2022 IL App (1st) 200436 No. 1-20-0436 Opinion filed February 2, 2022 Third Division ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________ THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 19 CR 5063 ) STEPHEN SAPP, ) Honorable ) Vincent M. Gaughan, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a jury trial, defendant, Stephen Sapp, was found guilty of two counts of
aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) and one count of unlawful use of a weapon (UUW).
He was sentenced to three concurrent sentences of 15 months’ imprisonment and one year of
mandatory supervised released (MSR). On appeal, defendant contends that (1) the trial court erred
in effectively barring witness Jocelyn Mrozek’s statement that she owned the firearm by
“inducing” her to assert her fifth amendment privilege and excluding her statement as hearsay;
(2) trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to question prospective jurors, failing to No. 1-20-0436
object to the trial court “inducing” Mrozek to assert her fifth amendment privilege, and failing to
call a witness to testify to Mrozek’s statement that she owned the firearm; and (3) defendant’s
three convictions violate the one-act, one-crime rule of People v. King, 66 Ill. 2d 551 (1977). We
affirm the jury’s findings of guilt but reverse defendant’s convictions for all three offenses and
remand for the trial court to merge the three offenses into the most serious.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Defendant was charged with two counts of AUUW (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A-5),
(C) (West 2018)) and one count of UUW (id. § 24-1(a)(8)), which alleged that on March 17, 2019,
he knowingly carried on his person an uncased, loaded, and immediately accessible firearm in a
place licensed to sell intoxicating beverages when he had not been issued a valid Firearm Owner’s
Identification (FOID) card or a concealed carry license.
¶4 A. Pretrial and Jury Selection
¶5 Prior to jury selection, the State informed the court that Mrozek was present as a trial
witness pursuant to subpoena. The court ordered Mrozek to return the following day.
¶6 The State conducted all questioning of prospective jurors, with occasional clarifying
questions and explanations by the court. Defense counsel asked no questions of prospective jurors
and stated that he “ha[d] no questions” when the State finished questioning them. Defendant
exercised three peremptory challenges and joined the State in two challenges for cause.
¶7 B. Trial
¶8 1. State’s Case
¶9 Sean Skilnik testified that he was the corporate supervisor of Moretti’s Restaurant
(Moretti’s) on the 6700 block of North Olmstead Avenue in Chicago. Skilnik was working as a
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manager between 12:30 a.m. and 1 a.m. on March 17, 2019, when there was a “scuffle” at the bar.
Skilnik saw security guard Joe Anderson on the floor with defendant, whom Skilnik identified in
court. Skilnik broke up the scuffle and picked defendant up with the assistance of Anderson and
security guard Connor Santoria. As they walked defendant out through the front door, defendant
said that he dropped something. Skilnik felt an object from defendant’s body against his right leg,
then felt an object hit the floor. He did not see anything fall to the floor.
¶ 10 Within two seconds, Skilnik turned around and saw restaurant manager Mitchell Acance
recover a firearm from the floor; Acance said, “It’s a gun.” Security guards took defendant out
through the front door, and Acance handed Skilnik the firearm, which Skilnik identified in court.
Skilnik handed the firearm to security guard Chris Oglesby and asked him to take it to the office.
Police arrived, and Skilnik led them downstairs and into the office. Police did not arrest defendant
because he “ran away.”
¶ 11 Skilnik viewed a photo array on March 22, 2019, and identified defendant. Skilnik
identified the photo array in court, and the State moved it into evidence.
¶ 12 Skilnik also identified a DVD containing a surveillance video of the incident, which he
provided to police. Skilnik confirmed the video accurately depicted the events of March 17, 2019,
and the State moved it into evidence. The video depicts the interior of a bar, which Skilnik
identified as Moretti’s “front door entrance and the main bar right in front of it.” Skilnik identified
defendant and Anderson entering the bar from another room and “going down to the ground and
into the foot of the bar” and himself going to assist Anderson. He also identified himself with a
group of men taking defendant out through a door and Acance behind him. He identified Acance
handing him the firearm and then calling police.
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¶ 13 Acance testified that he was working as a manager at Moretti’s on March 17, 2019.
Between 12:30 a.m. and 1 a.m., there was an altercation between two customers in the bar. Acance
saw defendant, whom he identified in court, being escorted out by security. Anderson had control
of defendant’s upper body, Santoria had control of his legs, and Skilnik was walking behind
defendant. Acance went to Skilnik’s right and saw a firearm fall from the right side of defendant’s
waistband to the floor. Acance heard defendant say, “I dropped something,” or “[L]et me get my
stuff.” Acance said, “[I]t’s a gun,” picked the firearm up, and gave it to Skilnik. Acance identified
the firearm in court.
¶ 14 Acance viewed a photo array on March 26, 2019, and identified defendant as “the person
in possession of a firearm.” Acance identified the photo array in court, and the State moved it into
evidence.
¶ 15 The State also moved into evidence a certified business record from G.A.T. Guns, Inc
(G.A.T. Guns). This document shows that Mrozek purchased a “Glock 36 Gen 3” with a certain
serial number on March 7, 2019, in East Dundee, Illinois.
¶ 16 Santoria testified that he was working security at Moretti’s on March 17, 2019. He saw
defendant, whom he identified in court, involved in a scuffle and grabbed defendant’s legs.
Anderson grabbed defendant “from behind,” and he and Santoria walked defendant out of the bar.
Santoria heard a “loud click noise” on the floor to his left and felt “a percussion of, like, something
falling heavy,” but he did not see what made the noise. Defendant said, “I dropped something,”
and Santoria responded, “I’ll get it for you in a minute.” Santoria then took defendant outside in
front of Moretti’s.
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¶ 17 Outside Moretti’s, Santoria spoke to a short, white female with dark hair. When defendant
asked Santoria what this woman said to him, the State objected that her statement was hearsay. At
a sidebar, defendant stated that when the woman saw defendant being escorted out of Moretti’s,
she “blurt[ed] out, quote, it’s mine, it’s registered to me, I have a license.” Defendant argued that
the woman’s statement fell under the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay. The
court sustained the State’s hearsay objection, explaining:
“THE COURT: But they have not identified who the owner of the GAT Guns—or
the business record is. Other than that person, there hasn’t been a face with that name. And
you just can’t say the name without someone identifying her in court. I know it’s tough,
but, I mean, under these circumstances. Did she even say the gun—there’s no—nobody
said she saw the gun, right? So how could she say it’s mine without seeing it? Under
ordinary circumstances, if they were holding the gun and she said, that’s mine, yeah. But
under these circumstances where she didn’t see the gun and nobody knows how she knew
he had the gun, which leads to another question. Later on, someone is going to call her.
And she could—
[THE STATE]: She’s here.
THE COURT:—be guilty on accountability because she gave him the gun.”
¶ 18 Santoria viewed a photo array on March 22, 2019, and identified defendant as the person
“at the bar that night who had dropped something.” Santoria identified the photo array in court,
and the State moved it into evidence.
¶ 19 Oglesby testified that he was working at Moretti’s on March 17, 2019. He saw defendant,
whom he identified in court, as defendant was entering the bar and checked his identification.
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Defendant was “with a female and another white male” when he entered the bar. Oglesby later saw
Santoria and Anderson taking defendant out of the bar. After defendant was taken out of the bar,
Oglesby spoke to Skilnik and learned that there was a firearm in the drawer of the host stand.
Oglesby identified the firearm, its magazine, and .45-caliber bullets in court.
¶ 20 On March 25, 2019, Oglesby told police that he saw defendant talking with a white female
with a short build “as soon as they came in[to]” Moretti’s. On March 26, 2019, Oglesby viewed a
photo array and identified defendant “as the person who was in the bar that night.” He identified
the photo array in court, and the State moved it into evidence.
¶ 21 Chicago police officer Patrick Binder testified he was on duty on the morning of March
17, 2019, wearing plainclothes and a police vest, when he and his partner responded to a call of a
person with a gun at Moretti’s. Binder spoke to Skilnik and was “led to the basement of Moretti’s
where they found a gun.” Binder recovered the firearm in the basement and inventoried it. He
identified the firearm, its magazine, and six .45-caliber bullets, and the State moved them into
evidence. The firearm was not subjected to any kind of testing.
¶ 22 Binder identified a video recording from his body camera, which the State moved into
evidence. The time stamp on the video indicates that it is from March 17, 2019. Binder identified
a Moretti’s employee leading him to the restaurant’s basement office, where the firearm was
located. The video depicts a black handgun in the office, which Binder identified as a “Glock 36
and the magazine.” Binder recovers the gun.
¶ 23 Officer Lucas Papaloukas testified that he was on duty at 7:30 p.m. on March 26, 2019. He
and his team went to an apartment on the 7700 block of West Higgins Avenue because they
“received information that [defendant] was wanted for an incident that happened at Moretti’s, and
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he was positively identified in a photo array.” Mrozek opened the rear door of the apartment and
allowed Papaloukas and his team to enter. Inside the apartment, Papaloukas saw defendant, whom
he identified in court. Papaloukas arrested defendant and Mrozek; Mrozek was arrested for
“transmitting a false police report.”
¶ 24 The parties stipulated that defendant had not been issued a valid FOID card or concealed
carry license as of March 17, 2019.
¶ 25 2. Defense Case
¶ 26 Outside the presence of the jury, defendant informed the court that he intended to call
Mrozek, who would testify that she was at Moretti’s on March 17, 2019, and never saw defendant
with her firearm. On March 18, 2019, Mrozek filed a police report alleging that her firearm had
been stolen from her vehicle. On March 21, 2019, Mrozek told a detective that her firearm was
missing from her vehicle. On March 26, 2019, Mrozek told a Detective Mohammed Hamideh that
her firearm had “not gone missing, that the gun was not stolen; that she said those things because
she was scared.” Mrozek did not have a concealed carry license, but she did have a FOID card.
According to the State, charges of filing a false police report against Mrozek were “dropped” on
July 23, 2019.
¶ 27 The court appointed a Ms. Daniels to represent Mrozek “only for the purpose of her Fifth
Amendment rights” because Mrozek could potentially be prosecuted for possessing a firearm in
her vehicle without a concealed carry license. 1 Mrozek was then brought into the courtroom, and
the court informed her that it was appointing Daniels, “a lawyer licensed to practice law in the
1 The record does not indicate who Ms. Daniels is, but the parties agree she is an assistant public defender, and her first name is not contained in the record in this case.
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State of Illinois,” to “give [her] some legal advice” and then Mrozek would “tell [the court]
whether [she] want[ed] to testify or not testify.” After a recess, Mrozek returned to the courtroom
and the following exchange occurred:
“[THE COURT]: State your name; spell your last name, for the record.
[MROZEK]: Jocelyn Mrozek—M-r-o-z-e-k.
Q: You’ve had a chance to talk to Ms. Daniels about testifying and not testifying;
is that correct?
A: Yes, I have.
Q: And she’s informed you that you do have a right to invoke your Fifth
Amendment?
A: Yes.
Q: What is your wish? Are you going to testify?
A: I’m going to invoke my Fifth Amendment.
THE COURT: Thank you very much. Appreciate that. Thanks for coming.”
Defendant did not object to any of the court’s interactions with Mrozek.
¶ 28 The parties stipulated that Chicago police detective Hamideh interviewed Acance on
March 26, 2019. Acance did not tell Hamideh that he heard defendant say “I dropped something”
and did not tell Hamideh that he saw a firearm drop from the right side of defendant’s waist.
¶ 29 3. Closing and Verdict
¶ 30 In closing, defendant argued that the firearm recovered in Moretti’s on March 17, 2019,
was not his firearm and he did not bring the firearm into the bar. He contended that the G.A.T.
Guns records established that Mrozek owned the firearm and that no scientific, physical, or video
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evidence connected defendant to the firearm. In rebuttal, the State argued that defendant got the
firearm from Mrozek and possessed it inside Moretti’s and that four Moretti’s employees identified
him as the person who dropped the firearm.
¶ 31 The jury found defendant guilty on all counts.
¶ 32 C. Posttrial and Sentencing
¶ 33 Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which argued that the evidence was insufficient
to support the jury’s findings of guilt, that the court erred by allowing Skilnik to testify “he believed
the recovered gun in this case came from [defendant]’s body,” and that the court erroneously
denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. At the hearing on this motion, defendant argued
that the State failed to prove the charges against him beyond a reasonable doubt and that Skilnik
should not have been allowed to testify that he believed the firearm fell from defendant’s body.
The court denied defendant’s motion.
¶ 34 On February 4, 2020, the court sentenced defendant to 15 months’ imprisonment on each
count, with all three sentences to run concurrently, and one year of MSR. The court stated that
“[a]ll of these come from the same act, so all the sentences have to run concurrent.” Defendant
filed a motion to reconsider sentence, which argued that the sentence was excessive and penalized
defendant for exercising his right to trial. The court denied this motion.
¶ 35 Defendant timely appealed.
¶ 36 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 37 On appeal, defendant challenges his inability to introduce Mrozek’s admission to owning
the firearm, the effectiveness of trial counsel, and his three separate convictions premised on one
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act of possession of a firearm. He requests that we remand this case for a new trial, or, in the
alternative, vacate his convictions for AUUW and leave his conviction for UUW intact.
¶ 38 The State maintains that defendant has forfeited these issues because he did not raise any
of them in his posttrial motions. We agree. See People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48 (to preserve
an issue for appeal, a defendant must object at trial and raise the issue in a posttrial motion).
Nevertheless, defendant asks that we consider these issues under the plain error doctrine. The plain
error doctrine permits a reviewing court to consider an unpreserved error
“(1) when a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the
error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the
seriousness of the error, or (2) when a clear or obvious error occurred and that error is so
serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of
the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) Id.
Prior to addressing plain error, we must first determine whether any error occurred at trial. Id. ¶ 49.
¶ 39 A. Mrozek’s Admission to Owning the Firearm
¶ 40 Defendant first contends that the trial court effectively barred Mrozek’s statement that she
owned the firearm (1) by “inducing” her to invoke her fifth amendment privilege when she had no
reasonable basis to fear prosecution and (2) by ruling that her statement to Santoria outside
Moretti’s was not admissible under the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay.
¶ 41 1. Fifth Amendment Privilege
¶ 42 A fundamental element of due process is a defendant’s right to present witnesses in his
defense. Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19 (1967). “That fundamental right is violated if the
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State or the court exerts improper influence on defense witnesses causing them not to testify.”
People v. Mancilla, 250 Ill. App. 3d 353, 358 (1993).
¶ 43 The fifth amendment provides that no person shall be compelled to testify against herself
in a criminal case. U.S. Const., amend. V; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 10. Thus, a witness may invoke
her fifth amendment privilege and refuse to answer potentially incriminating questions. People v.
Redd, 135 Ill. 2d 252, 304 (1990). A trial court may appoint counsel to advise the witness, or the
court may admonish the witness itself if it perceives a risk that the witness will incriminate herself.
People v. Radovick, 275 Ill. App. 3d 809, 815 (1995); People v. Morley, 255 Ill. App. 3d 589, 597
(1994) (citing People v. Pantoja, 35 Ill. App. 3d 375, 380 (1976) and People v. Schroeder, 278
Cal. Rptr. 237 (Ct. App. 1991)). If the court admonishes the witness itself, “it must walk the fine
line between, on the one hand, fully advising the witness of the danger of self-incrimination and
the right not to testify, and, on the other hand, threatening the witness to an extent which materially
impairs the defendant’s due process right to present witnesses in his defense.” (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) Morley, 255 Ill. App. 3d at 597. While such admonishments are generally justified,
they infringe upon a defendant’s right to present a defense if (1) they may have caused the witness
to decide not to testify and (2) they were “somehow improper.” People v. King, 154 Ill. 2d 217,
224 (1993). A witness may be denied her fifth amendment privilege only when it is “perfectly
clear, from a careful consideration of all the circumstances in the case,” that her answers “cannot
possibly have [a] tendency” to incriminate her. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v.
Craig, 334 Ill. App. 3d 426, 446 (2002).
¶ 44 The trial court did not err with respect to Mrozek’s invocation of her fifth amendment
privilege. First, the court correctly concluded that Mrozek could reasonably fear prosecution if she
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testified. According to defendant, Mrozek would have testified that she owned the firearm
recovered in Moretti’s on March 17, 2019, and that she never saw defendant with the firearm at
Moretti’s. The State indicated that Mrozek did not have a concealed carry license. Thus, Mrozek’s
potential testimony suggested that she brought the firearm into Moretti’s without a concealed carry
license. That testimony could have exposed her to prosecution for AUUW premised on her lack of
a concealed carry license (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A-5) (West 2018))) and UUW premised
on her presence in a bar (id. § 24-1(a)(8)) or under a theory of accountability.
¶ 45 More importantly, Mrozek’s fear of prosecution was not speculative because she had
already been charged with a crime in connection with this case; namely, filing a false police report.
While the State indicated that those charges had been “dropped” in July 2019, the record provides
no indication as to whether those charges could have been reinstated. If the charges had been
stricken on leave to reinstate (SOL’d), Mrozek’s admission, under oath, that her firearm was not
missing from her vehicle could have caused charges of filing a false police report to be reinstated.
See Ferguson v. City of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d 94, 101 (2004) (“a case which has been SOL’d remains
pending”). Nothing in the record suggests that the State offered Mrozek immunity, and the State
does not claim that they did. Thus, the court was correct to conclude that Mrozek could reasonably
fear prosecution if she testified.
¶ 46 Second, the court, in admonishing Mrozek, certainly did not make an “ ‘unnecessarily
strong’ ” or “ ‘threating’ ” admonishment that induced her not to testify. See King, 154 Ill. 2d at
224 (quoting Webb v. Texas, 409 U.S. 95, 98 (1972) (per curiam)). Rather, the court informed
Mrozek that she had the option of testifying or invoking her fifth amendment rights and that it was
appointing Daniels, a lawyer, to advise her about whether she should testify. After Mrozek spoke
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with Daniels, the court asked Mrozek whether she wished to testify. Mrozek stated that she wished
to invoke her fifth amendment privilege and not testify. The court’s decision to appoint Daniels to
advise Mrozek was proper (see Morley, 255 Ill. App. 3d at 597), and, because no improper
admonishment of Mrozek occurred, there was no admonishment that infringed on defendant’s right
to present a defense. Thus, no error occurred, and plain error review is not warranted.
¶ 47 Defendant argues that the court’s appointment of Daniels to advise Mrozek violated section
3-4006 of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/3-4006 (West 2020)) because Mrozek was not charged
with a crime, in custody, or indigent; thus, she was not entitled to representation by an assistant
public defender. However, a trial court is authorized to appoint an assistant public defender to
advise a witness of her fifth amendment rights. See, e.g., Pantoja, 35 Ill. App. 3d at 380; People
v. Hammond, 196 Ill. App. 3d 986, 993 (1990).
¶ 48 In addition, defendant contends that the trial court improperly allowed Mrozek to assert a
“blanket” fifth amendment privilege rather than requiring her to invoke that privilege in response
to individual questions. Defendant cites only federal cases in support of this argument; specifically,
United States v. Cascella, 943 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2019), and Shakman v. Democratic Organization of
Cook County, 920 F. Supp. 2d 881 (N.D. Ill. 2013). These cases are not binding authority upon us
(State Bank of Cherry v. CGB Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 34), and the Illinois authority
cited above establishes that the court’s approach to this issue was not in error. Accordingly, the
trial court did not err in allowing Mrozek to invoke her fifth amendment privilege.
¶ 49 2. Excited Utterance
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¶ 50 Defendant also contends that the court should have admitted the statement of the woman
outside Moretti’s to Santoria that she owned the firearm under the excited utterance exception to
the rule against hearsay.
¶ 51 Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter
asserted. Ill. R. Evid. 801(c) (eff. Oct. 15, 2015). Hearsay is generally not admissible. Ill. R. Evid.
802 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). The statement defendant sought to introduce was hearsay because it
occurred out of court, in front of Moretti’s, and because defendant offered it to prove the truth of
the matter asserted, i.e., that the woman owned the firearm. Thus, this statement was hearsay and
not admissible.
¶ 52 However, Illinois Rule of Evidence 803(2) (eff. Sept. 28, 2018) provides that an excited
utterance is not excluded by the rule against hearsay. An “excited utterance” is “[a] statement
relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of
excitement caused by the event or condition.” Id. “[F]or this exception to apply, there must be
(1) an event sufficiently startling to produce a spontaneous and unreflecting statement, (2) an
absence of time to fabricate, and (3) a relation between the statement and the circumstances of the
event.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Mayberry, 2020 IL App (1st) 181806, ¶ 27.
We review the trial court’s determination regarding the excited utterance exception for an abuse
of discretion. People v. Stiff, 391 Ill. App. 3d 494, 501 (2009). An abuse of discretion occurs only
where the court’s ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable. People v. Connolly, 406 Ill. App.
3d 1022, 1026 (2011).
¶ 53 We find that the trial court’s exclusion of the woman’s statement to Santoria was not an
abuse of discretion. There was not an adequate basis to conclude that there was an occurrence
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sufficiently startling to produce a spontaneous and unreflecting statement from her. Although the
record suggests that Mrozek may have been the declarant, no witness testified to that, and there is
no indication that Santoria would have been able to identify Mrozek as the declarant. There was
also no information regarding the declarant’s connection to defendant, if any. Thus, there was no
basis to conclude that the declarant seeing defendant being escorted out of Moretti’s would be
startling to her. Even if it was, there was sufficient time to fabricate. Moreover, the evidence
established that the firearm did not exit Moretti’s along with defendant; rather, it was recovered
inside the bar and stayed there until police inventoried it. Thus, there was no explanation for why
the declarant would spontaneously admit to owning a firearm when she did not see a firearm
outside the bar and only presumed it was hers. Santoria did not testify as to whether he asked the
declarant any questions about the firearm that would have prompted such a statement. The record
on this issue is too sparse for us to conclude that the trial court’s evidentiary ruling was an abuse
of discretion, especially when the declarant never viewed the firearm to make her statement
reliable.
¶ 54 Defendant argues that the trial court “did not go through the three requirements under the
rule in deciding the statement’s admissibility.” There is no case law that compels the trial court to
go through the three requirements on the record, and we cannot say that the trial court did not
decide the issue based on those requirements. We review the court’s evidentiary ruling for an abuse
of discretion, and we find none. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in declining to admit this
statement under the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay.
¶ 55 B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
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¶ 56 Defendant next contends that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by (1) failing to
ask any questions of the prospective jurors, (2) failing to object to the court’s handling of Mrozek’s
invocation of her fifth amendment privilege, and (3) failing to recall Santoria to testify about
Mrozek’s statement as a statement against interest under Rule 804(b)(3).
¶ 57 We review ineffective assistance of counsel claims under the two-part test of Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). People v. Manning, 241 Ill. 2d 319, 326 (2011). To establish
ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient
and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To
establish deficient performance, a defendant must show “that counsel’s performance was
objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms.” People v. Domagala, 2013 IL
113688, ¶ 36. Under this prong, a defendant has the burden to “overcome the strong presumption
that counsel’s action or inaction was the result of sound trial strategy.” People v. Anderson, 2013
IL App (2d) 111183, ¶ 54.
¶ 58 “To establish prejudice, a defendant must show that but for counsel’s deficiency, ‘there is
a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” People v.
Brown, 2015 IL App (1st) 122940, ¶ 47 (quoting People v. Houston, 229 Ill. 2d 1, 11 (2008)). A
reasonable probability is “a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. If it is easier to resolve an ineffective assistance claim based on a
failure to demonstrate prejudice, a court need only address that prong. Id. at 697.
¶ 59 1. Failure to Question Prospective Jurors
¶ 60 Defendant acknowledges that there is no Illinois authority directly addressing whether
defense counsel asking no questions of prospective jurors constitutes ineffective assistance. We
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have held that, generally, “[t]he decision as to whether to question a potential juror on a particular
subject is considered to be one of trial strategy, which has no bearing on the competency of
counsel.” People v. Furdge, 332 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 1026 (2002). Specifically, Furdge and related
authority establish that counsel’s decision not to question prospective jurors about bias against
gang-related evidence is a matter of trial strategy that cannot support a claim of ineffective
assistance. See, e.g., People v. Powell, 355 Ill. App. 3d 124, 141-43 (2004); People v. Benford,
349 Ill. App. 3d 721, 733 (2004). However, the instant case does not involve gang-related evidence
or a lack of questions about specific topics, so these cases provide little guidance. We express no
opinion on whether defense counsel’s decision to ask no questions of prospective jurors was
reasonable trial strategy.
¶ 61 Regardless, defendant cannot establish prejudice. Prior to voir dire, the trial court properly
instructed the prospective jurors on the principles of criminal justice outlined in Illinois Supreme
Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012). Thereafter, the State’s questioning of prospective jurors was
largely limited to matters raised in the juror questionnaire form. The argument that defense counsel
asking some set of unidentified questions rather than no questions would have produced a different
outcome at trial is speculative, and speculation cannot establish prejudice. See People v. Bew, 228
Ill. 2d 122, 135 (2008) (“Strickland requires actual prejudice be shown, not mere speculation as to
prejudice.”). Thus, this claim of ineffective assistance fails.
¶ 62 Defendant argues that he was prejudiced because the State “buil[t] a relationship with”
with prospective jurors by asking flattering follow-up questions while defense counsel did not
interact with the prospective jurors at all. Defendant points to the State making mild compliments
and asking friendly questions about 11 prospective jurors. Of those 11 prospective jurors, 6 were
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not even seated on the jury. Of the five who were seated on the jury, the State asked whether their
children were in school, complimented their children playing chess and football, asked what kind
of dogs they owned, asked how their child’s sports seasons went, and asked if their grandson
spelled his name the same way as a celebrity. We cannot see how these interactions with the jurors
prejudiced defendant such that the outcome of the trial was affected.
¶ 63 Defendant also argues that trial counsel was “effectively absent” during jury selection. The
record shows that this is overstated. Similarly, defendant cites United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S.
648, 659 n.25 (1984), to argue that prejudice is presumed where counsel “was either totally absent,
or prevented from assisting the accused during a critical stage of the proceeding.” But neither of
those things happened in this case; counsel was present for and participated in jury selection and
was never prevented from assisting defendant. As noted above, trial counsel was present in the
courtroom during jury selection, exercised all his peremptory challenges, and joined the State in
two challenges for cause. Thus, Cronic does not warrant a presumption of prejudice or reversal.
¶ 64 Defendant cites Miles v. State, 644 S.W.2d 23, 24 (Tex. App. 1982), for the proposition
that a defense attorney “who asks no questions [of prospective jurors] has really provided no
assistance,” and that there is “no tactical advantage to stand mute.” The decision of the Court of
Appeals of Texas is not binding authority upon us (People v. Sullivan, 366 Ill. App. 3d 770, 781
(2006)), and it does not appear that any Illinois courts have followed Miles. Even the Court of
Appeals of Texas declined to follow Miles when a defense attorney asked no questions of
prospective jurors but exercised all his peremptory challenges and struck jurors by agreement with
the State, as occurred in this case. See Williams v. State, 970 S.W.2d 182, 184 (Tex. Ct. App.
1998). Accordingly, this claim of ineffective assistance fails.
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¶ 65 2. Failure to Object to Mrozek Invoking Fifth Amendment Privilege
¶ 66 Defendant also contends counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the trial court’s
appointment of Daniels as counsel for Mrozek and to the court allowing Mrozek to invoke her fifth
amendment privilege. As explained above, the trial court did not commit error with respect to that
issue. Because the trial court did not err, trial counsel’s forfeiture of this issue by failing to object
would not have prejudiced defendant because the trial court was within its right to admonish
Mrozek and any objection would have been overruled. See People v. Richardson, 189 Ill. 2d 401,
411 (2000). Thus, this claim of ineffective assistance fails as well.
¶ 67 3. Failure to Recall Santoria
¶ 68 Defendant next argues that trial counsel was ineffective because, after Mrozek invoked her
fifth amendment privilege, counsel failed to recall Santoria to testify to her admission to owning
the firearm as a statement against interest under Illinois Rule of Evidence 804(b)(3) (eff. Jan. 1,
2011).
¶ 69 Rule 804 applies when a declarant is unavailable, such as when the declarant “is exempted
by ruling of the court on the ground of privilege from testifying concerning the subject matter of
the declarant’s statement.” Ill. R. Evid. 804(a)(1) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). Mrozek became unavailable
when she invoked her fifth amendment privilege; thus, Rule 804 applies. See People v. Wright,
2017 IL 119561, ¶ 81 (“[A] declarant who properly asserts h[er] fifth amendment right not to
testify is unavailable for purposes of the rule.”).
¶ 70 If a witness if unavailable, her statement against interest is not excluded by the rule against
hearsay. Ill. R. Evid. 804(b)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). A statement against interest is a
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“statement which was at the time of its making so far contrary to the declarant’s pecuniary
or proprietary interest, or so far tended to subject the declarant to civil or criminal liability,
or to render invalid a claim by the declarant against another, that a reasonable person in the
declarant’s position would not have made the statement unless believing it to be true.” Id.
However, a “statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability and offered in a criminal
case is not admissible unless corroborating circumstances clearly indicate the trustworthiness of
the statement.” Id.
¶ 71 Defendant cannot establish prejudice regarding counsel’s failure to recall Santoria. Even if
counsel had called Santoria and he had testified that Mrozek stated, “[I]t’s mine, it’s registered to
me, I have a license,” that would not have negated defendant’s possession of the firearm. 2
Possession of a firearm and ownership of a firearm are not equivalent. See, e.g., People v.
Robinson, 33 Ill. App. 3d 24, 35 (1975) (“there may be a transfer of ownership [of a firearm] with
or without a transfer of actual possession, and there may be a transfer of actual possession with or
without a transfer of ownership”). All charges against defendant were premised on his possession
of the firearm, not his or anyone else’s ownership of it. To the extent that Mrozek’s ownership of
the firearm was relevant, the jury received the G.A.T. Guns records showing that she purchased
the gun on March 7, 2019. Thus, Santoria’s testimony regarding Mrozek’s statement would not
have provided the jury with any new information. Accordingly, there is no reasonable probability
that Santoria’s testimony would have changed the outcome of trial, defendant was not prejudiced,
and this claim of ineffective assistance fails.
2 As noted above, nothing in the record suggests that Santoria would have been able to identify Mrozek as the declarant or that he would have testified that she admitted to ownership of the firearm.
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¶ 72 C. One-Act, One-Crime Violation
¶ 73 Finally, defendant maintains, and the State agrees, that his three convictions violate the
one-act, one-crime rule of King, 66 Ill. 2d 551, because they are based on one act of possession of
a firearm. The parties request that, in the interests of judicial economy, we vacate defendant’s
AUUW convictions under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615 and leave his conviction for UUW
intact. 3 We review one-act, one-crime violations under plain error because they implicate the
integrity of the judicial process. People v. Nunez, 236 Ill. 2d 488, 493 (2010).
¶ 74 In King, our supreme court found that “a criminal defendant may not be convicted of
multiple offenses when those offenses are all based on precisely the same physical act,” also known
as the one-act, one-crime rule. People v. Coats, 2018 IL 121926, ¶ 11. Whether a defendant was
incorrectly sentenced for multiple offenses based upon the same act is a question of law subject to
de novo review, meaning that we perform the same analysis that the trial court would perform.
People v. Cross, 2019 IL App (1st) 162108, ¶ 147.
¶ 75 We agree with the parties that defendant’s three convictions violate the one-act, one-crime
rule. Although defendant’s possession of a firearm constituted multiple offenses under Illinois law,
his possession of that firearm was a single physical act. A defendant cannot be convicted for
multiple crimes relating to the use of a firearm when only one firearm was involved. People v.
3 It appears that defendant is no longer in prison but is on parole. The Illinois Department of Corrections Website (Internet Inmate Status, Ill. Dep’t of Corr., https://www.idoc.state.il.us/subsections/ search/inms_print.asp?idoc=Y41267 (last visited Jan. 25, 2022) [https://perma.cc/YEL5-DNXZ]) indicates that he was paroled on July 14, 2020, but his sentence has not been discharged and his discharge date is “to be determined.” We may take judicial notice of this information. See People v. Peacock, 2019 IL App (1st) 170308, ¶ 4 n.1.
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Grant, 2017 IL App (1st) 142956, ¶ 33. Thus, defendant’s three separate convictions violate the
one-act, one-crime rule.
¶ 76 When multiple convictions violate the one-act, one-crime rule, only the most serious
conviction can stand. People v. Garcia, 179 Ill. 2d 55, 71 (1997). However, “when it cannot be
determined which of two or more convictions based on a single physical act is the more serious
offense, the cause will be remanded to the trial court for that determination.” People v. Artis, 232
Ill. 2d 156, 177 (2009). To determine whether one offense is more serious than another, we look
to the possible punishments and which offense has the more culpable mental state. Id. at 170-71.
In this case, all three of defendant’s convictions are Class 4 felonies that carry a penalty of one to
three years’ imprisonment, and all three offenses require the mental state of knowledge. See 720
ILCS 5/24-1(a)(8), (b) (West 2018); 720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(3)(A-5), (C), (d)(1); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-
45(a) (West 2018). Thus, we cannot determine which of these offenses is the most serious, so we
must remand the case to the trial court to make that determination.
¶ 77 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 78 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the jury’s findings of guilt, reverse defendant’s
convictions for all three offenses as violative of the one-act, one-crime rule, and remand this case
for determination of which offense is the most serious.
¶ 79 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.
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No. 1-20-0436
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 19-CR-5063; the Hon. Vincent M. Gaughan, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Emily Scout Distefano, of for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant. Appellant:
Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (John E. Nowak, for Jon J. Walters, and David B. Greenspan, Assistant State’s Appellee: Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
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