Filed 10/19/22 P. v. Silva CA4/2 See Concurring Opinion
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E078727
v. (Super.Ct.No. FVA701548)
KEITH ALLEN SILVA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Ingrid Adamson
Uhler, Judge. Affirmed.
Keith Allen Silva, in pro. per.; Thomas E. Robertson, under appointment by the
Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 INTRODUCTION
A jury convicted defendant and appellant Keith Allen Silva of first degree murder
(Pen. Code,1 § 187, subd. (a)) and torture (§ 209), both of which were committed for the
benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). In connection with the
murder, the jury further found that a principal had used a firearm, discharged a firearm,
and discharged a firearm causing death. (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), (d) & (e)(1).)
Defendant admitted having suffered a strike prior, and he was sentenced to prison for 75
years to life. (See People v. Silva (Sept. 16, 2013, E055801) [nonpub. opn.] (Silva I).)
The gang enhancement and firearm enhancements were subsequently reversed. (Id. at
p. 2.) In 2019, defendant filed a petition for resentencing under former section 1170.95.2
(See People v. Silva (Oct. 1, 2020, E073150) [nonpub. opn.] (Silva II) at p. 3.) The trial
court denied the petition, finding defendant ineligible for relief. (Ibid.) He appealed, and
this court affirmed. (Id. at p. 10.)
On or about February 15, 2022, defendant filed, in propria persona, a “Motion to
Rehear Motion to Vacate Conviction Under S.B. 775 Pursuant to P.C. § 1170.95 (a).”
On March 1, 2022, the court denied the motion, noting that defendant’s prior petition for
resentencing under former section 1170.95 was previously denied and affirmed on
1 All further statutory references will be to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.
2 This provision was renumbered without substantive change to section 1172.6, effective June 30, 2022. (See People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698, 708, fn. 2.) For the sake of clarity and consistency with appellant’s brief, we will refer to the provision as former 1170.95. 2 appeal. It also noted that changes in former section 1170.95 did not affect the previous
ruling of the court.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, in propria persona. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND3
“ ‘On April 4, 2003, defendant and his codefendant, both members and officers of
a local chapter of the Vagos motorcycle club, participated, along with seven other
members, in the beating of the victim, a club ‘hang-around,’ because the latter owed
money to one of the other members and had not returned a truck belonging to yet another.
Then, defendant drove the bound victim, along with the codefendant, in his truck out to
the desert where the victim was fatally shot.’ ” (Silva I, supra, at p. 2.)
“A jury convicted defendant, Keith Silva, of first degree murder (Pen. Code,
§ 187, subd. (a)) and torture (§ 209), both of which were committed for the benefit of a
criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). In connection with the murder, the jury
further found that a principal had used a firearm, discharged a firearm[,] and discharged a
firearm causing death (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), (d) & (e)(1)). In bifurcated
proceedings, defendant admitted having suffered a strike prior. He was sentenced to
prison for 75 years to life.” (Silva I, supra, at pp. 1-2, fn. omitted.) Defendant appealed,
and this court reversed the gang enhancement findings as to both offenses and the firearm
findings as to the murder. (Id. at p. 2.)
3The background of the underlying facts and proceedings is taken, in part, from our unpublished opinions in Silva I and Silva II. 3 “On April 15, 2019, after the passage of Senate Bill 1437, defendant filed a
petition for resentencing under [former] section 1170.95 in propria persona. He filed a
handwritten motion, claiming that the prosecutor failed to produce any factually relevant
testimony or forensic evidence at trial to show that he aided, abetted, counseled, or
participated in the killing or beating of the victim. He also filed a preprinted form and
checked boxes stating that a charging document had been filed against him, allowing the
prosecution to proceed under a felony-murder theory or the natural and probable
consequences doctrine; he was convicted of first or second degree murder under one of
those theories; he could not now be convicted of murder in light of changes to the law
made by Senate Bill 1437; he was not the actual killer, nor did he aid and abet the actual
killer with the intent to kill; and he was not a major participant in the felony and did not
act with reckless indifference to human life. He also checked a box stating, ‘I request that
this court appoint counsel for me during this re-sentencing process.’ ” (Silva II, supra, at
pp. 2-3.)
“On June 17, 2019, the trial court summarily denied the petition without
appointing counsel or ordering briefing. The court’s order stated: ‘Petition[er] is not
eligible for relief under PC1170.95 because he failed to make a prima facie showing that
he falls within the provision of PC1170.95(C). The defendant was not convicted of
murder under a theory of felony murder or under a theory of natural and probable
consequences. There were no jury instructions for felony murder or natural probable
consequences. The defendant was convicted of aiding and abetting in the commission of
first degree murder with express malice.’ ” (Silva II, supra, at pp. 3-4.)
4 Defendant appealed the denial of his petition based on the failure to appoint
counsel. (Silva II, supra, at p. 1.) This court affirmed the denial. In doing so, we noted
that defendant was convicted of aiding and abetting in the commission of first degree
murder with express malice. We further noted that defendant did not dispute his
ineligibility for relief, but only contended the trial court was statutorily required to
appoint counsel pursuant to former section 1170.95, subdivision (c), once he alleged that
he satisfied the filing requirements for the petition. (Silva II, at pp. 6-7.)
At the time Silva II was decided, the Supreme Court was considering when the
right to appointed counsel arose under former section 1170.95, subdivision (c). (People
v. Lewis (2020) 43 Cal.App.5th 1128, review granted Mar. 18, 2020, S260598.) Pending
further guidance from the Supreme Court, we agreed with the courts of appeal that
interpreted former section 1170.95 to permit a trial court to make an initial determination
of whether the petitioner may be entitled to relief without first appointing counsel. (Silva
II, supra, at p. 7.) We again noted it was undisputed that defendant was convicted of
murder without instruction or argument based on the felony-murder rule or the natural
and probable consequences doctrine. Thus, we concluded that he did not fall within the
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Filed 10/19/22 P. v. Silva CA4/2 See Concurring Opinion
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E078727
v. (Super.Ct.No. FVA701548)
KEITH ALLEN SILVA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Ingrid Adamson
Uhler, Judge. Affirmed.
Keith Allen Silva, in pro. per.; Thomas E. Robertson, under appointment by the
Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 INTRODUCTION
A jury convicted defendant and appellant Keith Allen Silva of first degree murder
(Pen. Code,1 § 187, subd. (a)) and torture (§ 209), both of which were committed for the
benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). In connection with the
murder, the jury further found that a principal had used a firearm, discharged a firearm,
and discharged a firearm causing death. (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), (d) & (e)(1).)
Defendant admitted having suffered a strike prior, and he was sentenced to prison for 75
years to life. (See People v. Silva (Sept. 16, 2013, E055801) [nonpub. opn.] (Silva I).)
The gang enhancement and firearm enhancements were subsequently reversed. (Id. at
p. 2.) In 2019, defendant filed a petition for resentencing under former section 1170.95.2
(See People v. Silva (Oct. 1, 2020, E073150) [nonpub. opn.] (Silva II) at p. 3.) The trial
court denied the petition, finding defendant ineligible for relief. (Ibid.) He appealed, and
this court affirmed. (Id. at p. 10.)
On or about February 15, 2022, defendant filed, in propria persona, a “Motion to
Rehear Motion to Vacate Conviction Under S.B. 775 Pursuant to P.C. § 1170.95 (a).”
On March 1, 2022, the court denied the motion, noting that defendant’s prior petition for
resentencing under former section 1170.95 was previously denied and affirmed on
1 All further statutory references will be to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.
2 This provision was renumbered without substantive change to section 1172.6, effective June 30, 2022. (See People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698, 708, fn. 2.) For the sake of clarity and consistency with appellant’s brief, we will refer to the provision as former 1170.95. 2 appeal. It also noted that changes in former section 1170.95 did not affect the previous
ruling of the court.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, in propria persona. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND3
“ ‘On April 4, 2003, defendant and his codefendant, both members and officers of
a local chapter of the Vagos motorcycle club, participated, along with seven other
members, in the beating of the victim, a club ‘hang-around,’ because the latter owed
money to one of the other members and had not returned a truck belonging to yet another.
Then, defendant drove the bound victim, along with the codefendant, in his truck out to
the desert where the victim was fatally shot.’ ” (Silva I, supra, at p. 2.)
“A jury convicted defendant, Keith Silva, of first degree murder (Pen. Code,
§ 187, subd. (a)) and torture (§ 209), both of which were committed for the benefit of a
criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). In connection with the murder, the jury
further found that a principal had used a firearm, discharged a firearm[,] and discharged a
firearm causing death (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), (d) & (e)(1)). In bifurcated
proceedings, defendant admitted having suffered a strike prior. He was sentenced to
prison for 75 years to life.” (Silva I, supra, at pp. 1-2, fn. omitted.) Defendant appealed,
and this court reversed the gang enhancement findings as to both offenses and the firearm
findings as to the murder. (Id. at p. 2.)
3The background of the underlying facts and proceedings is taken, in part, from our unpublished opinions in Silva I and Silva II. 3 “On April 15, 2019, after the passage of Senate Bill 1437, defendant filed a
petition for resentencing under [former] section 1170.95 in propria persona. He filed a
handwritten motion, claiming that the prosecutor failed to produce any factually relevant
testimony or forensic evidence at trial to show that he aided, abetted, counseled, or
participated in the killing or beating of the victim. He also filed a preprinted form and
checked boxes stating that a charging document had been filed against him, allowing the
prosecution to proceed under a felony-murder theory or the natural and probable
consequences doctrine; he was convicted of first or second degree murder under one of
those theories; he could not now be convicted of murder in light of changes to the law
made by Senate Bill 1437; he was not the actual killer, nor did he aid and abet the actual
killer with the intent to kill; and he was not a major participant in the felony and did not
act with reckless indifference to human life. He also checked a box stating, ‘I request that
this court appoint counsel for me during this re-sentencing process.’ ” (Silva II, supra, at
pp. 2-3.)
“On June 17, 2019, the trial court summarily denied the petition without
appointing counsel or ordering briefing. The court’s order stated: ‘Petition[er] is not
eligible for relief under PC1170.95 because he failed to make a prima facie showing that
he falls within the provision of PC1170.95(C). The defendant was not convicted of
murder under a theory of felony murder or under a theory of natural and probable
consequences. There were no jury instructions for felony murder or natural probable
consequences. The defendant was convicted of aiding and abetting in the commission of
first degree murder with express malice.’ ” (Silva II, supra, at pp. 3-4.)
4 Defendant appealed the denial of his petition based on the failure to appoint
counsel. (Silva II, supra, at p. 1.) This court affirmed the denial. In doing so, we noted
that defendant was convicted of aiding and abetting in the commission of first degree
murder with express malice. We further noted that defendant did not dispute his
ineligibility for relief, but only contended the trial court was statutorily required to
appoint counsel pursuant to former section 1170.95, subdivision (c), once he alleged that
he satisfied the filing requirements for the petition. (Silva II, at pp. 6-7.)
At the time Silva II was decided, the Supreme Court was considering when the
right to appointed counsel arose under former section 1170.95, subdivision (c). (People
v. Lewis (2020) 43 Cal.App.5th 1128, review granted Mar. 18, 2020, S260598.) Pending
further guidance from the Supreme Court, we agreed with the courts of appeal that
interpreted former section 1170.95 to permit a trial court to make an initial determination
of whether the petitioner may be entitled to relief without first appointing counsel. (Silva
II, supra, at p. 7.) We again noted it was undisputed that defendant was convicted of
murder without instruction or argument based on the felony-murder rule or the natural
and probable consequences doctrine. Thus, we concluded that he did not fall within the
provisions of former section 1170.95, and, accordingly, the appointment of counsel was
not required. (Silva II, at p. 9.)
Defendant filed a petition for review, which the Supreme Court granted on
December 16, 2020, deferring its consideration pending the disposition of the issue in
People v. Lewis. (S265446.) On July 26, 2021, the Supreme Court issued its decision in
Lewis, holding that (1) “petitioners are entitled to the appointment of counsel upon the
5 filing of a facially sufficient petition”; but (2) the Watson standard of prejudice governs
this deprivation of the right to counsel. (People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 957-
958.)
The Supreme Court dismissed review of defendant’s petition on January 5, 2022.
(S265446.) On January 14, 2022, this court issued the remittitur, stating that the opinion
in Silva II had become final.
On or around February 15, 2022, defendant filed a “Motion to Rehear Motion to
Vacate Conviction Under S.B. 775 Pursuant to P.C. § 1170.95 (a)” (hereinafter, motion
to rehear the petition). He argued that the enactment of Senate Bill No. 775, which
became effective on January 1, 2022, made him eligible for relief under former section
1170.95. Specifically, he asserted that Senate Bill No. 775 amended the statutory
framework to encompass any “theory under which malice is imputed to a person based
solely on that person’s participation in a crime,” such that eligibility was no longer
limited to those defendants convicted on theories of “NPC murder” and “felony murder.”
He claimed the record would show the prosecution used “a gang theory” to impute malice
on him. Defendant also requested the appointment of counsel.
On March 1, 2022, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to rehear his petition.
The minute order stated: “Appeal already has been dismissed. The Petition for
Resentencing pursuant to [former] PC1170.95 was denied previously and affirmed on
Appeal. Request for rehearing is denied. Changes in [former] PC1170.95 do not affect
the previous ruling of the Court.”
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
6 DISCUSSION
Defendant appealed and, upon his request, this court appointed counsel to
represent him. Counsel has filed a brief under the authority of People v. Wende (1979)
25 Cal.3d 436, and Anders v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 738, setting forth a statement of
the case and two potential arguable issues: (1) whether the trial court erred by failing to
appoint counsel for defendant before summarily denying his motion, and whether that
error was prejudicial; and (2) whether amendments to former section 1170.95 made by
Senate Bill No. 775 (Stats. 2021, ch. 557, § 2) rendered him eligible for relief under
former section 1170.95. Counsel has also requested this court to undertake a review of
the entire record.
While we understand that the appellate review procedures under People v. Wende,
supra, 25 Cal.3d 436 and Anders v. California, supra, 386 U.S. 738, in which we review
the record ourselves to determine whether there are any arguable issues, generally apply
“only to a defendant’s first appeal as of right” (People v. Thurman (2007) 157
Cal.App.4th 36, 45), we also recognize that we still retain discretion to conduct a
Wende/Anders review in the interests of justice. (See generally Conservatorship of Ben C.
(2007) 40 Cal.4th 529, 544, fn. 7 [“The court may, of course, find it appropriate to retain
the appeal.”]; see also People v. Flores (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 266, 269 [when appointed
counsel files a Wende brief in an appeal from denial of a former section 1170.95 petition,
appellate court is not required to independently review the entire record, but can do so in
the interests of justice].) In this case, we exercise that discretion to conduct an
independent review of the record, where counsel has already undertaken to comply with
7 Wende requirements, and defendant has been afforded an opportunity to file supplemental
briefing and has done so.
Having undertaken an examination of the record, we find no arguable issues.
However, defendant has filed a supplemental brief, and we are required to evaluate
his arguments and “issue a written opinion that disposes of the trial court’s order on the
merits.” (People v. Cole (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 1023, 1040.) He filed a handwritten
brief, arguing that: (1) it was error for the trial court to summarily deny his motion to
rehear his petition without adjudicating it in light of Senate Bill No. 775 since his motion
showed the prosecutor “used a theory under which malice was imputed on [him] for his
participation in the crime”; (2) the lower court “never stated that [he] did not qualify
under the new law, but only stated that [he] has already filed a P.C. 1170.95 petition
which was under the old law . . .”; (3) he has a due process right for his petition to be
adjudicated in light of Senate Bill No. 775; and (4) the court erred in summarily denying
his motion to rehear without appointing counsel since he would have obtained a more
favorable result because appointed counsel would have had the chance to argue he was
entitled to file a new petition under former section 1170.95 in light of Senate Bill
No. 775.
Contrary to defendant’s claim that he was entitled to relief pursuant to Senate Bill
No. 775 because he was convicted under a theory under which malice was imputed to
him based solely on his participation in the crime, the record shows he was convicted of
aiding and abetting in the commission of first degree murder with express malice. (Silva
II, supra, at pp. 3-4, 6.) Furthermore, the trial court correctly observed that defendant’s
8 petition for resentencing was previously denied and was affirmed on appeal, and the
minute order reflects that in denying his request to rehear his petition, the court found the
“[c]hanges in [former section] 1170.95 do not affect the previous ruling of the Court.”
Accordingly, the court properly denied defendant’s motion to rehear the petition without
appointing counsel, and he would not have obtained a more favorable result had counsel
been appointed.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
FIELDS J.
I concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J.
9 [People v. Silva, E078727]
RAPHAEL, J., Concurring.
I join in affirming for the reasons offered in the last two paragraphs of the majority
opinion, which reject the arguments made by defendant and appellant Keith Allen Silva
that he was entitled to relief from his first degree murder conviction under Penal Code
section 1172.6, formerly denominated as section 1170.95. We properly hold that he was
not convicted on an imputed malice theory; rather, he was convicted of acting with
express malice in aiding and abetting the commission of first degree murder.
But we should stop upon rejecting his arguments, and we should not also “conduct
an independent review of the record.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 7.) Under normal
procedures, courts do not independently search for meritorious issues beyond those
raised. (See Conservatorship of Ben C. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 529, 542, fn. 5; People v.
Serrano (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 496, 503.) The majority “undertake[s] an examination
of the record,” and, not surprisingly in this situation, uncovers no meritorious issues to
help Silva. (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 8.)
An “independent” hunt for issues that might aid Silva is not only outside normal
procedures, but it is unnecessary. Once we have rejected his arguments because he was
convicted on a theory that makes him ineligible for relief under the statute he relies on,
there is nothing more to search for.
RAPHAEL J.