People v. Suarez

2020 IL App (1st) 171810-U

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: January 28, 2020
• Docket: 1-17-1810
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

2020 IL App (1st) 171810-U

SECOND DIVISION January 28, 2020

No. 1-17-1810

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ____________________________________________________________________________

IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT ____________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Cook County. Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 2013 CR 18068 ) JOHNATHAN SUAREZ, ) ) The Honorable Defendant-Appellant. ) Timothy J. Joyce, ) Judge Presiding.

____________________________________________________________________________

PRESIDING JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Lavin and Coghlan concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: The defendant’s armed robbery and aggravated kidnaping convictions are affirmed where: (1) the record on direct appeal is insufficient to determine whether trial counsel was ineffective by operating under a conflict of interest and by failing to investigate the case; (2) trial counsel was not ineffective by not objecting to two out-of-court statements, where the statements were not prejudicial; (3) trial counsel was not ineffective for inadequately impeaching one of the State’s witnesses, where the scope of trial counsel’s cross-examination of the witness was a matter of trial strategy; and (4) the defendant failed to show that allegedly “prejudicial” remarks and testimony would have been inadmissible. No. 1-17-1810

¶2 Following a jury trial, defendant Johnathan Suarez was convicted of armed robbery and

aggravated kidnaping and sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 22- and 10-years respectively.

On appeal, Suarez claims that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel where counsel: (1)

represented him under a conflict of interest by simultaneously representing a witness in the case;

(2) failed to adequately investigate Suarez’s case; (3) failed to object to inadmissible hearsay

statements elicited by the State; (4) failed to impeach one of the State’s witnesses with prior

inconsistent statements and contradictory evidence; and (5) allowed the State to introduce

prejudicial evidence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶3 BACKGROUND

¶4 On September 23, 2013, Suarez and codefendants 1 Sergio Castro and Alfonzo Harris were

charged by indictment with one count of armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(1) (West 2012)) and

two counts of aggravated kidnaping (720 ILCS 5/10-2(a)(4) (West 2012)), following an incident

in Chicago on July 16, 2013. Suarez and Castro were tried simultaneously before separate juries,

and Harris received an entirely separate trial proceeding. 2

¶5 Prior to trial, Suarez brought a motion to suppress his confession, alleging that he: (1) was

locked in a small room for several hours; (2) was denied requests to make a phone call and consult

an attorney; and (3) was not read his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

In a supplemental motion to suppress, Suarez claimed that the police officers lacked probable cause

when they arrested him at the Chevrolet dealership where the robbery occurred. Suarez’s

codefendants also filed motions to suppress.

1 None of Suarez’s codefendants are party to this appeal. 2 The record reflects that two more individuals, Charles LeBlanc and Johnny Coleman, were also suspected of being involved in the robbery at issue in this case. LeBlanc was not included in the same charging instrument, and the record suggests he was scheduled for a separate bench trial. The record contains few details regarding Coleman’s proceedings, other than the fact that Coleman was not charged in the same case as Suarez. -2- No. 1-17-1810

¶6 At a hearing on the motions of Suarez and his codefendants, the State called Chicago police

officer Mark Tamlo. Officer Tamlo testified that on August 23, 2013, at about 4:20 p.m., he

received an assignment “[t]o go and seek out Mr. Jonathan [sic] Suarez” at the Chevrolet dealership

located on the 6600 block of South Western Avenue. Officer Tamlo and his partner, Officer Lance

Rezny, drove an unmarked vehicle to the dealership.

¶7 At the dealership, the two officers met with Suarez in the dealership owner’s office. Officer

Tamlo informed Suarez that his “sergeant would like to speak with him” about a robbery that had

occurred at the dealership and asked whether Suarez “would like to come in for an interview.”

Suarez agreed to the interview, walked with Officers Tamlo and Rezny to their unmarked vehicle,

from where he was transported to the police station. Officer Tamlo stated that he did not handcuff

Suarez at any point and confirmed that Suarez was “free to leave” or “to not go” to the police

station. The officer further denied that he made any promises or threats to Suarez or lied to Suarez

about the investigation while driving to the station. At the station, Officer Tamlo left Suarez with

Sergeant Edward Wodnicki in the police station’s victim interview room. Twelve hours later,

Officer Tamlo prepared an arrest report after learning Suarez had confessed to the robbery.

¶8 Officer Tamlo confirmed that he never read Suarez his Miranda warnings, and that he was

not aware that Officer Rezny ever did so. The officer, however, denied that Suarez ever asked to

make a phone call, or to speak with an attorney.

¶9 Officer Tamlo further testified that the following day, on August 24, 2013, at about 5 p.m.,

together with is partner he drove to the house of codefendant Castro, who agreed to an interview

and cooperatively went to the police station with no handcuffs. That same day, the two officers

also arrested codefendant Harris, handcuffed him, and transported him to the police station. Officer

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Tamlo averred that within a few minutes of bringing codefendant Castro to the police station,

Sergeant Wodnicki informed him that Castro had confessed to the robbery.

¶ 10 On cross-examination, Officer Tamlo indicated that he went to the dealership on August

23 at 4:20 p.m. because Sergeant Wodnicki told him “it was [Suarez’s] last day at work there, and

he was picking up his last check.” Officer Tamlo admitted that at the dealership he had a visible

police badge, vest, and firearm, and that he identified himself as a police officer to Suarez. On

cross-examination, Officer Tamlo further acknowledged that after working on the case for “16

hours that day,” he mistakenly wrote in his arrest report that Suarez was “arrested” at the

dealership. Officer Tamlo claimed that contrary to that arrest report Suarez had not actually been

arrested until he was at the police station. On redirect examination, he pointed out that the same

arrest report also stated that Suarez was fingerprinted and received in lock up on August 24, 2013,

after 4:30 a.m.

¶ 11 Sergeant Wodnicki next testified that he was assigned as the primary investigator of the

armed robbery at the Chevrolet dealership that occurred on July 16, 2013. From July 17 to August

23, 2013, Sergeant Wodnicki visited the alleged victims of the robbery, as well as spoke to Mike

Helmstetter, the “general manager/part owner of the dealership,” the salesmen, sales managers,

cashier staff, front office staff, managers of accounting, employees who worked with the victims

or were “involved in this robbery in one way or another,” and “pretty much anyone and everybody

that had something to do with that cashier’s office.”

¶ 12 On August 23, 2013, at about 1 p.m., Sergeant Wodnicki received a telephone call from

Helmstetter, with whom he had previously met, and was told that Suarez, “one of the people that

was originally listed as a victim on the case report,” was on his way to pick up his final termination

check. Helmstetter also told the sergeant there was a “rumor around the dealership” that Suarez

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participated in the robbery and was not a victim. Sergeant Wodnicki instructed Officers Tamlo

and Rezny to drive to the dealership, meet with Helmstetter, talk to Suarez, and “[s]ee if they could

convince [Suarez] to come into the station for an interview.” Sergeant Wodnicki denied telling the

officers to arrest Suarez because there was no “concrete evidence” to support the arrest.

¶ 13 According to the sergeant, later that day, at about 5:15 p.m., he interviewed Suarez.

Sergeant Wodnicki testified that during this interview Suarez was not handcuffed and appeared

“excited and anxious, and very talkative.” The sergeant averred that he Mirandized Suarez because

of the “suspicions” he had that Suarez was involved in the robbery. He claimed that Officcer

Tamlo was present when Suarez was read his rights. The sergeant also confirmed that Suarez

never asked to make a telephone call or consult an attorney. According to Sergeant Wodnicki,

Suarez initially denied that he was involved with the robbery, but the sergeant told him he that

“didn’t believe him.” “[M]aybe a half hour” into the interview, the sergeant asked Suarez, “[D]o

you have anything you want to get off your chest?” Suarez then “leaned forward, put his face into

his hands, and *** said, yes.” He then confessed to the robbery and implicated Castro (who also

worked for the dealership), Harris, and an individual nicknamed “Shorty C.” According to

Sergeant Wodnicki eight hours after Suarez confessed, he made the statement again to Detective

Luis Carrizal 3 and an assistant state’s attorney.

¶ 14 Sergeant Wodnicki testified that he had Officers Tamlo and Rezny pick up Castro and

arrest Harris. On August 24, 2013, at about 6:05 p.m., the sergeant Mirandized Castro, who

“immediate[ly]” confessed to his involvement in the armed robbery. According to the sergeant,

Harris arrived at the police station at 9 p.m. After being Mirandized, Harris denied having anything

3 Throughout the record, Detective Carrizal’s name is interchangeably spelled as “Carrizal” and “Carrazal.” The record shows, however, that his name is correctly spelled as “Carrizal,” and the parties do not dispute that both spellings refer to the same person. -5- No. 1-17-1810

to do with the robbery. On August 25, 2013, at 11 p.m., Azucena Ortiz, an employee of the

Chevrolet dealership who witnessed the robbery, arrived at the police station and positively

identified Harris from a lineup. At that point, Sergeant Wodnicki Mirandized Harris once again,

and Harris confessed to the armed robbery.

¶ 15 On cross-examination, the sergeant admitted that he could write supplemental reports

correcting any errors on arrest reports, including the apparent error stating Suarez was arrested at

the dealership.

¶ 16 Assistant state’s attorney Alexandra Molesky testified that on the night of August 23, 2013,

she spoke with Ortiz, and Mirandized and interviewed codefendant Charles LeBlanc in Detective

Carrizal’s presence. Then, on August 24, 2013, at about 1:30 a.m., she Mirandized and interviewed

Suarez. Suarez gave a statement regarding the events of the dealership robbery; ASA Molesky

typed and reviewed the statement with Suarez. She, Detective Carrizal and Suarez signed every

page of the statement. ASA Molesky also spoke with Detective Carrizal, who stated that no one

“made *** any threats or promises” to Suarez, that Suarez had been “treated *** well,” that Suarez

received pizza and drinks, that he was able to use the bathroom when necessary, and never asked

to make a phone call or consult an attorney.

¶ 17 On August 24, 2013, at about 9:32 p.m., ASA Molesky also Mirandized and prepared a

typewritten statement with codefendant Castro using a similar procedure. On August 26, 2013, at

1:20 a.m., she Mirandized and interviewed Harris again in Detective Carrizal’s presence, and

prepared a statement with Harris.

-6- No. 1-17-1810

¶ 18 After the State rested, defense counsel informed the trial court that another witness,

Benjamin Zamudio, 4 was not present. Defense counsel asked the court to continue the matter after

Suarez’s testimony to “get Mr. [Zamudio] *** to come in.” The court granted the request.

¶ 19 Suarez testified that prior to August 23, 2013, he had worked at the Chevrolet dealership

for about two months. On August 23, a supervisor from the dealership named Jeff called Suarez

and told him to come pick up his final check. Suarez went into the dealership to find Jeff, spoke to

“a couple of the workers,” and then waited until he was called into Helmstetter’s office.

Helmstetter told Suarez to sit down and “wait a couple minutes.” At this point, Suarez “didn’t

know what was going on.” After two or three minutes, three detectives with visible firearms, vests,

and badges “showed up.” The officers showed Suarez a photograph of a man and asked if Suarez

knew him. Suarez “said no.” Then, the officers told Suarez to put his hands behind his back because

they were going to take him to the police station, and then handcuffed him. The officers also patted

Suarez down and took his cell phone, wallet, and a knife that was in his pocket. Two of the officers

took Suarez out of the office, while a third officer remained in the office and spoke to Helmstetter.

Suarez stated that as he walked out of Helmstetter’s office in handcuffs, he “held eye contact” with

Zamudio, who was waxing vehicles.

¶ 20 Suarez testified that at the police station, he was placed in a white room with no windows

or clocks. The officers removed the handcuff from his right hand and cuffed his left hand to the

wall. After Suarez waited in the room for about two or three hours, a detective from the dealership

and Sergeant Wodnicki entered the room. The detectives told Suarez they “ha[d] proof” and text

messages showing Suarez was involved in the armed robbery, and asked him to identify the others

4 While Zamudio’s name is spelled as “Zamudo” throughout the record, Zamudio’s testimony shows that his name is spelled “Zamudio.” The parties do not dispute that the names Zamudo and Zamudio refer to the same person. -7- No. 1-17-1810

involved. Suarez denied that the detectives Mirandized him. He also stated that he asked the

detectives for a phone call and a lawyer. However, the detectives told him that an attorney was a

“waste of money,” and that if he “help[ed]” himself, he would be able to “get out of there that

night.”

¶ 21 The detectives walked out, and two hours later, Detective Carrizal entered and asked

Suarez about the incident. Suarez asked for a phone call, and the detective said, “hang on,” and

left. About two hours later, Detective Carrizal and ASA Molesky entered and asked Suarez about

the incident. Suarez did not answer their questions and again asked for a phone call. Detective

Carrizal and ASA Molesky left and returned two or three hours later. Suarez again asked for a

phone call, but they told him to “hang on” once again. One of the “arresting detectives” came back

with soda. After about 30 minutes, Detective Carrizal and ASA Molesky returned and asked

Suarez questions, and Molesky “started writing stuff down.” Suarez stated that at that point, he

was tired and hungry and “started talking.” Suarez stated that he had been told he “was free to go

as long as [he] *** told them what was going on and [who] was involved.” Suarez also stated that

when he signed the statement, he did not use his typical signature because he “wanted to see maybe

if that would help [him] out, because [he] wasn’t involved.” The defense entered into evidence an

example of how Suarez normally signs his name, and Suarez testified that “[t]he J is different, the

way I do the M, and the S in my last name.”

¶ 22 On cross-examination, Suarez clarified that two of the three people who picked him up

from the dealership were not “detectives,” but “regular officers.” Suarez also stated that when he

asked ASA Molesky for an attorney, she told Suarez “the statement was already typed up.” He

also denied telling ASA Molesky about his involvement in the robbery. Further, Suarez stated that

he was not present when the ASA typed the statement, that she never read the statement to him,

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and that she only told him to “look at it and sign.” Suarez also confirmed that he was given food

and drinks, and that the police never threatened him. On redirect examination, Suarez stated he

was in the police station for about 12 hours by the time ASA Molesky spoke to him.

¶ 23 In rebuttal, the State called two witnesses: (1) Officer Rezny, who largely corroborated the

testimony of his partner, Officer Tamlo; and (2) Detective Carrizal, who testified consistently to

ASA Molesky regarding Suarez’s statement.

¶ 24 On December 8, 2015, the trial court denied Suarez’s motions and found that Suarez

“voluntarily went” to the police station and that Suarez knowingly and voluntarily waived his

Miranda rights, leading to his statement to the police and subsequent arrest.

¶ 25 In May 2016, Suarez moved to reopen the hearing on his motion to suppress to present the

testimony of Zamudio. Suarez alleged that his counsel had personally delivered subpoenas to an

address where Zamudio’s sister said Zamudio still resided. After the trial court denied Suarez’s

motion to suppress, however, defense counsel learned that Zamudio had been “temporarily living

out of state.” Zamudio had since returned to his Chicago residence and was available to testify.

¶ 26 The record reflects that the trial judge who had denied Suarez’s motion to suppress retired,

and the case was transferred to a new judge. The new judge granted Suarez’s motion, and on July

25, 2016, a hearing was conducted as to Zamudio’s testimony.

¶ 27 Zamudio testified that on August 23, 2013, at about 4:20 p.m., he was shining vehicles on

the showroom floor at the Chevrolet dealership. At that time, Zamudio had known Suarez for about

two years, Suarez was a “friend from the neighborhood,” and Zamudio and Suarez “got together

on the weekends and hung out.” From about 15 to 20 feet, Zamudio saw Suarez enter the dealership

owner’s office but could not see inside the office. After “a couple of minutes,” two detectives in

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“plain blue clothes” with firearms and handcuffs walked Suarez out of the office with his hands

cuffed behind his back. They entered the “repair area” out of Zamudio’s sight.

¶ 28 On cross-examination, Zamudio stated that Suarez was supposed to work a full shift that

day, and that Suarez showed up just before 3 p.m. Zamudio also stated that Suarez did not look

concerned as he exited the owner’s office. Additionally, Zamudio confirmed that he did not “want

to see anything bad happen to [his] friend, Johnathan.”

¶ 29 The court asked how the defense wished to proceed and whether the defense was “asking

to call any further witnesses.” Suarez’s counsel acknowledged that the additional hearing was

limited to Zamudio’s testimony but stated that he “would ask to call the owner” of the dealership

“because he’s the only other witness that saw what happened at this time.” The court asked why

the owner was not called a year ago, to which defense counsel responded: “[T]here’s no reason he

couldn’t have been called before. I agree with that.” Counsel then added that the owner would

have testified that he called the police district and told them Suarez was coming, and that Suarez

never received his check. According to defense counsel, this was “an important piece of the

evidence,” indicating that Suarez was arrested at the dealership and did not leave voluntarily. The

court denied the request to call the owner, stating the defense had “ample opportunity” to present

him and chose not to do so.

¶ 30 The court reiterated the previous judge’s prior ruling and found that it did not believe

Zamudio’s testimony. The court also stated that there was no explanation as to why Zamudio was

absent, and that such absence “speaks to somebody looking to hold an ace up his sleeve.”

¶ 31 Suarez’s jury trial began on October 25, 2016. During opening statements, the State

remarked that Suarez “got his buddy, his coworker, Sergio Castro, and they concocted a plan and

that plan consisted of another employee of the [dealership], Charles LeBlanc, and two other

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buddies of theirs who didn’t work there.” The State commented, “So all in total there were five

accomplices to carry out the inside job that [Suarez] masterminded.” The defense did not object to

these remarks, but rather commented in opening statements that the evidence would not show

Suarez “was in on” the robbery that occurred.

¶ 32 The State called Ortiz, who testified that on July 16, 2013, she worked an evening shift as

a cashier at the Chevrolet dealership. Ortiz stayed late because she “had made a couple mistakes”

and was waiting for a manager to tell her she could leave. She was alone at the dealership with

three “porters,” who “were responsible for washing vehicles, putting gas in the vehicles and

running errands for the dealership.” These porters were Suarez, Castro, and LeBlanc. Just prior to

11 p.m., Ortiz was counting money when Suarez approached her window and told her not to leave

because Castro needed to return a receipt documenting money spent on an errand.

¶ 33 At about 11 p.m., Ortiz looked up and saw a man hold Castro at gunpoint and state, “open

up or I’ll shoot.” She did not see Suarez. Ortiz pressed a button that opened her office door, and

another man walked in and asked for money. Ortiz stated the man with the firearm and the man

who entered her office had their faces covered, but she could still see their eyes. Ortiz gave the

second man the money she had “with [her]” and money from the cash box. Then, the second man

asked for “the rest of the money,” and Ortiz stated there was more in her office’s safe, which was

like a “walk in closet.” The second man grabbed Ortiz’s hair, and Ortiz led him to the safe. Ortiz

gave the second man money from two more cash boxes and the safe. The man grabbed the money,

“knocked *** over” items on Ortiz’s desk, forced Ortiz inside the safe, and closed the safe door.

Ortiz sat down in the safe, heard a “loud noise” like a gunshot, opened the safe, and called her

husband. After the robbery, Castro asked Ortiz, “did they take a lot of money,” which Ortiz found

“curious.”

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¶ 34 On August 25, 2013, Ortiz went to the police station, viewed a lineup, and identified the

man who entered her office and took the money. On October 11, 2013, she returned to the station

and identified the man who had the firearm from another lineup. The State published to the jury

video footage of the robbery, as well as photographs of the Chevrolet dealership and Ortiz’s office.

¶ 35 On cross-examination, Ortiz confirmed that in the surveillance video of the robbery, Suarez

was on his knees with his hands on his head. Ortiz also confirmed that when the robbery occurred,

she did not see Suarez do or say “anything that would indicate he was trying to communicate with”

the man with the firearm or the man who took the money.

¶ 36 Helmstetter, an owner of the Chevrolet dealership, testified that based on surveillance

footage, the two men who entered the Chevrolet dealership would have had to enter through a door

that the general public could not access at that time. Rather, someone would have had to open the

door from the inside or copy a key. On August 23, 2013, around noon or 1 p.m., Helmstetter arrived

at the dealership, contacted the police department, and then met with Suarez. The police officers

arrived about 20 to 30 minutes later and Suarez left with them. Helmstetter could not recall whether

he gave Suarez his final paycheck.

¶ 37 On cross-examination from Castro’s counsel, Helmstetter testified that Pierre Campbell

was the manager on duty the evening of the robbery, and that Campbell left the dealership

“moments” before the robbery occurred. Helmstetter stated that he knew this from speaking to

Campbell. Helmstetter also had keys to all the doors at the dealership and access to the keypad at

the back of the dealership because he was the “locking manager.” Suarez’s counsel did not adopt

this testimony elicited from Castro’s counsel.

¶ 38 On cross-examination from Suarez’s counsel, Helmstetter stated he did not have Suarez’s

final paycheck on his desk when Suarez arrived, and he was “not certain” that Suarez came to the

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dealership to pick up the paycheck. Helmstetter also could not recall whether he called the police

before or after Suarez’s arrival. Additionally, Helmstetter did not remember whether the police

officers entered the office before or after Suarez, or how many police officers entered his office.

He could not remember discussing the check with Suarez or handing the check to Suarez.

Helmstetter stated Suarez was in his office for “15, 10, 20 minutes, 30 minutes,” and he

remembered Suarez “sitting in front of [him]” because “[i]t was obviously uncomfortable.”

Helmstetter further could not remember the “first thing” the police did, but he “remember[ed] them

asking if Johnathan would answer some questions and talk to them.” Additionally, he did not recall

whether he was present when the police left with Suarez, and he could not recall whether the police

handcuffed Suarez. At one point, Helmstetter stated he did not “even remember if [Suarez] was in

[his] office.” Helmstetter also stated he called the police because he “wanted the [robbery]

investigated.” He was not certain if he had met Sergeant Wodnicki prior to August 23, 2013, and

he was “not even certain” he knew who the sergeant was.

¶ 39 Outside the jury’s presence, Castro’s counsel moved for mistrial and asserted that the State

improperly admitted hearsay when Ortiz testified that Castro asked her whether “a lot of money”

was stolen. According to Castro’s counsel, the State failed to tender this statement in discovery.

The trial court took the motion under advisement. The court later denied Castro’s motion outside

the jury’s presence, finding that the statement was not made in bad faith because the State

“believed the statement had been present in a General Progress Report or in a case report.” The

court also noted that the statement was “somewhat ambiguous,” and that it did not “absolutely

establish***” what the State wished to argue. Thus, the trial court found that the hearsay statement

was not prejudicial and did not warrant a mistrial. Nonetheless, the trial court instructed the jury

for Castro’s trial to disregard the statement that Castro purportedly made to Ortiz.

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¶ 40 Chicago police detective Erik Chopp next testified that on July 16, 2013, he went to the

Chevrolet dealership to investigate the robbery. Detective Chopp learned that two men entered the

dealership, one of which was armed. The two men took one employee down a hallway into a

waiting room and forced another employee onto his knees at gunpoint. After they took $4,000

from Ortiz’s office, they fled. On their way out of the dealership, one of the offenders fired a

revolver, and the bullet hit a coffee machine and landed on the floor. Ortiz, Suarez, Castro, and

LeBlanc were at the scene, and their description of the offenders was “vague,” as “[t]hey said they

wore masks.” At about 3 a.m., Detective Chopp learned that a man named Johnny Coleman had

been arrested with a revolver “a few blocks” from the dealership. The revolver was inventoried.

¶ 41 On cross-examination, Detective Chopp confirmed that on the night of the offense, he

recovered Suarez’s phone, which one of the offenders had taken and dropped in a hallway. The

detective also confirmed that after reviewing the video footage and speaking with everyone

present, he had no information indicating that Suarez was involved in the robbery.

¶ 42 Chicago police officer Karl Richardt next testified that at July 17, 2013, at about 2:30 a.m.,

he and Officer Flagg 5 drove southbound in a marked police vehicle and saw Coleman riding a

bicycle northbound at the 6600 block of South Western. They drove towards Coleman, who

increased his speed, repeated, “no, no, no,” and crashed his bicycle. Officer Flagg chased Coleman

on foot, and Officer Richardt followed the chase in his vehicle. Officer Richardt saw Coleman

remove a revolver from his waistband and throw the firearm onto the roof of a building. The

firearm was recovered and contained one live round and one expended shell cartridge. Officer

Richardt also recovered over $500 from Coleman’s person. The firearm was entered into evidence.

5 The first name of Officer Flagg was not provided in the transcript of the testimony at trial. -14- No. 1-17-1810

¶ 43 Chicago police evidence technician William Jackson testified that on July 16, 2013, he

took photographs of the scene. He also recovered and inventoried a bullet from the floor of the

Chevrolet dealership’s waiting room. Illinois state police forensic scientist Kellen Hunter testified

that the inventoried bullet recovered from the dealership was fired from the revolver that Coleman

threw on top of the building.

¶ 44 Sergeant Wodnicki next testified that prior to August 23, 2013, he had not assisted the

investigation of the robbery at the Chevrolet dealership. On August 23, he received a call from the

Chevrolet dealership stating that one of the employees who was present during the robbery, Suarez,

would be at the dealership to pick up his termination paycheck. The detective assigned to the case

was on furlough, so Detective Wodnicki reviewed the case and had Officers Tamlo and Rezny go

to the dealership “to see if we could get Mr. Suarez to come in for another interview.” The two

officers “brought [Suarez] back” to the police station, and at about 4:20 p.m., upon which Sergeant

Wodnicki Mirandized and interviewed him.

¶ 45 Suarez told Sergeant Wodnicki he “was happy” he was asked to come in because “he had

heard back at the dealership that people thought he was involved in the robbery,” and he “wanted

to get his side of the story out.” Suarez stated he “had nothing to do with the robbery,” and was

working with Ortiz and two porters, Castro and LeBlanc, at the time of the incident. During this

interview, Suarez “was sweating profusely” even though the room was at “standard room

temperature,” he “kept shifting,” his hands were “very tense,” and his fingers were “fidgeting.”

Sergeant Wodnicki testified that he then asked Suarez, “[I]s there something you want to tell me?

Is there something you want to get off your chest?” Suarez denied that he did the robbery and

stated he did not have the firearm and did not shoot anybody, and “[n]obody got shot” or “hurt.”

The sergeant then asked, “[H]ey, is there something you want to get off your chest? Just tell the

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truth.” Suarez put his hands on his head, covered his face, and told Wodnicki, “You’re right. I did

the stain.” Sergeant Wodnicki explained that “stain” is a “street term” meaning “robbery.”

¶ 46 According to Sergeant Wodnicki, Suarez then told him that before work on the day of the

incident, Suarez met with Harris, and they decided to rob the dealership that night. Later, Castro

left the dealership to “pick up ice,” but instead picked up Harris and Coleman, who was nicknamed

Shorty C, and brought them back to the dealership. Harris and Coleman hid in the dealership’s

parking lot, and LeBlanc opened the door for them to enter the dealership and ensured the door

was open so they could later flee. Suarez stood at the cashier counter and distracted Ortiz from

placing the dealership’s money in the safe so that Harris and Coleman could access it. Then, Harris,

Coleman, and Castro entered the room, Harris and Coleman “announced a robbery,” and Castro

pretended to be a hostage. Coleman pointed a firearm at Ortiz. Then, Harris went behind the

counter, smashed Ortiz’s phone, and took money from the cashier and safe. As Harris and Coleman

left the dealership, Coleman “fire[d] a round,” and they ran “out the back.” Sergeant Wodnicki

then testified, “Thank God Susie [Ortiz] wasn’t shot.” After the incident, Suarez told the sergeant

that Suarez inaccurately described the offenders’ clothing to police to “throw [them] off,” and

Suarez later met with Harris to obtain the robbery’s proceeds.

¶ 47 On cross-examination, the sergeant confirmed that the recovered firearm that Coleman

threw was processed, but neither Coleman nor the firearm were suspected of being linked to the

robbery. The sergeant also could not confirm whether he personally suspected Coleman of being

involved in the robbery because he “had nothing to do with” the case until he “got involved

working in the area that day.” He did not recall when he first spoke to Helmstetter but confirmed

that he “might have talked to” Helmstetter before August 23, 2013. Suarez’s counsel then

presented previous testimony that Sergeant Wodnicki gave during the hearing on Suarez’s motion

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to suppress, in which Wodnicki testified that he met with Helmstetter before the phone call on

August 23, 2013.

¶ 48 On cross-examination, Sergeant Wodnicki also confirmed that the robbery occurred in the

8th District, which was about 10 miles away from the 18th District police station, where Officers

Tamlo and Rezny took Suarez. The sergeant also acknowledged that at the time Suarez was at the

police station, he hoped that Suarez would give him a statement because he was suspicious of

Suarez. Nonetheless, Sergeant Wodnicki confirmed that he was “absolutely devoid of evidence”

that Suarez was involved in the robbery before Suarez gave his statement. He also denied having

reviewed any video footage from the dealership and stated that he was unaware of such footage.

The interview with Suarez was also not recorded.

¶ 49 Additionally, the sergeant admitted that he spoke with Suarez on August 23, 2013, at 5:15

p.m., but that his report of the case reflected the date as April 21, 2014. Sergeant Wodnicki stated

that he could not recall whether the report was made when Suarez gave his statement or a year

later. On redirect examination, Wodnicki stated that the investigation stayed open until a “fourth

suspect” was arrested and confessed, and it was routine to complete final reports once the

investigation is completed.

¶ 50 ASA Molesky testified that on August 23, 2013, at about 8:41 p.m., she met with Sergeant

Wodnicki and Detective Carrizal at the police station, interviewed Ortiz, and then Mirandized and

interviewed Suarez for about an hour. She could not recall if Suarez was initially handcuffed. Asa

Molesky stated that at 2:43 a.m., Suarez began to give her a statement, which she typed and had

Suarez review and sign. ASA Molesky then read the statement to the jury. This statement largely

corroborated Sergeant Wodnicki’s testimony regarding Suarez’s statement.

-17- No. 1-17-1810

¶ 51 The statement further added that after Castro brought Harris and Coleman to the dealership,

Suarez met with Castro, Harris, and Coleman in an alley behind the dealership and agreed to rob

the dealership that night. Suarez then told LeBlanc about the plan, and LeBlanc agreed to unlock

the gate leading to the side lot where Harris and Coleman would wait. The statement further added

that while Suarez was at Ortiz’s window, he texted Coleman that it was “fine” to begin the robbery.

Harris, Coleman, and Castro entered; Suarez laid face down on the ground; and Harris grabbed

Suarez’s cell phone, which “was not part of the plan.” After Harris and Coleman left, Suarez saw

Ortiz’s cell phone lying on the ground in “several pieces with the battery out,” put it back together,

and used it to call the police.

¶ 52 On cross-examination, ASA Molesky acknowledged that before interviewing Suarez, she

spoke with Detective Carrizal and Sergeant Wodnicki. She acknowledged that she reviewed

surveillance video footage with the detective and “believe[d]” Sergeant Wodnicki was present but

could not be sure he watched the video.

¶ 53 After the State rested, the defendant chose not to testify and presented no witness testimony

or evidence in his own defense. Instead, the parties proceeded with closing arguments.

¶ 54 In closing, the State asserted that Suarez was legally responsible for the actions of the other

offenders because he was on a “team,” and “[e]ach person on the team, no matter how big or small

their role, is responsible for the actions of every person on that team.” After outlining the purported

events of the incident as they related to the elements of Suarez’s charges, the State asked the jury,

“[I]s the defendant part of the team? Is the defendant legally responsible? *** He is the mastermind

behind the whole team.”

¶ 55 Defense counsel argued there was no evidence that Suarez committed the crime. Counsel

also noted that Helmstetter denied knowing Sergeant Wodnicki prior to August 23, 2013, even

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though both of them had previously testified that they knew each other before August 23.

According to defense counsel, there was a “prior relationship” between Helmstetter and the

sergeant, and Helmstetter had called Wodnicki because he “wanted something done,” even though

Detective Chopp was assigned to the case. Defense counsel also questioned why Sergeant

Wodnicki denied having seen the surveillance video when ASA Molesky stated that she was with

him when she saw it. Additionally, counsel questioned why Suarez gave his statement to ASA

Molesky so many hours later and stated that Sergeant Wodnicki was prepping Suarez to give a

false statement.

¶ 56 After deliberations, the jury found Suarez guilty of one count of armed robbery and two

counts of aggravated kidnaping. On November 14, 2016, Suarez filed a motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict or for new trial, alleging that: (1) the State failed to prove him guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress; (3) the State

elicited hearsay testimony from Ortiz “attributable to the [d]efendant as admissions of guilt;” and

(4) the trial court erred in denying Castro’s motion for mistrial.

¶ 57 Suarez subsequently moved to substitute counsel, and the substituting counsel filed a

motion for a new hearing on his motion to suppress and for a new trial, based on the discovery of

a new witness, Campbell, who was an employee present at the Chevrolet dealership when Suarez

was arrested. The motion also alleged that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable

doubt, where the only evidence establishing his guilt was Suarez’s confession.

¶ 58 At a hearing on May 8, 2017, the defense called Campbell, who testified that he worked as

the sales manager at the Chevrolet dealership in July and August 2013, and that the owner’s office

was visible and 50 to 75 feet from Campbell’s office. Campbell saw Suarez arrive, enter the

showroom, speak to the manager, and then enter the owner’s office. After about an hour, two

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“Crown Vic[s]” pulled up at the front and back of the dealership respectively. Then, two “officers

or detectives” in plain clothes entered the owner’s office, but Campbell could not see inside. After

about another 30 minutes to an hour, the “officers or detectives” exited with Suarez, who was

handcuffed behind his back, and walked him through the service room to the vehicle in front of

¶ 59 Campbell also testified that he initially met with Suarez’s trial counsel, Pablo DeCastro,

on August 21, 2016. Campbell and DeCastro later had a conversation “on September 14th or

September 29th,” in which Campbell mentioned his employment at the Chevrolet dealership, and

DeCastro asked if Campbell knew about the robbery.

¶ 60 On cross-examination, Campbell stated his duties as a sales manager were to manage the

sales employees and porters, “handle any relations in the service department,” and “submit

applications for financing.” Campbell acknowledged he did not work the entire day of the armed

robbery. However, Campbell explained that just before the robbery, he was driving a friend who

lived near the dealership and entered the dealership as it was locking up to use the restroom.

Campbell agreed to give a porter named “Jonathan Vial” 6 a ride home. As he drove “Vial” to his

house, a manager named Jeff Kissell called him and said, “[T]he store is getting robbed, I need

you to go back to the store.” Campbell immediately returned to the dealership, where the police

officers who were present asked him why he was there. Campbell told the officers he was the

sales manager, and that he was called back to the dealership due to the robbery. Kissell and

Helmstetter were on their way to the dealership, and the police officers asked Campbell to stay

until one of them arrived. The “detectives or police officers” asked Helmstetter whether he thought

6 The record indicates that “Jonathan Vial” is a phonetic spelling of the porter’s name. Vial’s name does not appear elsewhere in the record. -20- No. 1-17-1810

Campbell was involved in the robbery, and Helmstetter told them, “[N]o, Pierre’s worked with me

for 12 years.” The day after the robbery, Campbell learned that employees at the dealership were

suspected of the armed robbery.

¶ 61 Additionally, Campbell admitted that by the time Suarez came to pick up his check on

August 23, 2013, he thought Suarez was a suspect. Campbell confirmed there were surveillance

cameras at the dealership but could not confirm whether Suarez would be visible in any footage

from August 23rd because it “[d]epends on the angle” of the camera.

¶ 62 On redirect examination, Campbell further confirmed that he “happened to pick” DeCastro

to advise him in an unrelated matter. Campbell stated he did not initially know that DeCastro was

involved in the dealership robbery case. On further questioning from the court, Campbell clarified

that he discovered DeCastro’s legal services through Google. Campbell also stated that in August

2016, he met with DeCastro in person for the first time, and in September 2016, DeCastro asked

him about his employment history. Campbell mentioned the Chevrolet dealership, and DeCastro

asked him if he was present when the dealership was robbed. At that point, Campbell mentioned

that he saw the police lead Suarez out of the dealership in August 2013.

¶ 63 The trial court denied Campbell’s posttrial motion and found that “if Mr. Campbell is to

be believed,” DeCastro knew of Campbell’s testimony prior to trial, and so it was not newly

discovered evidence. The court concluded that either Campbell did not actually tell DeCastro about

his employment prior to trial, or DeCastro made a “tactical decision” that was in Suarez’s best

interest. Nonetheless, the court stated it was “not certain that Mr. Campbell was telling the truth.”

The court found it “curious” that Campbell would note Suarez’s “custodial status,” but not have

“a whole lot of other insight” into the circumstances of the robbery.

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¶ 64 On May 23, 2017, Suarez filed a supplemental motion for new trial, alleging that Campbell

spoke to Suarez’s trial counsel in July 2016 and provided information to his counsel regarding

Suarez’s arrest in September 2016. Suarez further alleged that his trial counsel represented both

Suarez and Campbell as of September 2016. As a result, Suarez claimed that a per se or actual

conflict of interest existed, and he was entitled to a new trial.

¶ 65 On May 28, 2017, Suarez filed a supplement to the motion, which contained the affidavit

of Campbell. This affidavit alleged that on August 23, 2013, Campbell saw Suarez enter the

manager’s office at the dealership and leave with “several police officers” and with his hands

cuffed behind his back. The police led Suarez to a police vehicle and placed Suarez in the backseat.

¶ 66 At a hearing on the motion on July 7, 2017, Suarez called trial counsel Pablo DeCastro,

who testified that he was not aware of an individual named Campbell in Suarez’s case until during

Suarez’s trial. Specifically, DeCastro testified that at trial he heard his co-counsel ask Suarez

“whether there were any other witnesses or employees of the dealership that might have been

present when he was arrested,” to which Suarez responded that Campbell, who was a coworker at

the dealership, was present. According to DeCastro, Campbell’s name “did ring a bell,” because

he had recently been appointed to represent someone named Pierre Campbell in a “Federal

investigation.” DeCastro testified that he met Campbell on September 14, 15, and 29, 2016. He

further averred that “had not made the connection” that Campbell could be a witness in Suarez’s

case because DeCastro was representing Campbell in matters that were related to neither the

dealership nor Suarez. DeCastro admitted, however, that before trial he reviewed the progress

reports from the Chicago Police Department, which contained Campbell’s contact information,

but that he did not attempt to contact Campbell at that time. DeCastro also acknowledged that he

-22- No. 1-17-1810

did not call Helmstetter as a witness during the motion to suppress, even though Suarez had told

him that the police arrested him in Helmstetter’s office.

¶ 67 On cross-examination, DeCastro denied discussing the Chevrolet dealership with

Campbell during their meetings in September 2016. He also confirmed he did not know that

Campbell had worked at the Chevrolet dealership until during Suarez’s trial. Prior to trial,

DeCastro had only seen Campbell’s name mentioned in one report during discovery, but it

indicated that Campbell was not present during the robbery, and it was not clear whether Campbell

was present when Suarez left the dealership with the police. DeCastro also stated he did not know

if the Pierre Campbell at the dealership was the same Pierre Campbell he was working with on the

federal case. The trial court briefly examined DeCastro and clarified that Campbell’s information

only came up in a general progress report dated July 16, 2013, the date that the robbery occurred

and over a month before Suarez’s eventual arrest.

¶ 68 In argument, Suarez’s new counsel argued that DeCastro provided ineffective assistance

by failing to call Helmstetter or Campbell for the hearing on Suarez’s motion to suppress. Counsel

acknowledged that the court did not find Zamudio credible but asserted that it may have found his

testimony credible alongside the testimony of Helmstetter and Campbell. Counsel thus stated that

the court should conduct a new full hearing on the motion to suppress with the testimony of

Zamudio, Helmstetter, and Campbell.

¶ 69 The State responded that Campbell’s name only appeared in the progress report because

Campbell was the manager on duty earlier on the day of the robbery, which “ha[d] nothing to do

with the motion to suppress.” Further, the arrest report did not mention Campbell, and Suarez did

not mention Campbell to his counsel until trial commenced. According to the State, if DeCastro

had known another possible witness existed, he would have added that witness when the hearing

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was reopened for Zamudio. Moreover, the State added that Campbell “was confused, because he

gave a different timeline than Mr. DeCastro” and said he told DeCastro about his dealership

employment in September 2016.

¶ 70 The trial court denied Suarez’s motion. The court found that DeCastro’s assistance was not

“deficient” because Suarez had not disclosed Campbell as a potential witness until during trial,

and because the progress report containing Campbell’s name did not show Campbell was at the

dealership on August 23, 2013. The trial court further held there was no prejudice because it did

not find Campbell’s testimony credible. The court observed that a prior judge had ruled on the

initial hearing on Suarez’s motion to suppress and found the State’s witnesses were credible, and

the court was “not to make different credibility determinations” from those made by the prior

judge.

¶ 71 The trial court merged Suarez’s two aggravated kidnaping counts and sentenced Suarez to

concurrent prison terms of 22 years for armed robbery and 10 years for aggravated kidnaping. This

appeal follows.

¶ 72 ANALYSIS

¶ 73 All of Suarez’s claims on appeal are rooted in the assertion that he received ineffective

assistance from his trial counsel. “The sixth amendment guarantees a criminal defendant the right

to effective assistance of trial counsel at all critical stages of the criminal proceedings.” People v.

Brown, 2017 IL 121681, ¶ 25; see U.S. Const., amend. VI. To succeed on an ineffective assistance

claim, a defendant must show that (1) “counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness,” and (2) “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” People v. Dupree, 2018 IL 122307,

¶ 44 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984)). To establish the first prong,

-24- No. 1-17-1810

a defendant “must overcome the strong presumption that the challenged action or inaction may

have been the product of sound trial strategy,” as “[m]atters of trial strategy are generally immune

from claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. Manning, 241 Ill. 2d 319, 327 (2011).

To establish the second prong, a defendant must show “actual prejudice,” and not mere speculation

that the defendant may have been prejudiced. People v. Patterson, 2014 IL 115102, ¶ 81.

“A ‘reasonable probability,’ ” for purposes of the second prong, is defined as “ ‘a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ” People v. Simpson, 2015 IL 116512, ¶ 35

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

¶ 74 A. Conflict of Interest and Failure to Investigate

¶ 75 Suarez first claims his trial counsel, DeCastro, provided ineffective assistance by

simultaneously representing Suarez and Campbell and therefore operating under a per se conflict

of interest. Suarez acknowledges the circumstances that typically give rise to a per se conflict of

interest do not exist here but asserts we may find a per se conflict due to the “compelling” facts of

this case. Suarez also asserts an actual conflict of interest existed because DeCastro’s

representation of Campbell resulted in specific defects in Suarez’s performance. Specifically, at

trial, counsel for Castro elicited testimony from Helmstetter that (1) Campbell was the “locking

manager” on duty on the night of the robbery, (2) Campbell had keys to all the dealership’s doors

and access to the key pad, and (3) Campbell left the dealership “moments” before the robbery.

However, DeCastro did not adopt this testimony into Suarez’s case, and Suarez claims DeCastro

did not examine it further. According to Suarez, DeCastro failed to do so because it would

implicate his client, Campbell, as being partially responsible for the robbery.

¶ 76 In the alternative, Suarez claims that for these same reasons, DeCastro failed to adequately

investigate his case. Specifically, he contends that DeCastro, among other things: (1) made “no

-25- No. 1-17-1810

effort to contact Campbell or Helmstetter” prior to the hearing on his motion to suppress or the

trial, (2) failed to request a continuance of the jury trial when he learned of additional “potential

witnesses,” and (3) failed to interview Jeff Kissell, whom Campbell claimed was the manager on

the night of the robbery and who “could have been” the manager whom Suarez spoke to before he

was purportedly arrested at the dealership.

¶ 77 In response, the State asserts that no per se conflict of interest existed because Campbell

was not a critical witness, as Campbell’s testimony was neither credible nor consistent with other

witnesses’ testimony. The State also asserts that there is no evidence showing that Campbell was

responsible for, or involved in, the robbery. Thus, according to the State, we cannot conclude that

Campbell would benefit from an unfavorable verdict for Suarez, or that Campbell and Suarez had

conflicting interests.

¶ 78 The sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel includes the right to conflict-

free representation. People v. Morales, 209 Ill. 2d 340, 345 (2004). “Such representation means

assistance by an attorney whose loyalty to his or her client is not diluted by conflicting interests or

inconsistent obligations.” People v. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d 356, 374 (2010). There are two types of

conflicts of interest: per se and actual. Id.

¶ 79 “A per se conflict is one in which facts about a defense attorney’s status *** engender, by

themselves, a disabling conflict.” (Emphasis in original and internal quotation marks omitted.)

People v. Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d 134, 142 (2008). “When a defendant’s attorney has a tie to a

person or entity that would benefit from an unfavorable verdict for the defendant, a per se conflict

arises.” Id. The Illinois Supreme Court has recognized three circumstances where a per se conflict

of interest exists:

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“(1) where defense counsel has a prior or contemporaneous association with the

victim, the prosecution, or an entity assisting the prosecution; (2) where defense counsel

contemporaneously represents a prosecution witness; and (3) where defense counsel was a

former prosecutor who had been personally involved in the prosecution of defendant.”

Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d at 374.

Where a per se conflict of interest is established, “there is no need to show that the attorney’s

actual performance was in any way affected by the existence of the conflict.” People v. Spreitzer,

123 Ill. 2d 1, 15 (1988). Whether the undisputed facts of record present a per se conflict of interest

is a question we review de novo. Morales, 209 Ill. 2d at 345.

¶ 80 To establish an actual conflict of interest, a defendant must show the conflict adversely

affected counsel’s performance. People v. Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 105. To do so, the

defendant must demonstrate that (1) “ ‘some plausible alternative defense strategy or tactic might

have been pursued,’ ” and (2) “ ‘the alternative defense was inherently in conflict with or not

undertaken due to the attorney’s other loyalties or interests.’ ” People v. Nelson, 2017 IL 120198,

¶ 37 (quoting United States v. Fahey, 769 F. 2d 829, 836 (1985)). The defendant need not show

that the alternative defense would have been successful if used, but rather must only show that the

strategy or tactic “ ‘possessed sufficient substance to be a viable alternative.’ ” Id. (quoting Fahey,

769 F. 2d at 836). The defendant “must point to some specific defect in his counsel’s strategy,

tactics, or decisionmaking attributable to the alleged conflict of interest.” People v. Austin M.,

2012 IL 111194, ¶ 82. “Mere [s]peculative allegations and conclusory statements are not sufficient

to establish that an actual conflict of interest affected counsel’s performance.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d at 144.

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¶ 81 Generally, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel should be reviewed on direct appeal

unless “the record is incomplete or inadequate for resolving the claim.” People v. Veach, 2017 IL

120649, ¶ 46. The rationale is that if defendants do not raise such claims on direct review where

the claims are apparent on the record, they risk forfeiture of the argument. Id. However, our

supreme court has made clear that where the record is incomplete or inadequate such that review

of the issue depends on facts not found in the record, ineffective assistance of counsel claims are

better suited for review under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq.

(West 2016)). Id., ¶ 46.

¶ 82 In the present case, we find that Suarez’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on

a conflict of interest is rooted in factual assertions not adequately developed in the record, and

therefore it is better suited for a postconviction claim. People v. Veach, 2017 IL 120649, ¶ 46

(observing that “ineffective assistance of counsel claims may sometimes be better suited to

collateral proceedings but only when the record is incomplete or inadequate for resolving the

claim”); see 725 ILCS 5/122-1, et seq. (West 2018)).

¶ 83 Specifically, the trial proceedings minimally described Campbell’s involvement at the

dealership both on the night of the robbery, and on the day that Suarez left the dealership for the

police station. In addition, while at trial Helmstetter testified that Campbell served as the “locking

manager” on the night of the robbery, Campbell later denied being on duty at the dealership at all

on that date. Moreover, Campbell was not called to testify until after the motion to suppress and

trial had already taken place, and the record reflects little inquiry into the role he played during the

relevant dates. There is also little testimony or evidence regarding the role played by Jeff Kissell,

whom Campbell claimed was the actual manager on duty on the night of the robbery. Kissell

himself was never called as a witness at trial.

-28- No. 1-17-1810

¶ 84 The record is also inadequate to show that Suarez’s counsel did not inquire into Campbell’s

involvement or culpability due to his representation of Campbell. Campbell stated that he

discussed his employment at the Chevrolet dealership with DeCastro before Suarez’s trial. On the

other hand, DeCastro testified he did not know of Campbell’s involvement at the dealership until

he overheard Suarez tell DeCastro’s co-counsel that Campbell was present at the dealership when

Suarez was taken to the police station. According to DeCastro’s testimony, Suarez disclosed this

information only after DeCastro’s co-counsel asked, “whether there were any other witnesses or

employees of the dealership that might have been present when he was arrested.” There is no

explanation in the record as to what prompted Suarez’s counsel to ask this question during the

course of trial, and DeCastro’s co-counsel never testified at the hearing on Suarez’s supplemental

motion for a new trial, so as to provide us with any insight. Furthermore, Suarez’s substituted

counsel presented no explanation as to how or when Suarez learned of Campbell’s presence at the

dealership. Due to these apparent gaps in the record, we can only guess as to when DeCastro first

knew that his client, Pierre Campbell, was the same Pierre Campbell who worked at the Chevrolet

dealership. By extension, we also cannot conclude whether or not DeCastro’s simultaneous

representation of Suarez and Campbell might have affected DeCastro’s performance at Suarez’s

trial.

¶ 85 For these same reasons, we are also unable to conduct a meaningful review of Suarez’s

allegations that counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately investigate his case, by making

no effort to contact Campbell or Helmstetter, and by failing to interview Jeff Kissell or to in the

very least ask for a continuance when he learned of these “potential witnesses.” Veach, 2017 IL

120649, ¶ 46. All of these assertions concern matters not contained in the record, as they revolve

around trial counsel’s actions and omissions outside of the court proceedings. Accordingly, we

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find that under the particular circumstances of this case, Suarez’s ineffective assistance of counsel

claims are better suited to postconviction proceedings, where Suarez can supplement the record

with the necessary supporting evidence to substantiate and develop his claims. See e.g., People v.

Williams, 2019 IL App (3d) 160412, ¶¶ 34-37.

¶ 86 In coming to this decision, we note that were we to reach the merits of these two claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel with the insufficient record before us, Suarez would be precluded

from raising them in a postconviction petition despite any evidentiary support he may provide in

his petition. See People v. Coleman, 168 Ill. 2d 509, 522 (1995) (issues decided on direct appeal

are barred from being raised in subsequent proceedings by res judicata). Accordingly, we decline

to address these issues, affirm the judgment of the circuit court as to them, and instead invite Suarez

to raise them in a postconviction petition.

¶ 87 B. Admission of Hearsay Statements

¶ 88 On appeal, Suarez next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to

two hearsay statements elicited by the State, namely: (1) when Ortiz testified that after the robbery,

Castro asked her whether the offenders took “a lot of money”; and (2) when Sergeant Wodnicki

testified that the investigation remained open until a fourth suspect gave a confession. For the

reasons that follow, we disagree.

¶ 89 Both the United States and Illinois Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant the right

to confront witnesses against him or her. People v. Whitfield, 2014 IL App (1st) 123135, ¶ 25; U.S.

Const., amend. VI; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004),

the United States Supreme Court held that “the testimonial hearsay statements of a witness who is

unavailable at trial may not be admitted against a criminal defendant unless the defendant had a

prior opportunity for cross-examination.” People v. Patterson, 217 Ill. 2d 407, 423 (2005) (citing

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Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68). To resolve a claim under Crawford, this court must answer the

following questions:

“(1) Was the out-of-court statement hearsay because it was offered *** for the truth

of the matters asserted therein? (2) If hearsay, was the statement admissible under an

exception to the hearsay rule? (3) If admissible hearsay, was the statement testimonial in

nature? and (4) If testimonial, was admission of the statement reversible error?” People v.

Leach, 2012 IL 111534, ¶ 63; see also People v. Crawford, 2013 IL App (1st) 100310,

¶ 147.

The rule against hearsay ordinarily prohibits “the introduction at trial of *** out-of-court

statements that are offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Peterson, 2017 IL 120331,

¶ 17. However, out-of-court statements offered for purposes other than to prove the truth of the

matter asserted are not hearsay and do not implicate the confrontation clause. People v. Peoples,

377 Ill. App. 3d 978, 983 (2007).

¶ 90 In the present case, we need not determine whether either of the two alleged statements

constituted hearsay since even assuming that they did, neither implicated Suarez in any way, so as

to be prejudicial. This is particularly true, where during trial, Suarez presented no evidence or

testimony in his own defense. For these reasons, we will not reverse the trial court’s judgment

based on trial counsel’s failure to object to alleged inadmissible hearsay statements.

¶ 91 C. Failure to Impeach Witnesses

¶ 92 Suarez next argues that trial counsel failed to impeach Sergeant Wodnicki with, among

other things; (1) his prior testimony during the hearing on Suarez’s motion to suppress; (2) the

video surveillance footage; (3) Suarez’s handwritten statement; and (4) Detective Chopp’s

testimony. The State responds that Suarez’s counsel could only have impeached Sergeant

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Wodnicki based on prior inconsistent statements. The State also asserts that Suarez cannot show

he was prejudiced by the failure to impeach the sergeant, as the sergeant was not an “important

witness,” and the jury still had evidence to convict Suarez regardless of any impeachment. For the

reasons that follow, we agree with the State.

¶ 93 “ ‘The purpose of impeaching evidence is to destroy the credibility of a witness and not to

establish the truth of the impeaching evidence.’ ” People v. Salgado, 263 Ill. App. 3d 238, 248

(1994) (quoting People v. Bradford, 106 Ill. 2d 492, 499 (1985)). “The decision of whether or not

to *** impeach a witness” is generally “a matter of trial strategy, which cannot support a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. Franklin, 167 Ill. 2d 1, 22 (1995). This court has

previously found that “[f]ailure to make use of obviously useful impeachment against a key State

witness” was ineffective assistance of counsel, where the trial court expressly referred to the lack

of impeachment to support its finding. People v. Vera, 277 Ill. App. 3d 130, 140 (1995). However,

we will not upset a jury’s verdict “on the possibility, not probability, that with a little bit more

impeachment, the witness would have been found totally incredible.” People v. Douglas, 2011 IL

App (1st) 093188, ¶ 47.

¶ 94 At trial, Sergeant Wodnicki testified that he first worked on the robbery at the dealership

on August 23, 2013, and that he could not recall when he first spoke with Helmstetter. On cross-

examination, however, Suarez’s counsel confronted Sergeant Wodnicki with his prior testimony

that he had met with Helmstetter prior to that date. Suarez’s counsel also attempted to cross-

examine the sergeant regarding the video footage recovered from the dealership, and the sergeant

denied that he was even aware of such footage. Suarez’s counsel then elicited testimony from ASA

Molesky that the video footage was available at the police station, and that she watched the footage

in Sergeant Wodnicki’s office. Defense counsel raised all of these apparent discrepancies in

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closing arguments. Accordingly, contrary to Suarez’s assertion on appeal, trial counsel did in fact

challenge Sergeant Wodnicki’s credibility based on prior inconsistent testimony and based on the

dealership’s surveillance video.

¶ 95 According to Suarez, however, trial counsel also should have impeached Sergeant

Wodnicki with Detective Chopp’s testimony. At trial, Sergeant Wodnicki testified that he learned

Coleman’s firearm was used in the robbery as a result of Suarez’s statement. Additionally,

Detective Chopp testified that he inventoried the firearm and sent it for processing on July 17.

Suarez asserts that the detective’s testimony establishes that Sergeant Wodnicki “would have

known about” the firearm’s processing. Yet nothing in this portion of Detective Chopp’s testimony

would have suggested that Sergeant Wodnicki also knew the firearm was used during the robbery.

Accordingly, since the two testimonies are not clearly contradictory, we do not believe that

Suarez’s counsel could have used Detective Chopp’s testimony to impeach Sergeant Wodnicki.

We similarly reject Suarez’s claims that trial counsel could have called Officer Tamlo to testify

that the sergeant “gave him a specific time to go to the dealership when Mr. Suarez was going to

be present,” since he offers no testimony by the sergeant that would have contradicted this

statement.

¶ 96 Additionally, Suarez claims that trial counsel should have impeached Sergeant Wodnicki

with his own written statement. Specifically, Sergeant Wodnicki testified that Suarez recruited

Coleman to assist in the robbery, while Suarez’s statement stated that Harris recruited Coleman.

Yet the primary evidence at trial linking Suarez to the robbery was Suarez’s confession. Trial

counsel’s defense strategy was to call into question the legitimacy of this confession. We cannot

conclude that trial counsel was ineffective for not raising the substance of Suarez’s confessing

statement in order to impeach Sergeant Wodnicki. To the contrary, trial counsel rightfully would

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not have wanted to draw more attention to this statement, or to suggest that it was truthful. Thus,

any failure to use Suarez’s confession to impeach the State’s witness was a clear matter of trial

strategy and not deficient performance. Manning, 241 Ill. 2d at 327.

¶ 97 The record overall shows that Suarez’s counsel extensively cross-examined Sergeant

Wodnicki and questioned his credibility regarding multiple points. Thus, Suarez essentially

disagrees with his counsel’s chosen strategy in attacking Sergeant Wodnicki’s credibility. We,

however, cannot find trial counsel was ineffective based on a mere choice in trial strategy. Id.

Moreover, we cannot reverse the jury’s verdict simply due to the “possibility” that Sergeant

Wodnicki’s testimony would have been found “totally incredible” had defense counsel chosen a

different route to cross-examine him. Douglas, 2011 IL App (1st) 093188, ¶ 47.

¶ 98 For these reasons, we will not reverse the judgment of the circuit court based on the

assertion that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to adequately impeach the sergeant.

¶ 99 D. Admission of Prejudicial Evidence

¶ 100 Throughout his opening brief, Suarez additionally asserts that trial counsel was ineffective

for not objecting to a variety of remarks and testimony that Suarez deems prejudicial. Specifically,

Suarez asserts that trial counsel should have objected to: (1) the State’s remarks in opening

statement and closing argument that Suarez operated as a member of a “team” and coordinated the

robbery with his codefendants; (2) Sergeant Wodnicki’s references to other offenders; (3) Sergeant

Wodnicki’s testimony regarding his physical observations of Suarez during his interview; and

(4) Sergeant Wodnicki’s statement, “Thank God Susie wasn’t shot.”

¶ 101 Initially we note that Suarez cites to no legal authority as to why any of this testimony

should have been inadmissible. As such, this issue is waived for purpose of appeal. See Ill. S. Ct.

R. 341(h)(7) (eff. May 25, 2018) (the appellant’s brief shall contain “[a]rgument, which shall

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contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citation of the authorities

and the pages of the record relied on”); see also People v. Johnson, 385 Ill. App. 3d 585, 608

(2008) (“It is unnecessary for us to consider a point in an appellate brief that is unsupported by

citation to legal authority of the factual record.”), and People v. Chatman, 357 Ill. App. 3d 695,

703 (2005) (“A reviewing court is entitled to have the issues before it clearly defined.”).

¶ 102 Nonetheless, regardless of waiver, we find no merit in any of Suarez’s contentions. On

appeal, Suarez only broadly asserts that the remarks and evidence were “prejudicial.” However,

our courts have repeatedly held that “[t]he mere fact that evidence may tend to prejudice a

defendant does not render that evidence per se inadmissible.” People v. Nightengale, 168 Ill. App.

3d 968, 973 (1988). Rather, “[t]he issue is whether the prejudice to the defendant is outweighed

by the probative value of the evidence.” Id.

¶ 103 In the present case, the State’s theory against Suarez was based on accountability. To

establish a defendant’s guilt based on accountability, the State was required to show beyond a

reasonable doubt that: (1) “the defendant solicited, ordered, abetted, agreed, or attempted to aid

another in the planning or commission of the crime;” (2) the defendant’s participation occurred

before or during the crime’s commission; and (3) the defendant had “the concurrent intent to

promote or facilitate” the commission of the crime. In re W.C., 167 Ill. 2d 307, 337 (1995). Thus,

any evidence that Suarez collaborated with his codefendants to orchestrate the robbery would have

been not only probative but necessary to prove the State’s case. While Sergeant Wodnicki’s

exclamation that “[t]hank God Susie wasn’t shot” contained little if any probative value, we cannot

find that this single, passing statement would have altered the trial’s outcome. Accordingly, we

find that Suarez has failed to show that but for trial counsel’s alleged failure to object to any of the

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aforementioned evidence and remarks “the result of the proceeding would have been different.”

Dupree, 2018 IL 122307, ¶ 44.

¶ 104 We therefore affirm the judgment of the circuit court based on trial counsel’s alleged failure

to object to “prejudicial” remarks and testimony.

¶ 105 CONCLUSION

¶ 106 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 107 Affirmed.

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