People v. York

133 A.D.2d 130, 518 N.Y.S.2d 665, 1987 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 49652
Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York·Decided August 10, 1987·Published·Cited by 13 cases

Opinion

Appeal by the defendant James Dixon York, also known as Basheer Hameed, (1) from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Queens County (Browne, J.), rendered December 21, 1982, convicting him of attempted murder in the second degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence; and (2) by permission, from an order of the same court, dated November 14, 1983, which denied his motion to vacate the judgment.

Appeal by the defendant Anthony LaBorde, also known as Abdul Majid, (1) from a judgment of the same court, rendered January 24, 1983, convicting him of attempted murder in the second degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence; and (2) by permission, from an order of the same court, dated November 14, 1983, which denied his motion to vacate the judgment.

By decision and order dated January 26, 1987, this court, on its own motion, inter alia, (1) enlarged the record on appeal so as to include the order of the Supreme Court, Queens County (O’Brien, J.), dated December 19, 1983, which, after a hearing, denied the branches of the defendants’ omnibus motions which were to suppress certain identification testimony; and (2) directed the parties to serve and file supplemental briefs addressed to the propriety of said order. The parties have now complied.

Ordered that with respect to the appeals of the defendant Anthony LaBorde the judgment and order are affirmed, and it is further,

[131]*131Ordered that with respect to the appeal of the defendant James Dixon York the judgment is modified by vacating the sentence imposed, and remitting the matter for resentencing in accordance with the following memorandum; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed, and the order is affirmed.

The essential facts of this case are set forth in our previous decision (see, People v York, 126 AD2d 767). For the reasons stated in that decision, it was necessary to enlarge the record on appeal so as to include the minutes of the hearing held prior to the defendants’ second trial in order to determine whether a certain prosecutioh witness, Charles George, who had allegedly been hypnotized, was competent to testify in accordance with the rules outlined in People v Hughes (59 NY2d 523) and People v Tunstall (63 NY2d 1). This hearing was held after the imposition of the sentences appealed from, but prior to a successive trial of a count in the indictment as to which no verdict was returned.

Having now reviewed the minutes of the Hughes-Tunstall hearing and the briefs of the parties filed with respect thereto, we find that it was proven by clear and convincing evidence that the subject witness for the prosecution was, as a matter of fact, not hypnotized. The determination of the hearing court to the contrary is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence. The witness himself denied that he had been hypnotized, and the police hypnotist also firmly asserted that no hypnosis had occurred. The police hypnotist stated that there was "nothing more than an interview with [Mr. George] with .his eyes closed”.

We are unpersuaded by the opinion of the defendants’ expert, who was not present at the alleged hypnosis session, that Mr. George was, in fact, hypnotized. An expert witness for the prosecution testified that it was absolutely impossible for someone who had not been present at, or who had not viewed a videotape of the alleged hypnosis session, to make a determination as to whether hypnosis had occurred. The defendants’ expert on hypnosis stated that there were no "thoroughly reliable criteria which in all situations can consistently be relied upon to determine in all instances whether or not the person is actually hypnotized”. In light of this admission, we find this expert’s claim that he was between 95 and 99% sure that Mr. George was hypnotized to be without foundation.

Since we find that the subject witness was, in fact, never hypnotized, it follows that any error which may have been [132]*132committed by the trial court in restricting defense counsel’s attempts to cross-examine him in this area must be considered harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence of the defendant’s guilt adduced by the People was truly overwhelming, and there is no possibility whatsoever that the jury’s verdict would have been different had it been apprised of the fact that the police had unsuccessfully attempted to hypnotize one of the several witnesses to this crime. There is no rational possibility that had the jury learned of the circumstances of the attempted hypnosis, it would have concluded, contrary to every indication in the record of the hypnosis hearing, that the subject witness’s testimony was in any manner tainted by the unsuccessful attempt to hypnotize him. A new trial is therefore not warranted on this basis.

Moreover, the defendants fail to point out, on appeal, how they were prejudiced by the court’s restriction of cross-examination on the hypnosis issue. Since no significant details were recalled by Mr. George after the alleged hypnosis which had not already been recalled, there is no risk that the hypnotist "suggested” anything to Mr. George, and there is no risk that Mr. George "confabulated”, i.e., made up details on his own. The risk of hypnotic suggestion or confabulation is often cited as proof of the unreliability of hypnosis (see generally, Rock v Arkansas, 482 US —, 97 L Ed 2d 37; People v Hughes, supra). Further, since Mr. George was certain that he was not hypnotized, it is difficult to see how there was any risk that he experienced "memory hardening”, that is, an unwarranted confidence in the accuracy of his recollections (see, People v Tunstall, supra). Thus, the attempted hypnosis in this case is a tangential issue, so that any restriction on cross-examination in that regard was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

The defendants also argue that a new trial is required because the court failed to fully comply with various requests by the jury for the rereading of certain trial testimony. We note, however, that there was some ambiguity in the jury’s requests, and the court responded to the requests in a meaningful way. Extensive portions of the trial testimony were read back, and the jury expressed its satisfaction with the testimony which was reread. Ambiguity in a jury’s request is one of the factors to be considered in determining if the court committed reversible error in failing to respond to such request (People v Malloy, 55 NY2d 296, 302, cert denied 459 US 847). Further, the reviewing court may assess the potential prejudice which might have enured to the defendants as a result of any failure to comply fully with such jury requests [133]*133(People v Malloy, supra). In the case under review, where the evidence of guilt is overwhelming, even if isolated portions of these witnesses’ testimony were omitted from the readbacks, there was no "serious prejudice to the [defendants’] rights” (People v Jackson, 20 NY2d 440, 455, cert denied 391 US 928; see also, People v Donovan, 118 AD2d 722, lv denied 67 NY2d 942).

The defendants also contend that the court improperly invited a compromise verdict. After the jurors expressed their difficulty in arriving at a verdict, the court charged that they would be allowed to return a verdict on some counts, but not on others, so that they should render a verdict on whatever counts they could agree on.

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People v. York, 133 A.D.2d 130, 518 N.Y.S.2d 665, 1987 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 49652 (N.Y. Ct. App. 1987).

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