Filed 12/9/21
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E074347
v. (Super.Ct.No. INF1600362)
CHARLES KENNETH WAXLAX, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. James S. Hawkins, Judge.
Affirmed in part; vacated in part.
Richard Power and Howard Cohen, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Xavier Becerra and Rob Bonta, Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Steve Oetting
and Paige B. Hazard, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 During an altercation outside a bar after last call, Charles Waxlax stabbed Erik
Kimbler in the back with a military-grade knife. Kimbler suffered serious injuries but
survived. At trial, the jury rejected Waxlax’s claim of self-defense and convicted him of
the four crimes the prosecution had charged him with—attempted murder, assault with a
deadly weapon, assault with force likely to produce great bodily injury, and attempting to
dissuade a witness from reporting a crime. The trial judge sentenced him to 11 years in
prison, consisting of nine years for the attempted murder conviction and two years for the
dissuading conviction. The judge imposed, but stayed under Penal Code section 654,
three-year sentences on the two assault convictions.1
On appeal, Waxlax argues the omission of the following three self-defense related
jury instructions requires reversal of his murder and assault convictions: (i) an instruction
on the doctrine of transferred self-defense, (ii) CALCRIM No. 3470, which defines self-
defense for all nonhomicide offenses, and (iii) a pinpoint instruction that his specific fear
of imminent danger arose from his belief he was being robbed. Waxlax also argues his
dual assault convictions at the very least violate section 954 because force-likely assault
(§ 245, subd. (a)(4)) and assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)) are different
statements of the same offense and his charges were based on the same conduct—his
single act of stabbing Kimbler.
1 Unlabeled statutory citations refer to the Penal Code. 2 We find Waxlax’s claims of instructional error meritless but agree his dual assault
convictions violate section 954. We therefore vacate the force-likely assault conviction in
count 2 and strike the fees associated with that count, but we affirm the judgment in all
other respects.
I
FACTS
A. Prosecution’s Case
According to Kimbler, he and Waxlax had been friends for several years, but their
friendship ended when he started dating Waxlax’s ex-fiancé, Shea, about a week after
their breakup. When they were friends, Kimbler loaned Waxlax about $1,500, which he
never repaid. At trial, Kimbler told the jury he didn’t really care about the money because
he never expected Waxlax to pay him back.
On March 27, 2015, Kimbler and Shea were celebrating his birthday with some
friends at the Red Barn, a bar in Palm Desert. Waxlax also happened to be at the bar that
evening but was playing pool with a different group. Kimbler had several drinks over the
course of the night and was quite drunk when the bartender announced last call around
1:45 a.m.
As Kimbler was leaving with Shea and his friend, Contreras, they spotted Waxlax
sitting in his car in the corner of the parking lot. Earlier in the evening, Kimbler had
pointed Waxlax out to Contreras as the guy who used to date Shea, so Contreras decided
he wanted to talk to Waxlax. He approached the driver’s side window of Waxlax’s car
3 and complimented his stereo system. Leaning onto the driver’s side door and speaking
through the open window, Contreras asked Waxlax about the money he owed Kimbler.
At the same time, Shea slid into Waxlax’s backseat. In response, Waxlax opened his door
against Contreras and demanded, “what money?” Thinking Waxlax was trying to start a
fight, Contreras put up his fists.
When Kimbler saw the situation was turning into an argument, he rushed over and
got between Waxlax and Contreras. With his back turned to Waxlax, Kimbler told
Contreras it wasn’t “worth it” and they should leave. As Kimbler spoke to Contreras,
Waxlax came up from behind and stabbed him under his right armpit. He pushed the
blade between Kimbler’s ribs, all the way to the hilt, then kissed him on the cheek.
Kimbler turned around to see Waxlax with a knife in his hands and screamed, “You
fucking stabbed me!” before falling to the ground.
Waxlax left, and Shea and Contreras took Kimbler to the hospital, where he spent
two weeks in a medically induced coma. The blade punctured his lung and nearly cut his
liver in half. Less than an hour after the incident, at 2:27 a.m., he received a text from an
unknown number that said, “If anyone goes to the hospital or talks to law, it’s done. If my
name gets even implied, everyone is done. I know how to handle this s-h-i-t.”
At trial, Kimbler said he’d recognized the knife Waxlax used to stab him. Once
when they were hanging out, Waxlax had showed him the knife (a Ka-Bar brand, military
combat knife) and told him that if he ever wanted to hurt someone to stab them in the side
of the chest because that would cause the “most damage.”
4 Though Kimbler and Contreras recounted the broad strokes of the incident
similarly, their testimony differed on one topic in particular.2 Kimbler said the first time
he’d seen Waxlax that night was in the parking lot after last call. But according to
Contreras, Kimbler pointed Waxlax out to him while they were at the bar and wondered
why he was there. Contreras said Kimbler told him Waxlax owed him money because he
had stolen from Shea. Later, around the time of last call, Kimbler mentioned Waxlax
again, saying, “I don’t like that guy, and I don’t like that he is here.”
B. Defense Case
Waxlax testified in his own defense and gave yet another version of the events. He
denied ever having been friends with Kimbler. He said he and Kimbler used to deal drugs
together and that he’d hung out with him only a few times, just to see if he could trust
him enough to do business with him. He said he’d been the one to break up with Shea
and didn’t care that Kimbler was dating her. He didn’t know it was Kimbler’s birthday
that evening and it was just a coincidence he was at the bar.
He was alone in his car when Contreras approached him and got him to roll his
window down by asking him something about his stereo system. But Contreras changed
topics as soon as the window was down. Leaning in towards Waxlax with both elbows on
the window’s ledge, Contreras told Waxlax he owed Kimbler money. At this point
Waxlax knew something was awry, and he felt unsettled. It was late, the parking lot was
dark, and he didn’t know this person who was demanding money from him. Just then,
2 Shea did not testify. 5 Shea jumped into his back seat, tried to hit him, and reached into the center console.
Waxlax believed she stole the money he kept in that compartment because when the
police inventoried his car after the incident, the money was gone.
After Shea got into his car, Waxlax got out, pushing Contreras aside with the
driver’s side door. He started yelling for someone to help him remove Shea, while
Contreras stood just a few steps away, with his fists up, ready for a fight.
Then Waxlax noticed someone else running toward him, yelling, “Where is my
mother fucking money?” He had no idea who the person was, but it was their approach—
aggressive and quick—that made him realize he was about to be robbed. “When I heard
the person running up saying, ‘Where is your mother fucking money at,’ that’s when
everything clicked . . . It clicked I’m being robbed right now.” “It’s 2:00 in the morning.
People are running at me, ‘Where is your fucking money at?’ I was focused on who these
two people are because I don’t know this guy. The only person I know is that [Shea] is in
my car.”
That’s when Waxlax made the split-second decision to protect himself. He
maneuvered between the two men, reached into the driver’s side door and grabbed his
knife from the floorboard. He turned around and brandished the knife, warning the two
men to “Get the fuck back.” This was apparently the moment the stabbing occurred, but
Waxlax’s testimony on this point is brief and vague. He said he tried to get back into his
car but Contreras lunged at him and at that moment he “felt contact with the knife.” On
6 cross-examination, he said the knife was so well made it must have slipped through
Kimbler’s ribs without him even knowing it.
After realizing his knife had made contact with something, he got into his car and
drove away. When the police interviewed him about a half-hour later, he denied knowing
about the stabbing or having been in any sort of altercation at the bar. He told the officer
that the only knife he was in possession of that evening was a pocket knife, and he didn’t
mention his belief that a group of people had tried to rob him. At trial, he acknowledged
having seen Kimbler at the bar earlier but maintained he had no idea the person who ran
up to him, and whom he stabbed, was the same person.
II
ANALYSIS
A. Dual Convictions under Section 954
We begin with Waxlax’s assertion that his dual aggravated assault convictions—
for assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1); count 1) and assault with force
likely to cause great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (a)(4); count 2)—violate section 954
because he was convicted of two statements of the same offense and both were based on
the same conduct. We agree.
Section 954, which governs joinder of counts, says in relevant part: “An
accusatory pleading may charge [1] two or more different offenses connected together in
their commission, or [2] different statements of the same offense or [3] two or more
different offenses of the same class of crimes or offenses, under separate counts, and if
7 two or more accusatory pleadings are filed in such cases in the same court, the court may
order them to be consolidated. The prosecution is not required to elect between the
different offenses or counts set forth in the accusatory pleading, but the defendant may be
convicted of any number of the offenses charged.”
Our Supreme Court has interpreted this language to mean that section 954
authorizes multiple convictions for different or distinct offenses, “‘but does not permit
multiple convictions for a different statement of the same offense when it is based on the
same act or course of conduct.’” (People v. Vidana (2016) 1 Cal.5th 632, 650 (Vidana),
italics added.) The test for whether a statute defines different offenses or merely different
ways of committing the same offense turns on legislative intent. “‘[I]f the Legislature
meant to define only one offense, we may not turn it into two.’” (Id. at p. 637.)
Whether force-likely and deadly weapon assault are different statements of the
same offense when based on the same act is currently pending before our Supreme Court.
(People v. Aguayo (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 758, review granted May 1, 2019, S254554
(Aguayo).) Two of the three appellate courts to consider the issue have answered the
question in the affirmative, concluding dual assault convictions based on the same
criminal act violate section 954. (People v. Brunton (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 1097, 1100
(Brunton); People v. Cota (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 720 (Cota).) The third court disagreed.
(In re Jonathan R. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 963 (Jonathan R.).) But as we’ll explain, we
agree with Brunton and Cota.
8 Although now located in two separate subparagraphs of section 245, subdivision
(a), force-likely and deadly weapon assault were initially contained in a single statute
defining aggravated assault. Under that provision, “‘[e]very person who commits an
assault upon the person of another with a deadly weapon or instrument or by any means
of force likely to produce great bodily injury’” was guilty of aggravated assault. (In re
Mosley (1970) 1 Cal.3d 913, 918, fn. 4, italics added.) Our Supreme Court interpreted
this language as defining “only one offense” that could be committed in two different
ways, explaining “assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury is not an
offense separate from—and certainly not an offense lesser than and included within—the
offense of assault with a deadly weapon.” (Id. at p. 919, fn. 5.) Though Mosley’s
language was dicta, our appellate courts found it persuasive, and for the years the statute
remained in this form, they agreed that “‘[t]he offense of assault by means of force likely
to produce great bodily injury is not an offense separate from . . . the offense of assault
with a deadly weapon.’” (People v. McGee (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 107, 114; see also,
e.g., People v. Martinez (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 1035, 1043 [noting “the statute describes
two different ways of committing a prohibited assault”].)
In the early 1960s, the Legislature redesignated the aggravated assault provision as
subdivision (a) of section 245. Two decades later, they further redesignated the provision,
labeling it subdivision (a)(1), but nevertheless keeping force-likely and deadly weapon
assault together as they always had been. (Jonathan R., supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at p. 968.)
And, because the two types of assault remained together, the understanding persisted that
9 section 245, subdivision (a)(1) provided two alternative statements of aggravated assault.
(See People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1035 [“the jury’s decision-making
process in an aggravated assault case under section 245, subdivision (a)(1), is
functionally identical regardless of whether, in the particular case, the defendant
employed a weapon alleged to be deadly as used or employed force likely to produce
great bodily injury; in either instance, the decision turns on the nature of the force
used”].)
In 2011, the Legislature amended section 245, subdivision (a)(1) again, this time
placing force-likely and deadly weapon assault into two separate numbered paragraphs—
deadly weapon assault remained in subdivision (a)(1) and force-likely assault could now
be found in newly created subdivision (a)(4). (Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011-2012 Reg.
Sess.); Stats. 2011, ch. 183, § 1.) The Legislature explained the amendment served a
disambiguating purpose for recidivist sentencing.
Specifically, because the “Three Strikes” law carries consequences for prior
deadly weapon assault convictions but not force-likely convictions, the Legislature
separated the two types of aggravated assault to make it readily apparent to the
prosecution and the court in potential future cases which type the defendant had been
convicted of.3 (Brunton, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1104-1105, citing Sen. Com. on
3 “Assault with a deadly weapon is always a serious felony for purposes of recidivist sentence enhancements (see § 1192.7, subd. (c)(31)), whereas force-likely assault is only a serious felony if the defendant actually inflicted great bodily injury (and not merely used force likely to do so) (see § 1192.7, subd. (c)(8)).” (Brunton, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1104, fn. 5.) 10 Public Safety, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011-2012 Reg. Sess.).) “AB 1026 will
make it easier for prosecutors and defense attorneys to determine whether or not a
defendant’s prior conviction for assault under . . . [s]ection 245(a)(1) involved an assault
on a person with a deadly weapon or by any means of force likely to produce great bodily
injury. . . . [¶] ‘AB 1026 does not create any new felonies or expand the punishment for
any existing felonies. It merely splits an ambiguous code section into two distinct parts.”’
(Sen. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1026 (2011-2012 Reg. Sess.)
as introduced Feb. 18, 2011, p. 3.)
As the court observed in Cota, the 2011 amendment “resurrected the question of
whether” force-likely and deadly weapon assault are still two different ways to commit
the same offense. (Cota, supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at p. 725.) The first opinion to consider
the issue was Jonathan R., which held that the new structure of section 245, subdivision
(a) conveyed such an unambiguous expression of legislative intent to “creat[e] separately
convictable offenses” that an examination of the legislative history of the 2011
amendment was unnecessary. (Jonathan R., supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at p. 971.) The court
based its conclusion on its interpretation of People v. Gonzalez (2014) 60 Cal.4th 533,
which it regarded as “[t]he Supreme Court’s latest word on the issue.” (Jonathan R., at
p. 969.) Based on that precedent, Jonathan R. reasoned that any time the Legislature
11 places offenses “in separate subdivisions”—as the 2011 amendment to section 245 did—
it is “deemed to have intended to create separate offenses.”4 (Jonathan R., at p. 971.)
But a little over a month before Jonathan R., our Supreme Court issued Vidana, in
which it considered whether larceny (§ 484, subd. (a)) and embezzlement (§ 503) were
different statements of the same offense such that a defendant could not be convicted of
both based on the same course of conduct. After analyzing not just the text and structure
of the larceny and embezzlement statutes but also their legislative history, the court
concluded the statutes contained restatements of the same offense, even though they
“have different elements,” “neither is a lesser included offense of the other,” and they are
found in “self-contained” statutes. (Vidana, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 648.) Important to the
court’s conclusion was the fact that larceny and embezzlement “generally have the same
punishment,” and that the Legislature has directed the courts to substitute the word
“theft” for “larceny,” “embezzlement,” or “stealing” any time those words appear in the
Penal Code. (Id. at pp. 648-649, citing § 490a.)
The next two opinions to consider the connection between force-likely and deadly
weapon assault were Brunton and Cota, and both found Johnathan R.’s total reliance on
the structure of section 245, subdivision (a) unpersuasive. Following the approach taken
in Vidana, Brunton and Cota considered not only the text and structure of section 245 but
also “prior case law interpreting section 245, subdivision (a)(1), as setting forth a single
4This wasn’t the end of the court’s section 954 analysis, however. It ultimately concluded the dual assault convictions violated the statute because force-likely assault is a necessarily included offense of deadly weapon assault. (Jonathan R., supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at p. 975.) 12 aggravated assault offense,” as well as the legislative history of the 2011 amendment.
(Cota, supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at p. 728, citing Brunton, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1107.)
Those courts concluded “the Legislature did not intend for its 2011 amendment of section
245 to create two offenses where the former statute set forth only one.” (Brunton, at
p. 1107; Cota, at p. 728.) “[W]hen based on a defendant’s single act of using a
noninherently dangerous object in a manner likely to produce great bodily injury, section
245 (a)(1) and (4) are merely different statements of the same offense such that the
defendant may not be convicted of violating both subparts of the subdivision.” (Brunton,
at p. 1107.)
We agree with Brunton and Cota. In our view, those opinions have accurately
interpreted the Legislature’s view of aggravated assault by harmonizing the history of the
aggravated assault statute with our lawmakers’ expressed reason for reorganizing section
245, subdivision (a). For over a century, the two forms of assault were contained within
the same statutory provision and were understood by our courts to be simply two ways to
commit the same offense. When the Legislature placed them into two separate numbered
paragraphs within section 245, subdivision (a), they made clear they were not “creat[ing]
any new felonies” but rather reorganizing the subdivision to make matters less
“ambiguous” for the prosecution and defense in potential future sentencings.
On balance, given the history of section 245, the legislative history of the 2011
amendment, and the fact that force-likely and deadly weapon assault carry the same
punishment, we conclude they are different statements of the same offense when they are
13 based on the same criminal act. Because that is the case here, we conclude Waxlax’s dual
assault convictions violate section 954, and we therefore vacate the force-likely assault
conviction in count 2 and strike the $40 court operations fee (Pen. Code, § 1465.8) and
the $30 court facilities fee (Govt. Code, § 70373) associated with the conviction.5 Our
conclusion does not impact Waxlax’s total sentence because, as noted, the trial judge
stayed the term on count 2 under section 654.
B. Claims of Instructional Error
Waxlax asserts three claims of instructional error. He argues the jury should have
received (i) CALCRIM No. 3470, the self-defense instruction applicable to nonhomicide
offenses, (ii) an instruction on the doctrine of transferred self-defense, and (iii) the
optional language in CALCRIM No. 505 (the self-defense instruction for homicide
offenses) indicating that his fear of imminent danger was based on his belief he was
being robbed.
A trial judge has a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on “all general principles of
law relevant to the issues raised by the evidence.” (People v. Souza (2012) 54 Cal.4th 90,
115.) The general principles of law governing the case are ‘“those principles closely and
openly connected with the facts before the court, and which are necessary for the jury’s
understanding of the case.”’ (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 154.) A court
5 Given our conclusion, we need not address Waxlax’s alternative argument as to why his dual assault convictions violate section 954—that force-likely assault is a necessarily included offense of deadly weapon assault. Our Supreme Court has also granted review of this issue in Aguayo. (Aguayo, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th 758, review granted May 1, 2019, S254554.) 14 has a sua sponte duty to instruct on a defense “‘if it appears that the defendant is relying
on such a defense, or if there is substantial evidence supportive of such a defense and the
defense is not inconsistent with the defendant’s theory of the case.’” (Id. at p. 157, first
italics added.) In this context, “substantial evidence” means evidence which would permit
a reasonable jury to find the defense applies. (People v. Hanna (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th
455, 462.)
The sua sponte obligation to give general instructions does not, however, extend to
“pinpoint” instructions or optional paragraphs of instructions. (People v. Lawley (2002)
27 Cal.4th 102, 160-161.) “A party may not complain on appeal that an instruction
correct in law and responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete unless the
party has requested appropriate clarifying or amplifying language.” (People v. Lang
(1989) 49 Cal.3d 991, 1024.)
We review claims of instructional error de novo. (People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th
1158.) “The proper test for judging the adequacy of instructions is to decide whether the
trial court ‘fully and fairly instructed on the applicable law.’” (People v. Martin (2000) 78
Cal.App.4th 1107, 1111-1112.) ‘“In determining whether error has been committed in
giving or not giving jury instructions, we must consider the instructions as a whole . . .
[and] assume that the jurors are intelligent persons and capable of understanding and
correlating all jury instructions which are given.”’ (Ibid.)
15 We start with Waxlax’s claim the judge should have instructed the jury with
CALCRIM No. 3470, the general self-defense instruction for nonhomicide offenses.
Waxlax acknowledges the jury was instructed on the doctrine of self-defense in the
context of the attempted murder with CALCRIM No. 505, and he concedes that
instruction provides a correct statement of the law. Nevertheless, he argues the lack of a
similar instruction for the assault charges constitutes reversible error.
We disagree. In light of Waxlax’s testimony and the fact the assault charges were
based on the same act as the attempted murder charge, we conclude the omission of
CALCRIM No. 3470 was harmless under either the federal or state standards. (See
People v. Gonzalez (2018) 5 Cal.5th 186, 199 [California Supreme Court has “yet to
determine whether a trial court’s failure to instruct on a requested affirmative defense
instruction supported by substantial evidence is federal constitutional error or state law
error”].) The difference between CALCRIM No. 3470 and CALCRIM No. 505—that is,
the difference between self-defense in the homicide context and self-defense that will
justify an assault—lies in the type of the threat the defendant believed they faced. To
justify a homicide or attempted homicide, the defendant must believe that “danger” or
“great bodily harm” is imminent, whereas an assault committed in self-defense may be
justified if the defendant feared that any “bodily injury”, or even an “unlawful touching,”
was imminent. For both homicide and assault, the amount of force the defendant uses
must be no more than reasonably necessary to fend off the perceived threat.
16 Here, the evidence did not implicate the difference between the two types of self-
defense. This is because Waxlax provided the same justification for the attempted murder
charge as he did for the assaults, and the justification wasn’t that he feared a robbery
accomplished by means of an unlawful touching or a simple injury. Instead, he told the
jury he grabbed his knife “[s]o I can fight a bunch of people” because “I don’t know who
has a gun or weapons.” Thus, according to his own testimony, he feared his perceived
assailants had weapons and would use them to take money from him. In other words, he
feared great bodily harm.
But even if Waxlax’s testimony could support a finding that he believed Kimbler
and Contreras were unwilling to seriously injure him for the money but intended only to
touch him in some unlawful way, CALCRIM No. 3470 is still inapplicable. This is
because, if the jury believed he feared a lesser threat from the two men, his decision to
defend himself with a knife becomes unreasonable or more than necessary to fend off the
perceived threat. In short, Waxlax’s testimony supported only one theory of self-defense,
that he feared his attackers were armed and would seriously harm him to get what they
were after. As a result, CALCRIM No. 505 sufficiently instructed the jury on the
principles relevant to the evidence presented at trial.
Next we address Waxlax’s claim that the jury should have received an instruction
on transferred self-defense. That doctrine applies where the defendant acts justifiably in
self-defense and in so doing “inadvertently [causes] the injury of an innocent bystander.”
(People v. Mathews (1979) 91 Cal.App.3d 1018, 1024.) Waxlax argues transferred self-
17 defense applies to his case because his testimony shows the only person he saw as a
threat was Contreras. He argues the lack of an instruction on the doctrine presented the
jury with a false all-or-nothing choice regarding his claim of self-defense: either he acted
to defend himself against Kimbler or he intended to harm him. He argues his testimony
permitted the jury to find a third scenario was true—that he accidentally stabbed Kimbler
in an effort to protect himself from Contreras.
We conclude the record does not support such a scenario. Contrary to his
characterization of his testimony on appeal, Waxlax told the jury he was scared of both
men and grabbed his knife to defend against both of them. He made this clear several
times during his testimony, including when he said he grabbed his knife “[s]o I can fight
a bunch of people” because “I don’t know who has a gun or weapons,” as well as when
he said he brandished the knife at “them” and told them to back up. Indeed, he said it was
Kimbler’s act of running towards him yelling about money that made him realize he was
being robbed. The record contains no evidence suggesting he feared Contreras only.
Finally, we turn to Waxlax’s claim that the lack of a robbery pinpoint instruction
constitutes reversible error. Recognizing judges have no sua sponte obligation to provide
pinpoint instructions, Waxlax argues his counsel’s failure to request the instruction
constitutes another instance of ineffective assistance. In order to establish a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate that his attorney’s
performance was deficient and that the deficiency was prejudicial or had a tendency to
affect the outcome of trial. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 688, 690.)
18 Sufficiency of his counsel’s performance aside, we conclude the lack of the pinpoint
instruction was harmless. (People v. Barber (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 787, 799 [“Any error
in refusing to give a requested pinpoint instruction is reviewed under the standard
enunciated in People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818”].)In relevant part, CACLRIM No.
505 says an attempted murder may be justified if the jury finds Waxlax “reasonably
believed that [he] was in imminent danger of being killed or suffering great bodily
injury.” (CALCRIM No. 505.) The instruction contains optional bracketed language that
can be added to the end of this phrase if warranted by the evidence. That optional
language says, “or was in imminent danger of being (raped/maimed/robbed/____ [insert
other forcible or atrocious crime]).”
The point of the optional language is to identify Waxlax’s theory of self-defense
for the jury, but his trial testimony and the closing arguments from both sides did an
adequate job of that. Waxlax spent the majority of his testimony explaining that he
thought he was being robbed, and both sides highlighted that testimony at length in their
closing remarks to the jury. Additionally, it is not as though the generic threat language in
CALCRIM No. 505 was at odds with Waxlax’s testimony such that it could lead the
jurors to reject his claim of self-defense even if they credited his testimony that he
thought he was being robbed. Waxlax testified that both men asked him about money and
acted aggressively and that he feared they might have weapons. While this testimony
supports a finding that he thought he was being robbed, it equally supports a finding that
he thought he was in imminent danger of serious bodily harm.
19 “Forcible and atrocious crimes are generally those crimes whose character and
manner reasonably create a fear of death or great bodily injury.” (CALCRIM No. 505,
citing People v. Ceballos (1974) 12 Cal.3d 470, 479, italics added.) As such, the pinpoint
instruction is designed to underscore the reasonableness of a defendant’s fear of death or
serious harm by focusing the jury on their belief they were about to become the victim of
a robbery. But here, Waxlax’s testimony and the closing arguments from both sides
focused the jury on his belief he was being robbed. Waxlax spent the majority of his
direct examination explaining why he thought he was being robbed, and both sides
highlighted that testimony at length in their closing remarks to the jury. Under these
circumstances, we conclude that “[a]dding an additional instruction that [Waxlax] could
have acted in self-defense if he had a fear of great bodily injury or death due to robbery
would not have changed the jury’s finding on this point.” (See People v. Morales (2021)
69 Cal.App.5th 978, 994, italics added [because the trial testimony and closing argument
articulated defendant’s self-defense-from-robbery theory, any error in omitting the
robbery pinpoint instruction was harmless].)
III
DISPOSITION
We vacate the conviction for assault with force likely to cause great bodily injury
(§ 245, subd. (a)(4)) in count 2 and strike the corresponding court operations (Pen. Code,
§ 1465.8) and facilities fees (Govt. Code, § 70373) but otherwise affirm the judgment.
We direct the trial court to prepare an amended abstract of judgment reflecting the
20 judgment as modified in this opinion and forward a certified copy to the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation.
SLOUGH J.
We concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J.
MENETREZ J.