Opinion
WRIGHT, C. J.
Defendant Herman Ray Williams and his codefendant Larry Edward Bailey were charged by information with the crime of armed [855]*855robbery (Pen. Code, § 211). A jury found them guilty as charged. Williams alone appeals from the judgment of conviction entered on the verdict.
At about 11 p.m., on April 28, 1969, two men entered the Hancock service station on Franklin Boulevard in Sacramento. Richard Gomes, the station attendant, testified that they demanded money and that both of them were armed. They took all the money from the cash drawer and then proceeded to walk south on Franklin. Immediately thereafter Gomes flagged down a patrol car, told the officers he had been robbed, gave a description of the two men, and indicated the direction in which they fled.
A short distance from the service station the officers spotted two suspects, stopped their patrol car, and gave pursuit. Other patrol cars had sealed off the area, and within a few minutes codefendant Bailey was apprehended. Bailey, who was carrying a revolver and $58.77 in cash, was positively identified by Gomes as the shorter of the two robbers.
Although the other suspect escaped, the officers discovered an unoccupied car in a nearby parking lot. A routine check of the car revealed that it was registered to appellant. An automatic pistol was found on the front seat and appellant’s fingerprints were found on the exterior of the car.
About three hours after the robbery the investigating officers showed five photographs to Gomes, including one of appellant. Gomes selected appellant’s picture and stated that it strongly resembled the second robber, but that he would have to see the man in person to be absolutely positive.
That same night the officers went to appellant’s house where they questioned his father about his son’s whereabouts. The following evening appellant telephoned the sheriff’s office and indicated he had been informed by his father that they were looking for him. The officers then went to his home and placed him under arrest.
On April 30, 1969, appellant was placed in a lineup at the sheriff’s office. Appellant’s attorney was present in the viewing room with the witness Gomes while the lineup was conducted. The attorney testified that the lineup was arranged fairly and that the officers did not give Gomes any suggestions as to the suspect. Following completion of the lineup Gomes was taken outside the viewing room for the purpose of making his identification. Appellant’s attorney asked permission to accompany Gomes and listen to any identification made by him, but his request was denied upon the grounds that such was against the policy of the sheriff’s department.
At trial Gomes testified he was “almost certain” that appellant was. the second robber. On cross-examination Gomes stated that he had selected appellant from the lineup but could not be positive he was the other man [856]*856involved. Appellant moved to suppress this identification evidence on the ground that he had been denied his right to the presence of counsel at the pretrial lineup. The trial court denied the motion, holding that the right to counsel did not apply beyond the time the lineup was in progress.
Thus, the main issue before us is whether appellant’s right to have counsel present during the lineup included the right to have him present when the identification was made immediately thereafter. We conclude that under the facts of this case the rules enunciated in United States v. Wade (1967) 388 U.S. 218 [18 L.Ed.2d 1149, 87 S.Ct. 1926], and Gilbert v. California (1967) 388 U.S. 263 [18 L.Ed.2d 1178, 87 S.Ct. 1951], entitled the appellant to such a right and that its denial requires us to reverse the judgment.
In Wade and Gilbert, the United States Supreme Court held that a pretrial lineup was a “critical stage” of the prosecution at which the accused was entitled to the presence of counsel. The court held that if a witness identified a defendant in a lineup conducted in violation of the defendant’s right to counsel, subsequent in-court identifications by that witness were inadmissible unless shown by clear and convincing evidence to have an origin independent of the illegal lineup. The court further held that if in-court identifications without independent origin were admitted into evidence, the error required reversal unless it was “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”
The above rules were adopted for two primary reasons: to enable an accused to detect any unfairness in his confrontation with the witness, and to insure that he will be aware of any suggestion by law enforcement officers, intentional or unintentional, at the time the witness makes his identification. It is not the moment of viewing alone, but rather the whole “procedure by which [a suspect] is identified” that counsel must be able to effectively reconstruct at trial. (People v. Fowler (1969) 1 Cal.3d 335, 348 [82 Cal.Rptr. 363, 461 P.2d 643].) If defense counsel is to be able to intelligently cross-examine the witness, he cannot be excluded from the moment of identification any more than he can be excluded from the lineup itself. To hold otherwise would be to reduce counsel’s cross-examination “to little more than shooting in the dark,” for he would not be fully apprised of what occurred at the identification interview. (People v. Fowler, supra, 1 Cal.3d 349.) For example, the defendant would have no way of knowing whether the witness was improperly led, whether the witness was hesitant or unsure in his identification, and he ^vould not know what language or expressions the witness used. All of these factors could be very significant on cross-examination.
[857]*857In the instant case, counsel’s presence at the lineup guaranteed that he would be able to detect any unfairness in the confrontation between appellant and the witness. However, the exclusion of counsel from the moment of actual identification frustrated the second purpose of Wade and Gilbert, namely, to safeguard against the inherent risks of suggestion which are present at that time. Since Gomes made his identification immediately following conclusion of the lineup, it would not have been an additional burden on the officers of the sheriff’s department to allow appellant’s attorney to be present. Moreover, we perceive of no legitimate state purpose on the part of law enforcement officers in excluding him. “We cannot reasonably suppose that the high court . . . would announce a rule so susceptible of emasculation by avoidance.” (People v. Fowler, supra, 1 Cal.3d 344.) Accordingly, we hold that appellant was entitled to have his attorney present when Gomes made his identification.
At trial the prosecution made no showing that the in-court identification by Gomes had an origin independent of the lineup. Its admission into evidence was therefore a violation of Wade. Since the principal evidence against appellant was the less than positive in-court and lineup identifications of the only witness to the crime, we cannot say that the error was “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt” under the standard of Chapman v. California
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Opinion
WRIGHT, C. J.
Defendant Herman Ray Williams and his codefendant Larry Edward Bailey were charged by information with the crime of armed [855]*855robbery (Pen. Code, § 211). A jury found them guilty as charged. Williams alone appeals from the judgment of conviction entered on the verdict.
At about 11 p.m., on April 28, 1969, two men entered the Hancock service station on Franklin Boulevard in Sacramento. Richard Gomes, the station attendant, testified that they demanded money and that both of them were armed. They took all the money from the cash drawer and then proceeded to walk south on Franklin. Immediately thereafter Gomes flagged down a patrol car, told the officers he had been robbed, gave a description of the two men, and indicated the direction in which they fled.
A short distance from the service station the officers spotted two suspects, stopped their patrol car, and gave pursuit. Other patrol cars had sealed off the area, and within a few minutes codefendant Bailey was apprehended. Bailey, who was carrying a revolver and $58.77 in cash, was positively identified by Gomes as the shorter of the two robbers.
Although the other suspect escaped, the officers discovered an unoccupied car in a nearby parking lot. A routine check of the car revealed that it was registered to appellant. An automatic pistol was found on the front seat and appellant’s fingerprints were found on the exterior of the car.
About three hours after the robbery the investigating officers showed five photographs to Gomes, including one of appellant. Gomes selected appellant’s picture and stated that it strongly resembled the second robber, but that he would have to see the man in person to be absolutely positive.
That same night the officers went to appellant’s house where they questioned his father about his son’s whereabouts. The following evening appellant telephoned the sheriff’s office and indicated he had been informed by his father that they were looking for him. The officers then went to his home and placed him under arrest.
On April 30, 1969, appellant was placed in a lineup at the sheriff’s office. Appellant’s attorney was present in the viewing room with the witness Gomes while the lineup was conducted. The attorney testified that the lineup was arranged fairly and that the officers did not give Gomes any suggestions as to the suspect. Following completion of the lineup Gomes was taken outside the viewing room for the purpose of making his identification. Appellant’s attorney asked permission to accompany Gomes and listen to any identification made by him, but his request was denied upon the grounds that such was against the policy of the sheriff’s department.
At trial Gomes testified he was “almost certain” that appellant was. the second robber. On cross-examination Gomes stated that he had selected appellant from the lineup but could not be positive he was the other man [856]*856involved. Appellant moved to suppress this identification evidence on the ground that he had been denied his right to the presence of counsel at the pretrial lineup. The trial court denied the motion, holding that the right to counsel did not apply beyond the time the lineup was in progress.
Thus, the main issue before us is whether appellant’s right to have counsel present during the lineup included the right to have him present when the identification was made immediately thereafter. We conclude that under the facts of this case the rules enunciated in United States v. Wade (1967) 388 U.S. 218 [18 L.Ed.2d 1149, 87 S.Ct. 1926], and Gilbert v. California (1967) 388 U.S. 263 [18 L.Ed.2d 1178, 87 S.Ct. 1951], entitled the appellant to such a right and that its denial requires us to reverse the judgment.
In Wade and Gilbert, the United States Supreme Court held that a pretrial lineup was a “critical stage” of the prosecution at which the accused was entitled to the presence of counsel. The court held that if a witness identified a defendant in a lineup conducted in violation of the defendant’s right to counsel, subsequent in-court identifications by that witness were inadmissible unless shown by clear and convincing evidence to have an origin independent of the illegal lineup. The court further held that if in-court identifications without independent origin were admitted into evidence, the error required reversal unless it was “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”
The above rules were adopted for two primary reasons: to enable an accused to detect any unfairness in his confrontation with the witness, and to insure that he will be aware of any suggestion by law enforcement officers, intentional or unintentional, at the time the witness makes his identification. It is not the moment of viewing alone, but rather the whole “procedure by which [a suspect] is identified” that counsel must be able to effectively reconstruct at trial. (People v. Fowler (1969) 1 Cal.3d 335, 348 [82 Cal.Rptr. 363, 461 P.2d 643].) If defense counsel is to be able to intelligently cross-examine the witness, he cannot be excluded from the moment of identification any more than he can be excluded from the lineup itself. To hold otherwise would be to reduce counsel’s cross-examination “to little more than shooting in the dark,” for he would not be fully apprised of what occurred at the identification interview. (People v. Fowler, supra, 1 Cal.3d 349.) For example, the defendant would have no way of knowing whether the witness was improperly led, whether the witness was hesitant or unsure in his identification, and he ^vould not know what language or expressions the witness used. All of these factors could be very significant on cross-examination.
[857]*857In the instant case, counsel’s presence at the lineup guaranteed that he would be able to detect any unfairness in the confrontation between appellant and the witness. However, the exclusion of counsel from the moment of actual identification frustrated the second purpose of Wade and Gilbert, namely, to safeguard against the inherent risks of suggestion which are present at that time. Since Gomes made his identification immediately following conclusion of the lineup, it would not have been an additional burden on the officers of the sheriff’s department to allow appellant’s attorney to be present. Moreover, we perceive of no legitimate state purpose on the part of law enforcement officers in excluding him. “We cannot reasonably suppose that the high court . . . would announce a rule so susceptible of emasculation by avoidance.” (People v. Fowler, supra, 1 Cal.3d 344.) Accordingly, we hold that appellant was entitled to have his attorney present when Gomes made his identification.
At trial the prosecution made no showing that the in-court identification by Gomes had an origin independent of the lineup. Its admission into evidence was therefore a violation of Wade. Since the principal evidence against appellant was the less than positive in-court and lineup identifications of the only witness to the crime, we cannot say that the error was “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt” under the standard of Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 [17 L.Ed.2d 705, 710-711, 87 S.Ct. 824, 24 A.L.R.3d 1065].
Our holding in this case should not be interpreted to create a requirement that defense counsel must be present whenever a witness whose testimony may be used as part of the prosecution’s case at trial is interrogated. Such an interpretation of this decision would be an unwarranted assumption.
The purpose of a lineup is to elicit identification evidence. The risks and potential dangers in identification interviews are much greater than in other prosecution contacts with a victim or a witness to a crime. Accordingly, the United States Supreme Court has labelled the process of lineup identification as a “critical stage” of the prosecution which requires the presence of counsel. In the case at bar counsel was present at the lineup, the witness was immediately removed from the viewing room for the sole purpose of making his identification, and counsel requested but was refused permission to be present at the moment of actual identification. Under these facts, Wade and Gilbert compel the conclusion that counsel should have been permitted to be present at the time the identification was made by the witness. We express no opinion on any casé which may arise in a different factual setting.
Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a judgment of acquittal made after the prosecution rested. Since we [858]*858must reverse the judgment on other grounds, we need not resolve this contention.
The judgment is reversed.
Peters, J., Tobriner, J., and Sullivan, J., concurred.