Filed 6/23/14 P. v. Rodriguez CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E056943
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1105123)
ALBERT ANTONIO RODRIGUEZ, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Charles J. Koosed, Judge.
Affirmed.
Patricia L. Brisbois, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, James D. Dutton, Stephanie H.
Chow, and Kathryn Kirschbaum, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
1 A jury found defendant and appellant Albert Antonio Rodriguez guilty of
10 counts of committing a lewd and lascivious act on a child under the age of 14 years
(Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a);1 counts 1-6 & 9-12).2 The jury also found true the
allegation that defendant committed lewd and lascivious acts against more than one
victim (former § 667.61, subd. (e)(5) [effective September 28, 1998] & current § 667.61,
subd. (e)(5)).3 The trial court sentenced defendant to state prison for an indeterminate
term of 15 years to life on count 1 as to victim 1, plus a consecutive indeterminate term
of 15 years to life on count 2 as to victim 2; plus concurrent indeterminate terms of
15 years to life on the remaining counts. On appeal, defendant contends that the matter
must be remanded because the trial court erroneously relied on the present version of
sections 667.61 and 1203.66 in concluding defendant was statutorily ineligible for
probation. In his supplemental letter brief following oral argument, defendant argues that
(1) remand would not be futile despite the number of acts of molestation; and (2) his trial
counsel was ineffective for misunderstanding that he was statutorily ineligible for
probation and for failing to present evidence to show he could meet the statutory criteria
1 All future statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2 The jury was deadlocked as to the remaining two charges of lewd and lascivious conduct (counts 7 and 8), and the trial court declared a mistrial as to those counts. The People later dismissed those counts.
3 Former section 667.61, effective September 28, 1998, will be hereafter referred to as “1998 section 667.61.” Former section 667.61, effective September 20, 2006, and November 8, 2006, will be referred to as “2006 section 667.61.”
2 for granting probation under former section 1203.066, subdivision (c). We reject these
contentions and affirm the judgment.
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Defendant is the cousin of Jane Doe 1 and Jane Doe 2, who were born in 1994 and
1997, respectively.4 Defendant lived with Jane Doe 1, Jane Doe 2, and their mother,
stepfather, brother, and older sister in Colton and Moreno Valley.
Beginning when Jane Doe 1 was five or six years old in 2000 or 2001, defendant
would come into Jane Doe 1’s room every night for one year around midnight, lie on
top of her with his clothes on, and rub his penis over her vagina area for about five to
15 minutes. Jane Doe 1 was afraid and pretended to be asleep during these acts. When
Jane Doe 1 was 10 years old, defendant began touching Jane Doe 1’s vagina under her
underwear during a one-year period. About half the time he touched Jane Doe 1,
defendant digitally penetrated her vagina.
Beginning when Jane Doe 2 was ten years old in 2007, defendant touched her
buttocks under her underwear and vagina over her underwear between more than five but
less than 10 times until she was about eight years old. Defendant never said anything and
Jane Doe 2 pretended to be asleep. On one occasion, when Jane Doe 2 was 11 years old,
she fell asleep on the couch, but awoke to find defendant trying to unbuckle her pants.
Jane Doe 2 got up and left the room; and defendant ran back to the couch he slept on.
4 At the time of trial, Jane Doe 1 was 17 years old and pregnant. Jane Doe 2 was 14 years old.
3 The girls eventually disclosed the molestations. Defendant was arrested and
interviewed by a detective. During the interview, defendant admitted to molesting both
Jane Doe 1 and Jane Doe 2 during the night while they slept. Defendant claimed it only
happened in Moreno Valley at most 10 times. Defendant expressed remorse and hoped
the victims could forgive him. After the interview, defendant wrote an apology letter to
the victims, expressing how ashamed he felt and how sorry he was for what he had done.
Defendant was convicted of five counts of lewd and lascivious acts on a child
under the age of 14 years (§ 288, subd. (a)) alleged to have occurred in 2005, and five
counts alleged to have occurred in 2007. The jury also found that as to each count
alleged that defendant committed the offenses against more than one victim (§ 667.61,
subd. (e)(5)).
II
DISCUSSION
Defendant argues that the trial court’s reliance on the current sections 667.61 and
1203.066 to conclude defendant was statutorily ineligible for probation violated the
constitutional ban on ex post facto laws, and therefore, the case must be remanded for
resentencing. The People argue defendant forfeited this claim. In the alternative, the
People contend the trial court did not misunderstand the scope of its discretion, but rather
after considering the mitigating and aggravating factors, properly denied probation. The
People further maintain that “it is not reasonably probable the court would have made a
different sentencing decision had it more fully stated reasons for its sentencing choices.”
4 The following is a summarized timeline of the sentencing rules applicable to
defendant’s case. First, for crimes committed on and after September 20, 2006, section
667.61 provided that defendant shall be punished by a term of “15 years to life” in prison,
and probation was not a possibility. (2006 § 667.61, subds. (b), (c)(8), (e)(5), (h).)
Second, for crimes committed between January 1, 2006 and September 19, 2006,
former section 667.61 provided that defendant shall be sentenced to prison for “life and
shall not be eligible for release on parole for 15 years,”5 unless defendant qualifies for
probation under section 1203.066, subdivision (c). (1998 § 667.61, subds. (b), (c)(7),
(h).) During the January 1, 2006 to September 19, 2006 time period, defendant would
not have qualified for probation under section 1203.066 because defendant molested
multiple victims. (Former § 1203.066, subds. (a)(7), (d)(1) [effective January 1, 2006].)6
Third, for crimes committed prior to January 1, 2006, section 667.61 provided that
defendant shall be sentenced to prison for “life and shall not be eligible for release on
parole for 15 years,” unless defendant qualified for probation under section 1203.066,
subdivision (c). (1998 § 667.61, subds. (b), (c)(7), (h).) Prior to January 1, 2006,
defendant could have qualified for probation if he satisfied the following criteria: (1) the
5 The People and defendant do not address the difference, if any, between a defendant being sentenced to prison for “15 years to life” (2006 § 667.61, subd. (b)) and a person being sentenced to prison for “life and [not being] eligible for release on parole for 15 years” (1998 § 667.61, subd. (b).) Since the parties have not addressed this issue, we will assume that the different terminology is not pertinent to defendant’s appeal.
6 Former section 1203.066, effective January 1, 2006, will hereafter be referred to as “2006 section 1203.066.” Former section 1203.066, effective December 31, 2005, will be referred to as “2005 section 1203.066.”
5 defendant was the victims’ relative; (2) probation was in the children’s best interest;
(3) rehabilitation of the defendant was feasible, the defendant was amendable to
treatment, and the defendant was placed in a recognized treatment program designed to
address child molestation; (4) the defendant was removed from the victims’ household
until the trial court determined that it was in the best interest of the victims to return the
defendant to the household; and (5) there was no threat of physical harm to the child if
probation was granted. (2005 § 1203.066, subds. (a)(7), (c).)
Defendant contends that the trial court violated the ex post facto clauses of the
state and federal Constitutions when imposing defendant’s sentence, because the trial
court applied the post-September 20, 2006 sentencing laws in which defendant was not
eligible for probation. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 9; U.S. Const., art. I, § 10, cl. 1.)
We note that defendant did not forfeit his ex post facto claim by failing to raise it
at sentencing. (See People v. Hiscox (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 253, 258-259 [Noting that
an “ex post facto violation resulting in an unauthorized sentence may be raised on appeal
even if the defendant failed to object below.”].)
We also reject the People’s reliance on People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331 and
People v. DeSoto (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 1 to support their assertion that defendant
forfeited his claim by failing to raise it in the trial court. People v. Scott, supra, 9 Cal.4th
331 merely states that “complaints about the manner in which the trial court exercises its
sentencing discretion and articulates its supporting reasons cannot be raised for the first
time on appeal.” (Id. at p. 356, italics added; see also People v. DeSoto, supra, 54
Cal.App.4th at p. 4.) Defendant does not complain about the manner in which the court
6 actually exercised its discretion, but rather claims the court did not exercise that
discretion. Relief is warranted on direct appeal, however, only when the court’s
misunderstanding of its discretion is affirmatively reflected in the record. (See People v.
Fuhrman (1997) 16 Cal.4th 930, 945.) Here the record affirmatively shows, as defendant
notes, the court did not exercise its discretion under the former 2005 version of section
1203.066 and consider probation.
Here, the probation officer noted that, “[p]ursuant to the provisions of Penal Code
Sections 1203.066[, subdivision] (a)(7) and 667.61[, subdivision] (h)[,] a grant of
probation is prohibited for any reason, in that the defendant has been convicted of
committing a violation of Penal Code Section 288 against more than one victim.”
Defendant’s sentencing memorandum stated that defendant “has been convicted of
charges that mandate a term of 15 years to life in state prison. However, based on his
lack of criminal history[] and his complete co-operation with law enforcement[,] the
court should use its discretion and run all counts concurrently.” Defendant’s sentencing
memorandum also clearly pointed out that defendant was “ineligible for probation.” At
the sentencing hearing, neither the court nor the parties disputed the assertion that
defendant was not eligible for probation. Rather, the parties all agreed the court was
required to impose sentences of 15 years to life for each count under section 667.61,
subdivision (b), and the only dispute was whether those counts should run concurrently or
consecutively.
Moreover, when the trial court discussed defendant’s sentence it said, “[section]
667.61, as pointed out by the probation officer, does apply. Specifically, it’s
7 [subdivision] (b), which is the 15 to life provision. And that applies because under
[section] 667.61[, subdivision] (c)(8), lists the [section] 288[, subdivision] (a) as the
qualifying offense. [¶] . . . [¶] You look to see if there’s a qualifying enhancement under
[subdivision] (d) or (e). In this case, we have [subdivision] (e)(4) . . . defendant had been
convicted in the present case of committing an offense specified in subdivision (c)
against more than one victim. [¶] So that clearly points out that it is a 15 year to life
offense. I don’t have to get into determinate sentencing under [section] 1170, which is
what you typically do.” The court thereafter asked the parties, “So clear on that? Both
sides agree with that part?” Both the prosecutor and defense counsel replied in the
affirmative. The trial court subsequently discussed in length its discretion to impose
concurrent or consecutive sentences on each of the counts, finding it appropriate, after
analyzing the circumstances in aggravation and mitigation, to impose two consecutive
15-year-to-life terms for each of the victims, and the remaining counts concurrent.
The record here affirmatively shows that the trial court believed defendant was
statutorily ineligible for probation, which would mean the court applied the most recent
version of the law, and misunderstood the scope of its sentencing discretion at least as to
the five counts alleged to have occurred in 2005. Although prior to immediately
imposing the sentence the court in passing stated, “[s]o at this time probation will be
denied,” the record overwhelmingly supports defendant’s position that the trial court
believed it had no discretion to consider probation under the 2005 version of section
1203.066, subdivision (c). We nevertheless conclude that the error was harmless.
8 Although remand for proper exercise of a trial court’s discretion often is the
appropriate remedy when that court misunderstood the existence or scope of its discretion
(see, e.g., People v. Rodriguez (1998) 17 Cal.4th 253, 257, superseded by statute on
another ground as noted in People v. James (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 1147, 1149; People
v. Sherrick (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 657, 661), in the circumstances of this case
defendant cannot carry his burden to show the factors set forth in the 2005 version of
section 1203.066, subdivision (c), could be satisfied, and therefore it would be an abuse
of discretion for the trial court on remand to grant him probation. (People v. Bruce G.
(2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 1233, 1248 [“a remand for resentencing would be an idle act if it
would be an abuse of discretion to grant probation in this case”]; cf. People v. DeGuzman
(1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 1049, 1055 [“Whether the trial court believed it had discretion to
strike the alleged prior felony convictions or not, appellant has suffered no prejudice
since it would have been a manifest abuse of that discretion to exercise it on this
record.”].)
While defendant can show that he lived in the victims’ household during the time
the offenses were committed and that he was related to the victims (2005 § 1203.066,
subd. (c)(1)), defendant cannot show that a grant of probation was in the victims’ best
interest (2005 § 1203.066, subd. (c)(2)). There is also no evidence or argument presented
that defendant is amenable to undergoing treatment or that he would be placed in a
recognized treatment program designed to deal with child molestation. (2005
§ 1203.066, subd. (c)(3).)
9 The general presumption against a grant of probation in these types of cases may
be overcome and probation granted if the trial court makes all five findings under the
2005 version of section 1203.066, subdivision (c). Here, based on the trial court’s
comments at the sentencing hearing and lack of any factors identified in the 2005 version
of section 1203.066, subdivision (c), especially the best interest of the child, defendant
cannot show the court would have imposed probation had it known its discretionary
choice. Indeed, the trial court did not even believe a minimum of 15 years to life
was warranted in this case. The court stated, “I don’t think the minimum of 15 years to
life . . . captures what went on here. I think [] [defendant] has to understand although he
may be remorseful and may feel like he just threw his life away, to violate these little
girls the way he did is extremely serious. Extremely serious. And, you know, it’s not
anything that you can easily take back. They’ll live with this for the rest of their lives.”
The court also explained, “what I think is fair and warranted under the law and the Rules
of Court, because I have read them and considered them, would be to impose 15 to life
for each victim, which would be 30.” The court further noted, “I do think the victims are
entitled to separate and distinct sentencing for what they were put through and because of
the time and the length and the frequency for which they were offended by the defendant,
and that they were separate and distinct from one another over what I would consider to
be a substantial length of time. It seems to miss the whole point of imposing just one 15
to life. I think all of those things would warrant a sentence of two counts, one for each
victim, to go 15 to life consecutive to one another for a total of 30.”
10 There is no evidence on this record to show that defendant was entitled to a grant
of probation under the 2005 version of section 1203.066, subdivision (c). (See People v.
Lammey (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 92, 98 [“Here, appellant presented no evidence
regarding whether the child’s best interest required that he not be imprisoned . . . . Thus
appellant failed to carry his burden of persuading the court to grant probation.”].)
Alternatively stated, because there was no evidence under the circumstances of this case
on which the trial court could have found a grant of probation to defendant would have
been in the child victims’ best interest, the trial court did not prejudicially err by denying
him probation. Therefore, any misunderstanding the trial court had regarding the scope
of its discretion under the 2005 version of section 1203.066, subdivision (c), was
harmless, and remand for resentencing is unwarranted because a grant of probation based
on the record would be an abuse of discretion. (People v. Bruce G., supra, 97
Cal.App.4th at p. 1248; People v. DeGuzman, supra, 49 Cal.App.4th at p. 1055;
cf. People v. Lammey, supra, 216 Cal.App.3d at p. 98 [applying harmless error standard
of People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836 (Watson)]; People v. Gutierrez (1987)
195 Cal.App.3d 881, 884-885 [Resentencing not required despite trial court’s error
regarding interpretation of section 1203.066, subdivision (c)(1), because, applying
Watson, it was not reasonably probable the court would have found defendant eligible for
probation had the error not occurred.].)
In his supplemental letter brief, defendant argues that “[r]emand would not be
futile because, had the trial court exercised its discretion and found [defendant] qualified
for probation, it would then have had the discretion to either grant probation or impose a
11 determinate sentence.” However, as already discussed, the trial court could not have
granted probation based on this record. “[A] defendant has the burden to present
evidence showing that he is entitled to consideration for probation under subdivision (c)
of section 1203.066.” (People v. Groomes (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 84, 89; accord, People
v. Lammey, supra, 216 Cal.App.3d 92, 98.) Testimony indicated that defendant was the
victims’ cousin, satisfying subdivision (c)(1) of the 2005 version of section 1203.066.
However, the record does not present evidence as to the other requirements. Because
defendant did not satisfy this burden of proof under the 2005 version of section 1203.066,
subdivision (c), the trial court’s sentence was not in error. (People v. Lammey, supra, at
p. 98 [“the judgment should be affirmed on appeal due to appellant’s failure to present
any evidence regarding his eligibility for probation under subdivision (c)”].)
Recognizing that a defendant has the burden to present evidence to show
eligibility for probation under the 2005 version of section 1203.066, subdivision (c), in
his supplemental letter brief, defendant also asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective
for misunderstanding that he was statutorily ineligible for probation and thereby failing to
present evidence to show he qualified for probation. Nonetheless, even if evidence were
presented on this issue, defendant could not have satisfied all of the criteria listed in the
2005 version of section 1203.066, subdivision (c)(2). The 2005 version of section
1203.066, subdivision (c)(2) notes one of the factors that must be present for a court to
grant probation: when “[a] grant of probation to the defendant is in the best interest of
the child.” Jane Doe 1 was 17 and pregnant, at the time of the trial; and three months
12 short of being 18, at the time of sentencing.7 When the victim is no longer a child at the
time of sentencing, the sentencing court cannot logically make a determination that
probation would be “in the best interest of the child.” (2005 § 1203.066, subd. (c)(2); see
also People v. Wills (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 728, 740 [“We thus conclude the plain
language of former section 1203.066[, subd.] (c)(2)[,] evinces the Legislature’s intent that
a sentencing court shall have no authority, and thus no legal discretion, to grant probation
to a defendant . . . in a case in which the molestation victim is no longer a child at time
of sentencing.”].)
In People v. Wills, supra, 160 Cal.App.4th 728, the court explained that
“[t]he use of the present tense verb ‘is’ in [2005 version of section 1203.066,
subdivision (c)] . . . indicates a plain and clear legislative intent that the sentencing court
must evaluate the circumstances existing at the time of sentencing in determining whether
a grant of probation would be in the ‘best interest’ of the ‘child’ victim. Had the
Legislature intended that such a determination be based on circumstances that existed at
the time the defendant molested the victim, it easily could have so provided.” (People v.
Wills, at p. 737.) “Logically, where, as here, the victim is no longer a child at time of
sentencing, the sentencing court is unable to make a finding . . . that ‘[a] grant of
probation . . . is in the best interest of the child’ for the simple reason that there is no
child. In such a case, the sentencing court is unable to make ‘all’ of the findings
7Jane Doe 2 was 14 at the time of trial; however, the 2005 version of section 1203.066 did not apply as to Jane Doe 2 because the offenses were alleged to have been committed against Jane Doe 2 in or about December 2007.
13 specified in former subdivision (c) of section 1203.066, as required by that subdivision,
and thus is not authorized to grant probation” to a defendant found presumptively
ineligible for probation under subdivision (a) of that section. (People v. Wills, at pp. 737-
738.)
Because Jane Doe 1 was not a child when defendant was sentenced, the trial court
had no authority and therefore no legal discretion to grant him probation under the law in
effect when he committed his crimes against Jane Doe 1. (People v. Wills, supra,
160 Cal.App.4th at p. 737.) Accordingly, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to
present evidence to show his eligibility for probation under the 2005 version of
section 1203.066, subdivision (c).
“In assessing claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, we consider whether
counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under
prevailing professional norms and whether the defendant suffered prejudice to a
reasonable probability, that is, a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome. [Citations.]” (People v. Carter (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1166, 1211.) However, we
may reject a defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim without considering
defense counsel’s performance if the defendant fails to show prejudice. (People v.
Mendoza (2000) 24 Cal.4th 130, 164.)
Here, as discussed above, the trial court had no authority and thereby no legal
discretion to grant defendant probation under the 2005 version of section 1203.066,
subdivision (c). Further, the court’s comments indicate that because of the seriousness of
defendant’s offenses it would not have granted him probation even if it were required to
14 make any findings in order to do so. In view of this, we find that it is not reasonably
probable that the court would have granted defendant probation even if his trial counsel
had understood he was statutorily eligible for probation or presented evidence to show he
qualified for probation or argued for a grant of probation. Thus, we reject defendant’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim because defendant has not shown how he was
prejudiced by his defense counsel’s conduct.
The trial court here read the probation report, the sentencing memorandum filed
by defendant, the statements of defendant and his family, and heard the testimony at trial.
The above evidence, as well as the argument of the prosecutor and defense counsel,
combined with the mitigating and aggravating factors, was sufficient to support the trial
court’s denial of probation.
It follows that defendant’s sentence did not violate ex post facto principles. When
defendant committed his crimes, he was subject to the One Strike Law “unless [he]
qualifie[d] for probation under subdivision (c) of Section 1203.066.” (2006 § 667.61,
subd. (c)(7).) The record affirmatively establishes that he could not meet the
requirements for probation or that defendant was entitled to a grant of probation under the
2005 version of section 1203.066, subdivision (c). The One Strike Law in effect at the
time of his crimes mandated a term of 15 years to life for each of his crimes against Jane
Doe 1. (2006 § 667.61, subds. (b), (e)(5).) Thus, his sentence did not subject him to
greater punishment than the law at the time of his crimes allowed. Our conclusion is the
same even if we assume that the trial court improperly sentenced defendant under the
current rather than the applicable version of the One Strike Law. As applicable here,
15 both versions mandated the same sentence. Thus, to the extent any sentencing error
occurred, it was harmless under any standard of review.
III
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ P. J. We concur:
HOLLENHORST J.
McKINSTER J.