NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 11 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LORENA MARISOL PEREZ-CABRERA, No. 22-1518 Agency No. Petitioner, A209-122-619 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted December 7, 2023** Portland, Oregon
Before: NGUYEN and MILLER, Circuit Judges, and MONTALVO, Senior District Judge.***
Lorena Marisol Perez-Cabrera is a native and citizen of Guatemala. She
petitions for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Frank Montalvo, United States Senior District Judge for the Western District of Texas, sitting by designation. dismissing her appeal from an order of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying her
applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). She also seeks a remand for reconsideration
of her application for voluntary departure. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. §
1252 to review a final order of removal.
“Where, as here, the BIA agrees with the IJ’s reasoning, we review both
decisions.” Garcia-Martinez v. Sessions, 886 F.3d 1291, 1293 (9th Cir. 2018). We
examine findings of fact under the highly deferential substantial evidence standard
and uphold the agency’s decision “unless the evidence compels a contrary result.”
Budiono v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 1042, 1046 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation and
citation omitted). We review questions of law de novo. Id.
1. An applicant for a discretionary grant of asylum must first establish her
status as a refugee. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). She qualifies as a refugee by showing
she was persecuted—or has a well-founded fear of persecution—in her country of
nationality on account of her “race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular group, or political opinion.” Bolshakov v. INS, 133 F.3d 1279, 1281 (9th
Cir. 1998) (citing 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42), 1158). An applicant must show that this
persecution was “committed by the government or forces the government is either
unable or unwilling to control” or will be committed by those actors. J.R. v. Barr,
975 F.3d 778, 782 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d 646, 655–56
2 (9th Cir. 2000)). Persecution is “an extreme concept that does not include every
sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.” Rusak v. Holder, 734 F.3d 894,
896 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1431 (9th Cir. 1995)). It
encompasses “something considerably more than discrimination or harassment.”
Donchev v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d 1206, 1213 (9th Cir. 2009). An applicant “who
establishes past persecution is presumed to have a well-founded fear of [future]
persecution.” Ratnam v. INS, 154 F.3d 990, 994 (9th Cir. 1998). Evidence of
“[e]ither past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution provides
eligibility for a discretionary grant of asylum.” Id. (citation omitted). To qualify for
withholding of removal, she must show a “clear probability” of such persecution.
Alvarez-Santos v. I.N.S., 332 F.3d 1245, 1255 (9th Cir. 2003); see also 8 U.S.C. §
1231(b)(3)(A).
To obtain protection from removal under the CAT, an applicant must
“establish that it is more likely than not that [she] would be tortured with the
acquiescence of the … government if [she] returned [home].” Muradin v.
Gonzales, 494 F.3d 1208, 1210–11 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing 8 C.F.R. §§
208.16(c)(2), 208.18). The applicant need not show that she will be tortured on
account of a protected ground. Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir.
2001).
3 Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s holding that Perez-Cabrera did not
qualify for asylum because she failed to establish that the harassment she suffered
from a gang member and a police officer while in Guatemala constituted
persecution—or that she had a well-founded fear of future persecution upon her
return. And since she did not satisfy the lower statutory burden of proof for asylum
eligibility, it follows that she also did not satisfy the clear probability standard of
eligibility required for withholding of removal. Substantial evidence also supports
the BIA’s holding that Perez-Cabrera did not meet the requirements for protection
from removal under the CAT because she failed to show a likelihood that she
would be tortured upon her return to Guatemala by or with the acquiescence of a
public official or other person acting in an official capacity.
2. Although substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of Perez-
Cabrera’s applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under
the CAT, reconsideration of her application for voluntary departure is warranted.
An applicant may be permitted to voluntarily depart the United States at her
expense if, at the conclusion of her removal proceedings, the IJ finds that “the alien
has been physically present in the United States for a period of at least one year
immediately preceding the date the notice to appear was served.” 8 U.S.C. §
1229c(b)(1)(A). An applicant “builds up physical-presence time … from the
moment [she] enters the United States until the moment [she] receives” a Notice to
4 Appear (“NTA”) which contains “all the information Congress listed in 8 U.S.C. §
1229(a).” Posos-Sanchez v. Garland, 3 F.4th 1176, 1185 (9th Cir. 2021). As
relevant here, an applicant must be told “[t]he time and place at which the
proceedings will be held” in the NTA. 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i).
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 11 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LORENA MARISOL PEREZ-CABRERA, No. 22-1518 Agency No. Petitioner, A209-122-619 v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted December 7, 2023** Portland, Oregon
Before: NGUYEN and MILLER, Circuit Judges, and MONTALVO, Senior District Judge.***
Lorena Marisol Perez-Cabrera is a native and citizen of Guatemala. She
petitions for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Frank Montalvo, United States Senior District Judge for the Western District of Texas, sitting by designation. dismissing her appeal from an order of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying her
applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). She also seeks a remand for reconsideration
of her application for voluntary departure. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. §
1252 to review a final order of removal.
“Where, as here, the BIA agrees with the IJ’s reasoning, we review both
decisions.” Garcia-Martinez v. Sessions, 886 F.3d 1291, 1293 (9th Cir. 2018). We
examine findings of fact under the highly deferential substantial evidence standard
and uphold the agency’s decision “unless the evidence compels a contrary result.”
Budiono v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 1042, 1046 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation and
citation omitted). We review questions of law de novo. Id.
1. An applicant for a discretionary grant of asylum must first establish her
status as a refugee. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). She qualifies as a refugee by showing
she was persecuted—or has a well-founded fear of persecution—in her country of
nationality on account of her “race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular group, or political opinion.” Bolshakov v. INS, 133 F.3d 1279, 1281 (9th
Cir. 1998) (citing 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42), 1158). An applicant must show that this
persecution was “committed by the government or forces the government is either
unable or unwilling to control” or will be committed by those actors. J.R. v. Barr,
975 F.3d 778, 782 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d 646, 655–56
2 (9th Cir. 2000)). Persecution is “an extreme concept that does not include every
sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.” Rusak v. Holder, 734 F.3d 894,
896 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1431 (9th Cir. 1995)). It
encompasses “something considerably more than discrimination or harassment.”
Donchev v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d 1206, 1213 (9th Cir. 2009). An applicant “who
establishes past persecution is presumed to have a well-founded fear of [future]
persecution.” Ratnam v. INS, 154 F.3d 990, 994 (9th Cir. 1998). Evidence of
“[e]ither past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution provides
eligibility for a discretionary grant of asylum.” Id. (citation omitted). To qualify for
withholding of removal, she must show a “clear probability” of such persecution.
Alvarez-Santos v. I.N.S., 332 F.3d 1245, 1255 (9th Cir. 2003); see also 8 U.S.C. §
1231(b)(3)(A).
To obtain protection from removal under the CAT, an applicant must
“establish that it is more likely than not that [she] would be tortured with the
acquiescence of the … government if [she] returned [home].” Muradin v.
Gonzales, 494 F.3d 1208, 1210–11 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing 8 C.F.R. §§
208.16(c)(2), 208.18). The applicant need not show that she will be tortured on
account of a protected ground. Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir.
2001).
3 Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s holding that Perez-Cabrera did not
qualify for asylum because she failed to establish that the harassment she suffered
from a gang member and a police officer while in Guatemala constituted
persecution—or that she had a well-founded fear of future persecution upon her
return. And since she did not satisfy the lower statutory burden of proof for asylum
eligibility, it follows that she also did not satisfy the clear probability standard of
eligibility required for withholding of removal. Substantial evidence also supports
the BIA’s holding that Perez-Cabrera did not meet the requirements for protection
from removal under the CAT because she failed to show a likelihood that she
would be tortured upon her return to Guatemala by or with the acquiescence of a
public official or other person acting in an official capacity.
2. Although substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of Perez-
Cabrera’s applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under
the CAT, reconsideration of her application for voluntary departure is warranted.
An applicant may be permitted to voluntarily depart the United States at her
expense if, at the conclusion of her removal proceedings, the IJ finds that “the alien
has been physically present in the United States for a period of at least one year
immediately preceding the date the notice to appear was served.” 8 U.S.C. §
1229c(b)(1)(A). An applicant “builds up physical-presence time … from the
moment [she] enters the United States until the moment [she] receives” a Notice to
4 Appear (“NTA”) which contains “all the information Congress listed in 8 U.S.C. §
1229(a).” Posos-Sanchez v. Garland, 3 F.4th 1176, 1185 (9th Cir. 2021). As
relevant here, an applicant must be told “[t]he time and place at which the
proceedings will be held” in the NTA. 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i).
Perez-Cabrera entered the United States on or about August 20, 2016. She
received an NTA on September 15, 2016, which omitted “[t]he time ... at which”
her removal “proceedings [would] be held,” as 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i)
requires. She then received a Notice of Hearing (“NOH”) on October 5, 2016,
followed by multiple other notices, which provided the missing information, but
otherwise lacked all the information required in § 1229(a)(1). Due to the defect in
the NTA, she appeared at her removal hearing and orally moved to terminate the
removal proceedings under Pereira v. Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018).
In Pereira, the Supreme Court held a “putative notice to appear that fails to
designate the specific time or place of the noncitizen’s removal proceedings is not
a ‘notice to appear under section 1229(a),’ and so does not trigger the stop-time
rule” ending a noncitizen’s period of continuous presence in the United States for
the purpose of cancellation of removal eligibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(A).
Id. at 2113–14.
As a result, Perez-Cabrera arguably had nearly three years of physical-
presence time in the United States—and “indisputably satisfied § 1229c(b)(1)(A)’s
5 physical-presence requirement”—by the time she appeared at her removal
proceedings on June 11, 2019. Posos-Sanchez, 3 F.4th at 1186.
Still, the Government argued that Perez-Cabrera was ineligible for post-
conclusion voluntary departure under 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(b)(1)(A) because she had
not lived in the United States for one year prior to the issuance of the deficient
NTA. The IJ agreed and denied Perez-Cabrera’s application for voluntary
departure.
On January 26, 2021, the BIA issued a decision which explained a NOH
could perfect a NTA which failed to specify the time and place of an initial
removal hearing. Matter of Viera-Garcia and Ordonez-Viera, 28 I&N Dec. 223,
226 (BIA 2021). On May 28, 2021, Perez-Cabrera accordingly did not challenge
the IJ’s denial of voluntary departure in her administrative appeal because the BIA
already “had foreclosed that avenue of relief.” On November 4, 2021, the BIA
changed its position and held a NTA that did not specify the time or place of a
respondent’s initial removal hearing did not end the accrual of physical presence
for purposes of voluntary departure, even if the respondent was later served with a
NOH containing this information. Matter of M-F-O-, 28 I&N Dec. 408 (BIA
2021).
We “may review a final order of removal only if … the alien has exhausted
all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right.” 8 U.S.C. §
6 1252(d)(1); see Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 598 U.S. 411, 419 (2023) (holding 8
U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) is a “non-jurisdictional” claim-processing rule); see also
Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550 (9th Cir. 2023) (noting the Ninth
Circuit enforces a claim-processing rule if a party “properly raises” it) (quoting
Fort Bend Cnty., Texas v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 1843, 1849 (2019)).
But exhaustion in this case would have been futile because BIA precedent
foreclosed Perez-Cabrera’s claim at the time she filed her brief. Vasquez-Rodriguez
v. Garland, 7 F.4th 888, 896 (9th Cir. 2021) (“[W]here the agency’s position on
the question at issue appears already set, and it is very likely what the result of
recourse to administrative remedies would be, such recourse would be futile and is
not required.”) (quoting Sun v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 932, 943 (9th Cir. 2004)). And
although the BIA changed its mind before it issued its decision, we assess futility
at the time a brief is filed. Alcaraz v. INS, 384 F.3d 1150, 1158 (9th Cir. 2004)
(“We do not require an alien to exhaust administrative remedies on legal issues
based on events that occur after briefing to the BIA has been completed.”).
Consequently, we remand this matter to the agency for the limited purpose of
reconsidering Perez-Cabrera’s application for voluntary departure.
PETITION GRANTED; REMANDED.