Ryan, J.
Defendant applies for leave to appeal his rape conviction which was affirmed by the Court of Appeals. We reverse and remand for a new trial pursuant to GCR 1963, 853.2(4).
[77]*77The sole issue raised on appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting the prosecutor’s trial day motion to indorse two police chemists as witnesses and in refusing to allow the defendant a continuance in order to prepare to cross-examine them.
Defense counsel made timely objection to the motion to indorse, claimed surprise, and alleged that the indorsement would prejudice his case. He also made a timely request for a continuance in order to either depose one of the chemists or to review her report. The motion was denied apparently because the trial judge was under the impression that defense counsel had adequate opportunity to prepare for the chemist’s testimony.1
[78]*78The Court of Appeals based affirmance on the ground that defense counsel had been given an opportunity to review the chemist’s report 60 days prior to trial.2
The record indicates that the trial court entered a discovery order on November 20, 1973 (date of [79]*79trial was January 31, 1974), but that when defense counsel examined the police file two or three weeks before trial, it contained no chemist’s reports, nor any indication of their intended use in the case. Further, defense counsel’s request to the prosecutor "to produce any evidence to be used in the case” failed to evoke any information from the prosecutor regarding the proposed use of the chemist’s testimony at trial.
In his argument to the trial court and in his brief in opposition to the application for leave to appeal, the prosecutor disputes defendant’s claimed lack of opportunity to review the chemist’s report 60 days prior to trial, implying that the chemist’s report was available to defense counsel well before trial. However, at trial, the prosecutor premised his motion to indorse on the assertion that the prosecution itself did not know about the chemist-witness.
We find that the prosecutor’s assertion of essentially contradictory positions lends credence to the defendant’s claim of surprise. If the prosecutor’s witness was available to defendant for discovery well before trial, as the trial court and the Court of Appeals assumed, then the prosecutor should have been able to so inform defense counsel in response to his request, and to indorse that witness before the date of trial. On the other hand, if, as the prosecutor represented to the trial court in his motion to indorse, the witness was one that "we [the People] did not know about,” defense counsel must have been equally surprised.
It is well settled that the propriety of granting trial day indorsement of witnesses rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. MCLA 767.40; MSA 28.980, People v Davis, 343 Mich 348, 361; 72 NW2d 269 (1955); People v Blue, 255 Mich 675, [80]*80678; 239 NW 361 (1931). A motion for continuance also addresses itself to trial court discretion. People v Davis, supra; People v Blue, supra.
The precedential meaning of judicial discretion and abuse of discretion appear in Spalding v Spalding, 355 Mich 382; 94 NW2d 810 (1959), a divorce action in which the Court evaluated the record to see if the chancellor had abused his discretion. We formulated the following rule:
"Where, as here, the exercise of discretion turns upon a factual determination made by the trier of the facts, an abuse of discretion involves far more than a difference in judicial opinion between the trial and appellate courts. The term discretion itself involves the idea of choice, of an exercise of the will, of a determination made between competing considerations. In order to have an 'abuse’ in reaching such determination, the result must be so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias.” 355 Mich at 384-385; 94 NW2d at 811-812.
We explained the Spalding test in the criminal case context in People v Charles O Williams, 386 Mich 565; 194 NW2d 337 (1972). In that case, we reversed a conviction because the trial court refused to grant defendant’s counsel’s motion to withdraw made on the day of trial, and also refused to grant a continuance. The matter had been adjourned four times previously, and the defendant and his lawyer reached an impasse on whether to call some of defendant’s witnesses. After quoting the language in Spalding, we stated:
"While the rule laid down in Spalding is generally the correct rule to apply, a somewhat stricter standard [81]*81should be observed in criminal cases where loss of freedom by incarceration is often the penalty that a convicted defendant will suffer.” 386 Mich at 573; 194 NW2d at 340.
After reviewing some of the Federal authorities dealing with the court’s discretion to grant continuances, we concluded:
"[T]he desire of the trial courts to expedite court dockets is not a sufficient reason to deny an otherwise proper request for a continuance.” 386 Mich at 577; 194 NW2d at 342.
In reversing the trial court, we enumerated four factors we considered important in finding that the trial court had abused its discretion in that case in not granting defendant a continuance: 1) the defendant was asserting a constitutional right; 2) he had a legitimate reason for asserting the right; 3) he was not guilty of negligence; 4) prior adjournments of trial were not at the defendant’s behest. To these four points we add the traditional requirement that defendant on appeal must demonstrate prejudice resulting from the trial court’s abuse of discretion. MCLA 769.26; MSA 28.1096.3
These five factors, while not the sine qua non to a determination of abuse of judicial discretion, are useful criteria in this case. First, in the case at bar, we believe that the defendant’s request for a continuance encompassed the right to due process [82]*82guaranteed by the state and Federal constitutions.4 Defendant alleges in his application and brief for leave that, because the witness in question was an expert, the evidence she offered was not the sort that could be evaluated without adequate technical preparation. Defendant asserts that research into the chemist’s area of specialty was necessary to prepare for intelligent cross-examination. We believe that the trial court’s denial of defendant’s timely request for a continuance so that counsel could prepare himself in an area in which he was understandably unfamiliar, effectively deprived defendant of the fundamental fairness to which he is entitled under the Due Process Clauses of the state and Federal constitutions.
Second, it is evident that the defendant had a legitimate reason for requesting the adjournment. The prosecutor’s motion to indorse the two witnesses surprised defense counsel. After the court granted the motion to indorse over his objection, he made a bona ñde request for time to prepare for the unexpected development in the trial.
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Ryan, J.
Defendant applies for leave to appeal his rape conviction which was affirmed by the Court of Appeals. We reverse and remand for a new trial pursuant to GCR 1963, 853.2(4).
[77]*77The sole issue raised on appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting the prosecutor’s trial day motion to indorse two police chemists as witnesses and in refusing to allow the defendant a continuance in order to prepare to cross-examine them.
Defense counsel made timely objection to the motion to indorse, claimed surprise, and alleged that the indorsement would prejudice his case. He also made a timely request for a continuance in order to either depose one of the chemists or to review her report. The motion was denied apparently because the trial judge was under the impression that defense counsel had adequate opportunity to prepare for the chemist’s testimony.1
[78]*78The Court of Appeals based affirmance on the ground that defense counsel had been given an opportunity to review the chemist’s report 60 days prior to trial.2
The record indicates that the trial court entered a discovery order on November 20, 1973 (date of [79]*79trial was January 31, 1974), but that when defense counsel examined the police file two or three weeks before trial, it contained no chemist’s reports, nor any indication of their intended use in the case. Further, defense counsel’s request to the prosecutor "to produce any evidence to be used in the case” failed to evoke any information from the prosecutor regarding the proposed use of the chemist’s testimony at trial.
In his argument to the trial court and in his brief in opposition to the application for leave to appeal, the prosecutor disputes defendant’s claimed lack of opportunity to review the chemist’s report 60 days prior to trial, implying that the chemist’s report was available to defense counsel well before trial. However, at trial, the prosecutor premised his motion to indorse on the assertion that the prosecution itself did not know about the chemist-witness.
We find that the prosecutor’s assertion of essentially contradictory positions lends credence to the defendant’s claim of surprise. If the prosecutor’s witness was available to defendant for discovery well before trial, as the trial court and the Court of Appeals assumed, then the prosecutor should have been able to so inform defense counsel in response to his request, and to indorse that witness before the date of trial. On the other hand, if, as the prosecutor represented to the trial court in his motion to indorse, the witness was one that "we [the People] did not know about,” defense counsel must have been equally surprised.
It is well settled that the propriety of granting trial day indorsement of witnesses rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. MCLA 767.40; MSA 28.980, People v Davis, 343 Mich 348, 361; 72 NW2d 269 (1955); People v Blue, 255 Mich 675, [80]*80678; 239 NW 361 (1931). A motion for continuance also addresses itself to trial court discretion. People v Davis, supra; People v Blue, supra.
The precedential meaning of judicial discretion and abuse of discretion appear in Spalding v Spalding, 355 Mich 382; 94 NW2d 810 (1959), a divorce action in which the Court evaluated the record to see if the chancellor had abused his discretion. We formulated the following rule:
"Where, as here, the exercise of discretion turns upon a factual determination made by the trier of the facts, an abuse of discretion involves far more than a difference in judicial opinion between the trial and appellate courts. The term discretion itself involves the idea of choice, of an exercise of the will, of a determination made between competing considerations. In order to have an 'abuse’ in reaching such determination, the result must be so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias.” 355 Mich at 384-385; 94 NW2d at 811-812.
We explained the Spalding test in the criminal case context in People v Charles O Williams, 386 Mich 565; 194 NW2d 337 (1972). In that case, we reversed a conviction because the trial court refused to grant defendant’s counsel’s motion to withdraw made on the day of trial, and also refused to grant a continuance. The matter had been adjourned four times previously, and the defendant and his lawyer reached an impasse on whether to call some of defendant’s witnesses. After quoting the language in Spalding, we stated:
"While the rule laid down in Spalding is generally the correct rule to apply, a somewhat stricter standard [81]*81should be observed in criminal cases where loss of freedom by incarceration is often the penalty that a convicted defendant will suffer.” 386 Mich at 573; 194 NW2d at 340.
After reviewing some of the Federal authorities dealing with the court’s discretion to grant continuances, we concluded:
"[T]he desire of the trial courts to expedite court dockets is not a sufficient reason to deny an otherwise proper request for a continuance.” 386 Mich at 577; 194 NW2d at 342.
In reversing the trial court, we enumerated four factors we considered important in finding that the trial court had abused its discretion in that case in not granting defendant a continuance: 1) the defendant was asserting a constitutional right; 2) he had a legitimate reason for asserting the right; 3) he was not guilty of negligence; 4) prior adjournments of trial were not at the defendant’s behest. To these four points we add the traditional requirement that defendant on appeal must demonstrate prejudice resulting from the trial court’s abuse of discretion. MCLA 769.26; MSA 28.1096.3
These five factors, while not the sine qua non to a determination of abuse of judicial discretion, are useful criteria in this case. First, in the case at bar, we believe that the defendant’s request for a continuance encompassed the right to due process [82]*82guaranteed by the state and Federal constitutions.4 Defendant alleges in his application and brief for leave that, because the witness in question was an expert, the evidence she offered was not the sort that could be evaluated without adequate technical preparation. Defendant asserts that research into the chemist’s area of specialty was necessary to prepare for intelligent cross-examination. We believe that the trial court’s denial of defendant’s timely request for a continuance so that counsel could prepare himself in an area in which he was understandably unfamiliar, effectively deprived defendant of the fundamental fairness to which he is entitled under the Due Process Clauses of the state and Federal constitutions.
Second, it is evident that the defendant had a legitimate reason for requesting the adjournment. The prosecutor’s motion to indorse the two witnesses surprised defense counsel. After the court granted the motion to indorse over his objection, he made a bona ñde request for time to prepare for the unexpected development in the trial.
Third, we believe, after reviewing the record, that defendant was not guilty of negligence. If we accept the prosecutor’s assertion at trial that he did not know about the witness, we could not expect defendant to be aware of her existence. If the prosecutor anticipated using the chemist, he failed to inform defense counsel of that fact or of his intention to move for her indorsement on the day of trial. The prosecutor failed to produce the report of her tests after a discovery order had been [83]*83entered, even when asked by defense counsel for all evidence to be used in the case. We conclude, therefore, that defendant was not guilty of negligence in this case.
Fourth, there is no evidence in the record that the defendant caused the trial to be adjourned several times before.
Finally, the defendant has adequately demonstrated prejudice. Although the primary defense to the rape charge in this case was consent, the defendant might have lost a possible defense (i.e., no intercourse occurred) by his alleged inability to adequately cross-examine the chemist.
We conclude that, on the facts of this case, the trial court was in error not because it granted trial day indorsement, but because in granting the indorsement it did not grant a reasonable continuance to defendant in order to prepare to meet the unexpected development in the trial.
Reversed and remanded for new trial.
Kavanagh, C. J., and Williams, Coleman, Fitzgerald, and Lindemer, JJ., concurred with Ryan, J.