2017 IL App (3d) 140881
Opinion filed May 9, 2017 ____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ILLINOIS, ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, ) Will County, Illinois. Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-14-0881 v. ) Circuit No. 13-CF-100
)
BETHANY L. McKEE, ) The Honorable
) Gerald R. Kinney, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE McDADE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Carter and Schmidt concurred in the judgment and opinion.
____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 The defendant, Bethany L. McKee, was convicted of two counts of first degree murder
(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2012)) following a bench trial and was sentenced to natural life
imprisonment. On appeal, McKee raises an as-applied constitutional challenge to her sentence.
We affirm.
¶ 2 FACTS ¶3 On April 25, 2013, the State charged McKee, Adam Landerman, Alisa Massaro, and
Joshua Miner by superseding indictment with six counts of first degree murder in connection
with the strangulation deaths of Eric Glover and Terrance Rankins.
¶4 The circuit court held a bench trial in August 2014 at which the evidence presented
tended to establish the following facts.
¶5 On January 10, 2013, at shortly before 4:00 p.m., McKee’s father placed a call to the
police to report two dead individuals in the residence occupied by Alisa Massaro and her father,
Phillip. When the police responded, they first had contact with Massaro, who said there were two
other individuals hiding in the house—Miner was hiding upstairs and Landerman was hiding
downstairs. One officer found Miner upstairs where the two bodies were located; both bodies
were face down and showed signs of rigor mortis. One of the bodies was lying on top of black
garbage bags that had been separated at the seams with its head wrapped in a plastic grocery bag.
The head on the other body had been wrapped in a red plastic bag and was resting on a pillow.
Miner told police that he had killed one of the men and Landerman had killed the other.
Eventually, the police also discovered Landerman in the house.
¶6 McKee was not at the scene, but she was located driving her vehicle in Kankakee; she
was stopped and taken into custody in connection with the murders. At the police station, when a
detective told McKee that he wanted to speak with her, she said she wanted to talk, that she
wanted to tell the truth, and that she wanted to know how much time she would get for being an
accessory to murder. McKee was taken into an interview room, read her Miranda rights (which
she waived), and interrogated. A recording of the interrogation was introduced into evidence.
¶7 In January 2013, McKee and her 15-month old daughter were staying in Massaro’s
residence in Joliet. Massaro occupied the second floor, while her father lived on the first floor.
¶8 On the night of January 9, 2013, Miner, who was Massaro’s boyfriend, and Landerman
were hanging out with McKee and Massaro at Massaro’s residence. Short on money to buy
alcohol and cigarettes, the group began discussing how to come up with some money. McKee
had received a text from Rankins, who asked her if she wanted to drink alcohol with him and his
friend, Glover. McKee mentioned to the group that Rankins always carried a large amount of
cash, as he had two days earlier when she and Massaro had contacted him to buy them alcohol.
Thereafter, the group began discussing a plot to rob Rankins.
¶9 Miner stated that he could beat up and kill Rankins and Glover, and then steal their
money. Landerman volunteered to help him. McKee indicated in her interview that she did not
think anything was going to happen, but she also admitted that she went along with the plan.
¶ 10 McKee contacted Rankins, luring him and Glover to the residence. The group set up a
signal to indicate when McKee and Massaro were to leave the room so Miner and Landerman
could put the plan into action.
¶ 11 Rankins was with Glover when McKee contacted him. She led Rankins to believe that he
and Glover were coming over to party with her and Massaro. When the two men arrived, the
group began drinking and playing video games. After some time had passed, Miner gave the
prearranged signal, so McKee picked up her daughter and left the upstairs apartment. Massaro
also left.
¶ 12 McKee and Massaro went downstairs, where Massaro’s father was sleeping on a couch.
He was awakened by a loud noise coming from upstairs and was told that two men were moving
a broken television. He threatened to call the police if the noise did not cease, and Massaro went
to the door at the top of the stairs, saying she would tell the two men to be quiet. The door was
locked, however, and Massaro heard Miner say “die, die.” 1 The noise stopped shortly thereafter.
¶ 13 McKee and Massaro left to drop McKee’s daughter at another residence. When they
returned, Miner and Landerman were still there and Rankins and Glover were lying stacked on
the floor in one of the rooms. The bodies were later moved to the positions in which they were
found by police.
¶ 14 McKee denied searching the bodies, but she acknowledged having been given some
money by Miner, which she used for gas. She also searched Glover’s vehicle and took several
items, including compact discs, stuffed animals, and a pair of baby boots. The group left the
residence and bought cigarettes and cocaine with the money taken from the Rankins and Glover.
When they returned, they used the cocaine. They also kicked the bodies and hit them with an
empty liquor bottle, although McKee said during her interrogation that she, at the insistence of
Miner, kicked only one of the bodies one time. Also during that interrogation, McKee became
upset when it was suggested to her that not all of the roughly $120 obtained from the robbery had
been shared with her.
¶ 15 The next day, the group discussed what to do with the bodies. They talked of cutting
them up and disposing of the parts, and Miner even brought over tools for that purpose. Miner
also talked about cutting the face, with attached scalp, from one body and wearing it over his
face—a suggestion which McKee admitted made the group laugh. McKee then proposed calling
her father because he would know how to dispose of the bodies. The group agreed on that plan.
McKee called her father, who said he would help her, but instead he called the police.
1 Massaro testified at McKee’s trial in exchange for the State dropping the first degree murder charges against her and her guilty plea to two counts of robbery and two counts of concealment of a homicidal death. Massaro was sentenced to a total of 10 years of imprisonment as a part of the plea deal. 4
¶ 16 The circuit court announced its decision on August 29, 2014. Citing the common-design
rule and numerous cases, the court analyzed the question of McKee’s guilt on the basis of
accountability. In part, the court found:
“A review of [the] facts show a stunning lack of concern for the
consequences of taking two human lives. The facts established at
the trial indicate Ms. McKee played a key role in getting the
victims over to the Massaro residence, knowing that the groups’
intent was to commit the offense of robbery. She left the room
when signaled so that the robbery could begin. She went
downstairs and, when confronted by Phillip Massaro, lied to him
regarding what was occurring in the upstairs apartment. She, along
with Alisa Massaro, convinced Mr. Massaro to stay downstairs and
not interrupt what was occurring on the second floor. After the
victims were subdued, she participated in discussions with the
other defendants and implicates herself in her statement that she
felt that it was important that these bodies be removed from the
premises by saying ‘you got to get them out of here.’ The money,
that was the proceeds of the robbery, was used by this Defendant
to obtain cigarettes and gas for her vehicle. She also participated in
the drug use that occurred from the proceeds of the robbery. She
assisted other individuals in helping place a Jewel bag over the
head of Terrance Rankins and holding a lamp so that the bag could
be placed on the victim’s head. She clearly indicates in her
statement that she knew there was going to be at the very least a
fight and a robbery if Rankins came over. She also seemed upset in
her interview when she realizes that there was probably more
money stolen from these victims than she was told. She
volunteered to search the vehicle of Eric Glover and removed from
that vehicle stuffed animals, CDs, apparently for her use or her
child’s use.”
The court also found:
“This Defendant had numerous opportunities to take steps to
withdraw from the common criminal plan. She had her own
vehicle at the residence, so she could have taken her child with her
at any time and left. While texting Rankins, she could have taken
steps to prevent him from even coming over to the house. When
she was speaking with Phillip Massaro, she could have asked for
his intervention to prevent the crime from occurring. When she left
the residence to take her child away from the scene of the crime,
she could have summoned the police. When she spoke to her
father, she shows no discontinuation of her involvement with these
individuals, but simply seeks his assistance to remove the bodies
from the residence.”
Accordingly, the court found that McKee was guilty by way of accountability of the first degree
murders of Rankins and Glover.
¶ 17 On November 4, 2014, the circuit court held a sentencing hearing. Testimony at the
hearing disclosed that McKee had been raped when she was 14 years old. The rapist also cut her
face and chest with a knife over 200 times. In addition, McKee allegedly suffered from
depression, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and post-traumatic stress
disorder, and she had a history of cutting herself. She had been hospitalized nine times for her
mental health issues—once for 89 days. She also had taken medication for her issues, but they
were ineffective. In addition, McKee had transferred from a public high school to a therapeutic
school to help her with her issues. Further, when McKee was still 14 but after the rape, she was
missing for 14 days. When she was found, it was learned that, during those 14 days, she had been
forced into prostitution, drugged, and beaten.
¶ 18 During arguments, defense counsel acknowledged that the statutory scheme mandated a
natural life sentence for McKee, but he argued that the imposition of that sentence would violate
the constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.
¶ 19 At the close of the hearing, the court commented that it believed this case exemplified
why the legislative imposition of mandatory sentencing was problematic. McKee only aided and
abetted, yet she was subject to the same penalty as the actual murderers. The court noted that it
wished it had discretion to fashion a more appropriate sentence for McKee, but because the
legislature had removed that discretion, it was compelled to sentence her to natural life
imprisonment on her two first-degree murder convictions.
¶ 20 McKee filed a motion to reconsider sentence in which she argued that her sentence was
unconstitutional because it was cruel and unusual, in violation of the eighth amendment, and
because it violated the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. Regarding the
latter argument, McKee pointed out that one of her codefendants, Massaro, received only 10
years of prison time on two convictions for robbery and two convictions for concealment of a
homicidal death. The court denied the motion, and McKee appealed.
¶ 21 ANALYSIS
¶ 22 On appeal, McKee argues that her natural life sentence is unconstitutional as applied to
her particular circumstance. She does not challenge the validity of her two first degree murder
convictions or the fact that section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) mandates a natural life sentence for first
degree murder involving more than one victim. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) (West 2012).
Rather, she claims that her natural life sentence both constitutes cruel and unusual punishment
under the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend VIII) and
violates the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. 1,
§ 11).
¶ 23 The Illinois Supreme Court has held that section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) can be constitutionally
applied to adult accomplices. People v. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328, 337 (2002). Miller also held that,
while there is not a blanket dispensation from the mandatory sentence for juveniles, the statute is
vulnerable to a properly supported, as-applied constitutional challenge by a juvenile. Id. at 341.
More recently, the First District found an as-applied constitutional challenge to the statute valid
where, given the particular facts of the case, the mandatory natural life sentence of a 19-year-old
adult shocked the conscience of the community. People v. House, 2015 IL App (1st) 110580,
¶ 101. It is the challenging party’s burden to establish the constitutional invalidity of a statute.
Miller, 202 Ill. 2d at 335. “[A]n as-applied challenge requires a showing that the statute violates
the constitution as it applies to the facts and circumstances of the challenging party.” People v.
Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 36. Further, the constitutionality of a statute presents a question of
law that we review de novo. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d at 335.
¶ 24 In the instant case, McKee, who was 18 and an adult at the time of the crime, asks that we
follow the First District’s decision in House and find the statute unconstitutional as applied to her
and vacate her sentence of mandatory natural life.
¶ 25 The eighth amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual
punishments. U.S. Const., amend. VIII. 2 Cruel and unusual punishments include those that are
“disproportionate to the crime.” Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59 (2010). The proportionate
penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution is coextensive with the federal Constitution’s eighth
amendment and states that “[a]ll penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness
of the offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill. Const.
1970, art. I, § 11; In re Rodney H., 223 Ill. 2d 510, 518 (2006). One of the forms of
proportionality review that exists in Illinois states that “[a] statute may be deemed
unconstitutionally disproportionate if *** the punishment for the offense is cruel, degrading, or
so wholly disproportionate to the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community.” Miller,
202 Ill. 2d at 338.
¶ 26 McKee cites to Miller and House in support of her argument. In Miller, our supreme
court held that section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) was unconstitutional as applied to the juvenile
defendant. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d at 341. The court ruled that a natural life sentence in that case
“grossly distort[ed] the factual realties of the case and [did] not accurately represent defendant’s
personal culpability such that it shock[ed] the moral sense of the community.” Id. at 341. The
court described those factual realities as “a 15-year-old with one minute to contemplate his
decision to participate in the incident and stood as a lookout during the shooting, but never
2 The eighth amendment is applicable to the states via the fourteenth amendment. U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407, 419 (2008). 9
handled a gun,” which resulted in the juvenile receiving the same sentence as the actual shooter.
Id.
¶ 27 The instant case is readily distinguishable from Miller. The Miller court stated that even a
juvenile accomplice could be sentenced to natural life imprisonment. Id. While McKee was only
18 at the time of the murders, she was nonetheless an adult, unlike the juvenile defendant in
Miller. In addition, McKee did not join in the crime at the last minute or play only a peripheral
role, such as a lookout like Miller. Rather, she actively participated in the planning of the
robbery. She made the initial suggestion to rob Rankins; she lured Rankins and Glover to
Massaro’s residence; she helped conceal what was happening from Massaro’s father; she stole
items from Glover’s car after he was dead; she accepted proceeds from the robbery and later
complained because she might not have gotten her fair share; she participated in insults, although
possibly unwillingly, to the bodies of the victims; and she sought the help of her father in
disposing of the bodies. Under these circumstances, Miller is of no avail to McKee.
¶ 28 In House, the 19-year-old defendant was present and armed at the time the victims were
forced into a vehicle at gunpoint, and he also served as a lookout at the time the victims were
shot. House, 2015 IL App (1st) 110580, ¶ 84. The First District found that the defendant’s young
age was an important factor to consider, and the court cited to scientific research that indicated
the young adult brain did not fully develop until the mid-20s. Id. ¶¶ 89, 95. The court also noted
that the defendant did not aid in the planning of the crime (id. ¶ 89), had no criminal history of
violent crimes, never knew his father (and his mother died when he was 18), was raised by his
maternal grandmother, and did not graduate from high school (id. ¶ 101). Thus, the First District
concluded that the defendant’s sentence shocked the moral sense of the community and was
unconstitutional as applied to him. Id.
¶ 29 While some similarities exist between the involvement of McKee and the defendant in
House, the differences are significant enough that we do not believe the same result is warranted
in this case. McKee actively participated in the planning of the crimes; she was not just
complicit, she was an instigator. While it is true that she did not personally participate in the
murders, it must be noted that she was aware that murder was at least a possibility and an
intended consequence of their plan. During the planning of the crimes, Miner stated that he could
kill Rankins and Glover, and Landerman stated that he could help. Then, the group decided on a
signal that, when given, indicated to McKee and Massaro that they were to leave the room so the
two men could carry out their part. Further, after the robbery and murders were committed,
McKee took part in the distribution of the proceeds and the discussion of options for
dismembering and disposing of the bodies, as previously described. It was only due to the
intervention of McKee’s father that actual disposal of the bodies was thwarted. In sum, McKee’s
factual culpability for these crimes was much greater than that of House.
¶ 30 We acknowledge that McKee’s personal history includes significant mental health issues
and at least two extended and extremely tragic and traumatizing experiences as a 14-year-old.
These experiences may well have arrested her maturation and exacerbated her mental health
issues. We are also aware, as was the First District when it decided House, that research shows
the 18-year-old brain, even without trauma, is not fully mature. We appreciate the trial court’s
frustration at being forced by section 5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) to impose what it believed, given all of
the circumstances, to be an unjustifiably harsh sentence.
¶ 31 The legislature has, however, evidenced its intent to bar consideration of those factors by
withholding all discretion from the courts to impose any sentence more lenient than natural life
upon conviction of more than one first-degree murder. The supreme court found in Miller that
the statutory penalty is too harsh to impose on selected juveniles; that its imposition can, in some
situations, shock the moral sense of the community. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d at 341. Where, as here,
the wrongdoer is legally an adult, played a critical role in developing the criminal plan, and was
actively complicit in the execution of the robbery that resulted in the deaths of two men, we do
not see that McKee has met her burden of establishing that her natural life sentence would shock
the moral conscience of the community and was, therefore, unconstitutional as applied. Nor,
given the facts of this case, do we see ourselves as authorized to reduce on appeal a sentence the
circuit court was statutorily compelled to impose.
¶ 32 CONCLUSION
¶ 33 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed.
¶ 34 Affirmed.