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by failing to excuse juror Nancy Chappell who stated that she would vote to find the defendant guilty if she had a reasonable doubt about his guilt. The following transpired during defense counsel’s voir dire of prospective jurors when the jurors were questioned about how they would vote if [1368]*1368they had a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt:
MR. BASKIN: Innocent.
MR. BERRY: How would you vote? (Talking to a juror)
JUROR: Innocent.
MR. BERRY: Mrs. Chappell, how would you vote?
MRS. CHAPPELL: I think not guilty. (Our emphasis)
MR. BERRY: If you had a reasonable doubt, you think you would vote not guilty?
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BUSSEY, Judge:
The appellant, Merle Perkins, hereinafter referred to as the defendant, was convicted of Second Degree Burglary, After Former Conviction of a Felony, in Bryan County District Court, Case No. CRF-81-163, was sentenced to ten (10) years’ imprisonment, and he appeals.
Testimony revealed that at approximately 3:00 a.m. on January 20th, 1981, Cindy Spencer awoke at her Durant, Oklahoma, home, looked out a window and saw a light on inside her car parked in the carport and a person inside the vehicle. She called the police and later identified a wallet shown to her by Durant police officer James Elledge as belonging to her sister, Deborah. Deborah Spencer testified that the billfold was hers which she had left in Cindy’s car three days prior to the incident.
The preliminary hearing testimony of El-ledge, the first officer to arrive at the scene, was read into the trial record over defense counsel’s objection. In the preliminary hearing, which occurred IOV2 months before the trial, Elledge testified that in response to a radio dispatch he went to the Spencer residence and saw a subject, whom he positively identified as the defendant, run across the alley adjacent to Cindy Spencer’s home and drop a purse and a welding glove by a tree.
Officer James Hill testified that Officer Elledge was on the scene when he arrived, that the defendant was standing near a tree and that a billfold was lying five to ten feet from the defendant.
Defendant denied being inside the Spencer vehicle and testified that he had car trouble and decided to walk down the alley toward his brother-in-law’s house. When he saw the police coming, he hid behind a tree because he feared being arrested for public drunkenness. Perkins testified that the welding glove was his and that he did not notice the purse near him when he was hiding. He also admitted to prior convictions of Grand Larceny and Burglary.
I
In his first assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the preliminary hearing testimony of Officer Elledge because proof was insufficient that he was unavailable to testify in person.
A thorough discussion of this issue was set forth in Smith v. State, 546 P.2d 267 (Okl.Cr.1976), wherein we quoted from Newton v. State, 403 P.2d 913 (Okl.Cr.1965), as follows:
[T]he introduction of the previous testimony is at the discretion of the trial judge but that the exercise of such discretion is limited by certain limitations including; that the testimony was taken down by a reporter in the presence of the defendant and his counsel, who cross-examined him; that the testimony was filed with the clerk; that a proper predicate is laid for the introduction of such testimony, by showing the exercise of due diligence in attempting to locate the missing witness; and, that due diligence has been exercised in an effort to produce the witness, by timely issuance and service of subpoena.
The State bears the burden of proving by a good faith effort that the witness was truly unavailable. Dilworth v. State, 611 P.2d 256 (Okl.Cr.1980), and cases cited therein. We are of the opinion that the State met its burden by producing fellow officer Bob Hendrix, who testified at an in-camera hearing that he had known Elledge for ten years, that he had cancer “very bad” and that in his opinion, when he saw Elledge 15 days before the trial date, he was bedfast and incapable of testifying in court. This Court rejects the defendant’s argument that Officer Hendrix was incompetent to testify about Elledge’s health and that medical testimony had to be produced before Elledge could be declared unavailable as a witness. See, Lee [1367]*1367v. State, 600 P.2d 344 at 347 (Okl.Cr.1979). A lay witness’ testimony in the form of an opinion is admissible where it is rationally based on the perception of the witness. 12 O.S.1981, § 2701. Under these circumstances, Officer Hendrix’ opinion was properly considered by the trial court.
We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the prior testimony, especially in light of a stipulation entered later on the day of the trial in which it was agreed that if Officer Hendrix were to be recalled he would testify that Elledge died at approximately 2:30 p.m. that afternoon. This assignment of error is without merit.
II
In a closely related argument, the defendant next asserts that the trial court erred by refusing to allow him to object during the reading of the transcript of El-ledge’s testimony.1 Defendant analogizes the use of Elledge’s preliminary hearing testimony to the use of conditional examinations pursuant to 22 O.S.1981, §§ 761-771, particularly § 770, which reads in pertinent part: “... Upon reading depositions in evidence, the same objections may be taken to a question or answer contained therein as if the witness had been examined orally in court.” (our emphasis). However, the use of depositions at trial differs from the use of preliminary hearing testimony because deposition proceedings do not require the presence of the State, whereas a preliminary hearing cannot proceed without the defendant being present and being allowed to cross-examine the witness. 22 O.S.1981, § 258. Defendant’s analogy is misplaced.
The issue whether defense counsel may object at trial to former testimony and if so, whether the scope of his objection is limited to the substance of the testimony rather than its form does not appear to have ever been directly addressed by this Court. While some jurisdictions hold that testimony given by a witness at a prior proceeding is open to all proper objections which would exclude the testimony, we align ourselves with the view that if allegedly improper questions are asked at the preliminary hearing level and no objections are made at that time, such objections are waived at trial. See, Leach v. Nelson, 50 N.D. 538, 196 N.W. 755 (1924); Smith v. Cincinnati Traction Co., 24 Ohio N.P., N.S. 565 (1924); but cf. Louisville & N.R. Co. v. Scott, 232 Ala. 284, 167 So. 572 (1936); Arnold v. Genzberger, 96 Mont. 358, 31 P.2d 296 (1934). To hold otherwise would frustrate the intent of 12 O.S.1981, § 2804(B)(1), which states in pertinent part that, “testimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or another proceeding is not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.” This assignment of error is without merit.
Ill
In his final assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by failing to excuse juror Nancy Chappell who stated that she would vote to find the defendant guilty if she had a reasonable doubt about his guilt. The following transpired during defense counsel’s voir dire of prospective jurors when the jurors were questioned about how they would vote if [1368]*1368they had a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt:
MR. BASKIN: Innocent.
MR. BERRY: How would you vote? (Talking to a juror)
JUROR: Innocent.
MR. BERRY: Mrs. Chappell, how would you vote?
MRS. CHAPPELL: I think not guilty. (Our emphasis)
MR. BERRY: If you had a reasonable doubt, you think you would vote not guilty?
MRS. CHAPPELL: I think I would want to hear the evidence.
MR. BERRY: The question is though, ma’am, that once you have heard the evidence and you are back there in the jury room, exercising your duty as an American citizen and the — and judging this other citizen who is charged with this crime, and you had a doubt and the ballot was being cast, how would you vote?
MR. GABBARD: I will object to that, your Honor, as not being the standard.
BY THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. BERRY: If you had a reasonable doubt, how would you vote?
MRS. CHAPPELL: Guilty.
MR. BERRY: How would you vote, ma’am, if you had a reasonable doubt, and the jury was being polled for their vote on the verdict, how would you vote if you had a reasonable doubt?
MRS. TURNER: If I had a doubt, I couldn’t prove him guilty, if I had a doubt. I would need to know by the evidence. (Tr. 48-49).
After reviewing all of the jurors’ voir dire answers in context, it is evident that she initially answered that she would find the defendant not guilty and that her subsequent answer of “guilty” was either because she was confused about the question or simply misstated her position. Clearly, defense counsel did not grasp the misstatement because he proceeded to question another potential juror. This Court has stated on numerous occasions that it is the duty of counsel to examine the jurors on voir dire and discover by proper investigation the facts affecting their qualifications and then to reasonably raise any objection that might exist as to any member of the panel. If he fails to do so, he waives any objection on that point. Roberson v. State, 456 P.2d 595 (Okl.Cr.1968). Moreover, in subsequent voir dire examination, Mrs. Chappell stated that she could enforce the law just as vigorously by voting not guilty and that she knew the government had to prove that the defendant was guilty. We conclude that she understood her role as a juror and merely misstated herself on one isolated occasion.
As a sub-proposition, the defendant contends his defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to request that Mrs. Chappell be removed for cause. This Court will not second-guess viable defense tactics. Defense counsel had already elicited from Mrs. Chappell that she would find the defendant not guilty if she had a reasonable doubt. Defendant’s citing this one instance of allegedly ineffective assistance of counsel does not begin to fall short of the “reasonably competent assistance of counsel” standard adopted in Johnson v. State, 620 P.2d 1311 (Okl.Cr.1980). This assignment of error is without merit.
Accordingly, the judgment and sentence appealed from is hereby AFFIRMED.
BRETT, J., concurs.
PARKS, P.J., Specially Concurs.