2021 IL App (5th) 170259 NOTICE Decision filed 05/26/21. The text of this decision may be NO. 5-17-0259 changed or corrected prior to the filing of a Peti ion for IN THE Rehearing or the disposition of the same. APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Madison County. ) v. ) No. 16-CF-85 ) TAMON FORD, ) Honorable ) Neil T. Schroeder, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CATES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justice Welch concurred in the judgment and opinion. Justice Wharton dissented, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a bench trial, the defendant, Tamon Ford, was convicted of first degree murder
(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a), (b) (West 2016)). The defendant was 18 years old at the time of the offense.
The trial court sentenced the defendant to an aggregate term of 55 years in the Illinois Department
of Corrections (IDOC). On appeal, the defendant challenges the constitutionality of his sentence.
Specifically, the defendant argues that he was sentenced to a de facto life sentence in violation of
the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII) and the
proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11) as applied
to the defendant. The defendant requests that we vacate his sentence and remand this case for a
new sentencing hearing. Alternatively, the defendant requests that this court find his sentence is
1 excessive and exercise our authority under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(4) (eff. Jan. 1,
1967) to reduce his sentence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 A grand jury indicted the defendant on two counts of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1
(West 2016)). Count I alleged that the defendant, without lawful justification and with the intent
to kill or do great bodily harm to the victim, shot the victim by personally discharging a firearm
thereby causing the victim’s death (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2016)). In the alternative, count II
alleged that the defendant, without lawful justification, personally discharged a firearm in the
direction of the victim knowing that such act created a strong probability of death or great bodily
harm to the victim, thereby causing the victim’s death (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2016)). The
relevant facts giving rise to the indictment are as follows.
¶4 On January 11, 2016, the defendant was with his friend D’Marlo Smith smoking marijuana
at Smith’s house. Their friend, Arthur Hinton, arrived at Smith’s house after school. Smith testified
that Hinton had been involved in a dispute on Facebook with an individual named Keith Sanders
over rap music. Sanders claimed on Facebook that Hinton had “dissed on [Sanders’s] block” in
Hinton’s rap music. The disagreement escalated to the point where Hinton and Sanders wanted to
fight. Sanders informed Hinton via Facebook that Sanders would be at the Alton Acres community
center. Smith commented on the Facebook post that “we was gonna slide out there and fight.”
Sanders’s friend, Tyrai London, also joined the posts on Facebook and began arguing with Smith.
Hinton contacted Christian West, who was with Eric Carter and Jaquon Ammonnette, and asked
them to meet at Smith’s house. West, Carter, and Ammonnette subsequently arrived at Smith’s
house in a red car.
2 ¶5 Once at Smith’s house, the defendant and his friends planned to travel to Alton Acres to
confront Sanders. Hinton testified that the plan was to scare Sanders by shooting in the air. Both
the defendant and Carter had guns. The defendant’s gun was loaded with three bullets, but Carter’s
gun was unloaded. The defendant and his five associates got into the red car and traveled to Alton
Acres. Carter drove the car and the defendant sat in the back seat on the driver’s side, against the
door. When the group arrived at Alton Acres, Carter drove toward Paul Street. After he turned
onto Paul Street, Carter increased the speed of his vehicle. As Carter did so, the defendant climbed
out of the rear driver’s side window and began shooting over the roof of the car toward the Alton
Acres community center.
¶6 London, who was present in a parking lot near the community center, testified that he heard
someone yelling obscenities and then heard gunshots. London saw that the shooter had dreadlocks
and was “hanging over” a red car while shooting the gun. Other witnesses also testified that they
saw an individual sitting on the rear driver side window of a red car, firing a gun over the roof of
the car toward the Alton Acres community center. When London was interviewed by the police,
he identified three of the car’s occupants: the defendant, Hinton, and Smith. London knew these
individuals from high school and indicated that the defendant had dreadlock style hair.
¶7 After the defendant and his cohorts sped off in the automobile, witness Hassan Perry saw
the victim lying on the ground and left to tell the victim’s mother that the victim had either been
shot or fainted. Witness Randy Donald ran to the victim and noted he was conscious. Donald
picked up the victim, took him into the community center, and laid him on a table. The victim’s
mother came into the community center, and it was discovered that the victim had been shot. The
victim was subsequently taken to the hospital and died as a result of a gunshot wound to the chest.
3 ¶8 The defendant testified that he did not commit the shooting and denied being present in the
red car with Hinton, Smith, Carter, Ammonnette, and West at the time of the shooting. The
defendant claimed that he did not want to be involved in Hinton’s “beef” with Sanders and had
been let out of the car prior to the shooting. The defendant alleged that he was being framed
because the others were mad at him for leaving. The defendant also testified, however, that he
“[took] the charge” for his associates because he thought it would make him famous in the rap
industry if he beat a murder charge.
¶9 The trial court found the defendant guilty of first degree murder, specifically finding that
the defendant personally discharged a firearm that proximately caused the death of another person.
The trial court ordered that a presentence investigation report (PSI) be prepared, and the case was
subsequently set for sentencing. Prior to sentencing, the defendant filed a posttrial motion for a
new trial.
¶ 10 The PSI contained information concerning the defendant’s offense and background.
Attached to the PSI were the defendant’s high school records, a discharge summary from Chestnut
Health Systems, and a mental health and a substance abuse assessment. Also attached were victim
impact statements from the victim’s family. The PSI and its attachments revealed that the
defendant easily lost his temper and had a history of conflicts with peers at school, often
threatening to hurt others. This required the school to change students’ schedules to ensure their
safety. It was also reported that the defendant threatened harm to and intimidated school staff,
lacked empathy for others, had a history of lying, and failed to accept responsibility for actions,
preferring to blame others.
¶ 11 The defendant’s criminal record indicated that he had juvenile adjudications for aggravated
battery of a school employee, burglary, property damage, residential burglary, and several
4 probation violations. The defendant’s juvenile record showed that he was released from juvenile
detention on October 1, 2015, the defendant’s eighteenth birthday.
¶ 12 In the PSI, the defendant reported that he had taken medications in the past for attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attention deficit
disorder (ADD), depression, and mood swings. The defendant had also been seen by several
psychiatrists over the years. He was admitted to the Kettler Center and was referred to Wellspring
Resources, Chestnut Health Systems for the Mental Health Juvenile Justice program, and
“RAVEN” but was resistant to counseling services. The defendant disclosed that he had attempted
to harm himself on multiple occasions and attempted suicide six times. He stated that he “gets real
depressed for no reason” and has cut his wrists and burned himself in the past. The defendant
added that he frequently talks to himself and hears “things sometimes.” The defendant also
disclosed that his mother’s first husband abused the defendant as a child.
¶ 13 While the defendant denied drinking alcohol regularly, the defendant reported that he
began smoking marijuana at the age of 10. When not in juvenile custody, the defendant admitted
to daily use of marijuana, “heavy” pill usage, regular use of ecstasy and psilocybin mushrooms,
and drinking “Lean,” also known as liquid heroin. The defendant received inpatient and outpatient
treatment for substance abuse, but the treatment was unsuccessful. When the defendant was
released from juvenile custody, he returned to his regular drug usage.
¶ 14 At sentencing, the defendant faced a sentencing range of 45 years to life in IDOC. See 730
ILCS 5/5-4.5-20(a) (West 2016) (statutory range for first degree murder); 730 ILCS 5/5-8-
1(a)(1)(d)(iii) (West 2016) (statutory range for firearm enhancement). The State elected not to
present any evidence but asked the trial court to consider the PSI. The victim’s mother read a
victim impact statement. The defendant did not present evidence but did make a statement in
5 allocution. In his statement, the defendant admitted to being in the car but denied being the shooter.
The defendant appeared to blame another individual named “Oshon (ph.),” but the defendant had
been reluctant to “tell on him” and “bring him into the situation.”
¶ 15 After the defendant’s statement in allocution, the State presented its sentencing argument.
The State began by highlighting the fact that an 11-year-old child, who was an innocent bystander,
died because of an ongoing rap dispute between high schoolers. The State contended that the
defendant refused to accept responsibility for the shooting, despite the overwhelming evidence
that he was the shooter. The State submitted that the defendant’s belief that a murder charge could
make him famous evidenced that the defendant placed little value on the seriousness of the offense
and the fact that a child’s life was taken. The State pointed to the PSI and argued that rehabilitation
was not appropriate for the defendant, given his history and characteristics, substance abuse
history, and juvenile record. The State argued that the defendant was just 3 months and 10 days
past his eighteenth birthday and that it was “no surprise” the defendant committed the offense. The
State added that the defendant showed no remorse and preferred to blame others, as his past
evaluations had shown. The State alleged that the defendant wears this case as “a badge of honor
for street credibility.” The State asserted that incapacitation of the defendant was necessary to
protect others from the defendant. The State noted that the defendant would have been eligible for
an extended term sentence because the victim was a minor, but the defendant was already facing
life because of the available sentencing range. The State argued that the defendant destroyed a
family and that the trial court should consider the defendant’s history of delinquency and the need
to deter others in aggravation of the defendant’s sentence. The State asked the trial court to
sentence the defendant to an aggregate term of 70 years in IDOC, 45 years for first degree murder
and an additional 25 years for the firearm enhancement.
6 ¶ 16 For the defense, trial counsel argued that everyone in the car on the day of the shooting
was responsible for the shooting. Trial counsel also argued that the facts did not show the defendant
was “out there acting as a tough thug and acting as if he was indifferent and callous towards what
took place.” Trial counsel submitted that the defendant did not make the plan to go to Alton Acres
and that the dispute at issue did not involve the defendant. Trial counsel stated that he was very
familiar with the defendant and had represented him for most of the defendant’s juvenile cases.
Trial counsel acknowledged that the defendant had a temper and behavior problems, was a troubled
child who had been abused when he was 12 years old, and was not acting like a 19-year-old 1 who
respects people. Looking at the factors in mitigation, trial counsel argued that the defendant did
not contemplate his conduct would cause or threaten serious physical harm to another. Trial
counsel continued that the defendant had substantial grounds tending to excuse or justify his
conduct. Trial counsel asserted that the defendant did not have the best life and, if sentenced to the
minimum term of 45 years in IDOC, would be released when he is 64 years old, if he survives.
Trial counsel further argued that the State was seeking an “in prison death penalty.” Ultimately,
trial counsel requested the trial court sentence the defendant to 45 years in IDOC.
¶ 17 After hearing arguments from the parties regarding an appropriate sentence, the trial court
indicated that it had considered the evidence at trial, the PSI and its attachments, the financial
impact of incarceration, as well as the defendant’s history, character, attitude, and statement in
allocution. The trial court also stated that it had considered the factors in aggravation and
mitigation that applied to the defendant’s case and could not be vindictive or take retribution for
the victim. The trial court then sentenced the defendant to an aggregate of 55 years in IDOC—30
years for first degree murder plus an additional 25 years for personally discharging a firearm that
1 At the time of sentencing, the defendant was 19 years old. 7 proximately caused the death of another person—followed by 3 years of mandatory supervised
release. No postsentencing motion to reconsider or challenge the constitutionality of the
defendant’s sentence was filed. This appeal followed.
¶ 18 ANALYSIS
¶ 19 The defendant contends that his 55-year sentence is a de facto life sentence that violates
the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties clause as applied to him. The defendant asks
this court to vacate his sentence and remand his case for a new sentencing hearing. The State
responds that the defendant’s constitutional challenge is premature because the record is not
sufficiently developed for our review. The State further argues that, even if we considered the
merits of the defendant’s claim, his sentence is not unconstitutional under either the eighth
amendment or the proportionate penalties clause.
¶ 20 The defendant’s as-applied challenge is premised on a line of cases providing heightened
protections to juveniles in sentencing. See Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 574-75 (2005) (eighth
amendment prohibits death penalty for juveniles who commit homicide); Graham v. Florida, 560
U.S. 48, 82 (2010) (eighth amendment prohibits mandatory life without parole sentences for
juveniles who commit nonhomicide offenses); Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 479 (2012)
(eighth amendment prohibits mandatory life without parole sentences for juvenile offenders
convicted of homicide). Miller does not, however, prohibit life sentences for juvenile offenders
who are the “the rarest of juvenile offenders, those whose crimes reflect permanent incorrigibility.”
Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190, 209 (2016).
¶ 21 Our supreme court has since expanded the protections in Miller to juveniles receiving
de facto life sentences:
8 “A mandatory term-of-years sentence that cannot be served in one lifetime has the
same practical effect on a juvenile defendant’s life as would an actual mandatory sentence
of life without parole—in either situation, the juvenile will die in prison. Miller makes clear
that a juvenile may not be sentenced to a mandatory, unsurvivable prison term without first
considering in mitigation his youth, immaturity, and potential for rehabilitation.” People v.
Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 9.
After Reyes, our supreme court determined that a prison term of 40 years or more for a juvenile
offender is a de facto life sentence. People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 40.
¶ 22 In People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40, our supreme court again extended the
protections in Miller to discretionary life without parole sentences for juveniles. The court stated
that “[l]ife sentences, whether mandatory or discretionary, for juvenile defendants are
disproportionate and violate the eighth amendment, unless the trial court considers youth and its
attendant characteristics.” Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40. Pursuant to Holman, a juvenile
defendant may only be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole if the trial court determines
that the defendant’s conduct demonstrated “irretrievable depravity, permanent incorrigibility, or
irreparable corruption beyond the possibility of rehabilitation.” Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 46.
¶ 23 Here, the defendant seeks to extend the sentencing protections afforded to juvenile
offenders to his case where the defendant was 18 years, 3 months old at the time of the offense.
The defendant asserts that his sentence is unconstitutional under both the eighth amendment and
the proportionate penalties clause as applied to him because the trial court imposed a 55-year
de facto life sentence without any meaningful consideration of the defendant’s youth and its
attendant characteristics, his rehabilitative potential, or without making a finding of permanent
9 incorrigibility. The defendant argues that there is little distinction between juvenile offenders and
those who are barely over the age of 18.
¶ 24 An as-applied challenge to a defendant’s sentence requires a showing that his sentence is
unconstitutional as it applies to the specific facts and circumstances of the defendant’s case. People
v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 38. For purposes of appellate review, it is paramount that the record
is sufficiently developed because all as-applied challenges are dependent on the specific facts and
circumstances of the individual raising the challenge. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 39.
¶ 25 In Harris, the defendant was convicted of first degree murder, attempted first degree
murder, and aggravated battery with a firearm and was sentenced to a mandatory minimum
aggregate sentence of 76 years in IDOC. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 1. At the time of the offenses,
the defendant was 18 years, 3 months old. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 1. At the defendant’s
sentencing hearing, the defendant presented mitigating evidence, which included that the
defendant had no prior criminal history, obtained his general education diploma (GED) and several
educational achievement certificates while in pretrial custody, and had a stable and supportive
family. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 16. In sentencing the defendant, the trial court indicated that it
had considered the statutory sentencing factors and stated, “ ‘This is a serious case. I am sorry that
the sentencing parameters are such that my options are somewhat limited. Although, I do feel you
should be treated seriously.’ ” Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 16.
¶ 26 On appeal, the defendant in Harris challenged his sentence under the eighth amendment
and the proportionate penalties clause. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 17. The appellate court rejected
the defendant’s facial challenge pursuant to the eighth amendment but vacated his sentence under
the proportionate penalties clause and remanded the case for resentencing. Harris, 2018 IL
121932, ¶ 18. Our supreme court, however, found that the defendant’s as-applied challenge under
10 the proportionate penalties clause was premature because the trial court record had not been
sufficiently developed. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 46. The supreme court specifically noted that
the record did not contain evidence or findings of fact from the trial court about how the evolving
science on juvenile maturity and brain development, which helped form the basis for the Miller
decision, applied to the defendant’s specific facts and circumstances. Harris, 2018 IL 121932,
¶ 46. Consequently, our supreme court found that the defendant’s as-applied challenge was
premature. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 46.
¶ 27 In a recent decision, this court, following our supreme court’s guidance in Harris, declined
to consider an 18-year-old defendant’s as-applied proportionate penalties clause challenge to his
discretionary 51-year sentence because the record had not been sufficiently developed in the trial
court. People v. Harris, 2020 IL App (5th) 160454, ¶ 72. In that case, the defendant was convicted
of first degree murder and found to have personally discharged a firearm that resulted in the
victim’s death. Harris, 2020 IL App (5th) 160454, ¶ 72. Prior to the defendant’s sentencing, a PSI
was submitted which contained information concerning the defendant’s offense, criminal history,
education and employment history, marital and family information, substance abuse experience,
and physical and mental health history. Harris, 2020 IL App (5th) 160454, ¶ 32. At the sentencing
hearing, the defendant presented additional evidence in mitigation regarding his background, lack
of criminal history, and education. Harris, 2020 IL App (5th) 160454, ¶ 33. The defendant did not,
however, make any constitutional challenge to his sentence or offer any evidence as to how the
emerging science regarding juvenile maturity and brain development applied to him. Harris, 2020
IL App (5th) 160454, ¶ 72. Accordingly, we declined to review the defendant’s as-applied
constitutional challenge. Harris, 2020 IL App (5th) 160454, ¶ 72.
11 ¶ 28 Here, the defendant did not raise any as-applied constitutional challenge or offer any
evidence at sentencing. The only information regarding the defendant’s background was contained
in the PSI and its attachments. The defendant also did not file a postsentencing motion raising any
constitutional challenge to his sentence. Thus, the record does not contain evidence or findings
from the trial court as to how the evolving science on juvenile maturity and brain development
applied to the defendant’s specific facts and circumstances. 2 Because the record before this court
is not sufficiently developed, we may not consider the defendant’s as-applied challenge because it
is premature. Consistent with our supreme court’s decision in Harris, however, “ ‘we do not intend
for our disposition to preclude defendant from advancing his claim through other available
proceedings.’ ” Harris, 2020 IL App (5th) 160454, ¶ 72 (quoting People v. Figueroa, 2020 IL App
(2d) 160650, ¶ 89); see also Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 48.
¶ 29 As an alternative remedy, the defendant asks this court to find that his sentence is excessive
and reduce his sentence pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(4) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967). The
power to reduce a sentence should be exercised cautiously and sparingly, and we will not alter a
defendant’s sentence unless the trial court abused its discretion. People v. Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d
205, 212 (2010). A trial court abuses its discretion where the sentence is considerably at variance
with the spirit and purpose of the law or manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense.
Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d at 212.
2 The impact of the dissent in this case would be to require trial courts to consider the Miller factors in all cases involving young adult defendants even without any evidence or argument from the defendant that Miller applies. That is not, however, the current state of the law. As an adult, Miller does not apply directly to the defendant’s circumstances. See Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 45. In fact, the current state of the law does not require a Miller-compliant hearing for adults. To do as the dissent suggests, would be to require a new sentencing hearing in almost every case involving a young adult defendant.
12 ¶ 30 Accordingly, the trial court has broad discretion in imposing a sentence. Alexander, 239
Ill. 2d at 212. We give great deference to the trial court’s sentencing decisions because the trial
court, having observed the defendant and the proceedings, is in a superior position to weigh factors
such as the defendant’s credibility, demeanor, general moral character, mentality, social
environment, habits, and age. Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d at 212-13. A reviewing court must not
substitute its judgment for the trial court’s merely because the reviewing court would have weighed
these factors differently. Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d at 213.
¶ 31 Here, the testimony adduced at trial showed that the defendant fired a gun from a moving
vehicle toward a community center where people were standing outside. One of the bullets fired
by the defendant struck and killed the 11-year-old victim. The shooting in this case stemmed from
a feud between the defendant’s cohorts and other young men who were present at or near the
community center. The victim was an innocent bystander. Moreover, the PSI indicates that the
defendant had a significant juvenile record with adjudications for aggravated battery of a school
employee, burglary, property damage, and residential burglary. Three months after he was released
from juvenile detention, the defendant committed the instant offense. The defendant also has a
lengthy history of serious substance abuse, behavioral problems, and mental health issues for
which he did not cooperate with counseling and treatment.
¶ 32 Prior to sentencing the defendant, the trial court indicated that it had considered the
evidence at trial, the PSI and its attachments, the financial impact of incarceration, as well as the
defendant’s history, character, attitude, and statement in allocution. The trial court also specifically
stated that it had considered the statutory factors in aggravation and mitigation that applied to the
defendant’s case. Finally, the trial court remarked that it could not be vindictive or take retribution
for the victim.
13 ¶ 33 We also note that, even with the firearm enhancement, the defendant’s 55-year sentence
was within the statutory range of first degree murder, the primary offense. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-
20(a) (West 2016) (statutory range for first degree murder of 20 to 60 years). With the firearm
enhancement, the defendant could have been sentenced up to life. See 730 ILCS 5/5-8-
1(a)(1)(d)(iii) (West 2016) (statutory range for firearm enhancement provides for an additional 25
years to life). When the defendant’s sentence is within the statutory limits, there is a rebuttable
presumption that the sentence is appropriate. People v. Gooch, 2014 IL App (5th) 120161, ¶ 8.
Under the circumstances of this case and given the trial court’s broad discretion in sentencing, we
find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing the defendant to 55 years in IDOC.
We decline the defendant’s request to reduce his sentence under Rule 615(b)(4). Our determination
here, that the defendant’s sentence is not excessive, should not be construed as any indication as
to whether the defendant’s sentence violates the proportionate penalties clause or the eighth
amendment or what the defendant’s sentence should be if he receives a new sentencing hearing.
Those are questions left for another day.
¶ 34 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s sentence.
¶ 35 Affirmed.
¶ 36 JUSTICE WHARTON, dissenting:
¶ 37 I believe that the record in this case is adequate to allow us to consider the defendant’s
claim. Assessing that record, I find that it contains substantial evidence that the defendant was
functionally younger than his 18 years when he committed the offense. In spite of this, the court
did not determine whether consideration of the Miller factors was necessary before imposing a 55-
year sentence. While I recognize that defense counsel did not ask the court to make these findings,
I believe that it is appropriate for this court to overlook counsel’s forfeiture of the defendant’s
14 claim in order to obtain a just result in the defendant’s case and to develop a sound body of
precedent in this developing area of law. See People v. Holmes, 2016 IL App (1st) 132357, ¶ 65.
For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
¶ 38 The majority correctly points out that this court may only consider a young adult
defendant’s claim that Miller and its progeny apply to his circumstances if the record is adequately
developed. See Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 45. As the Illinois Supreme Court pointed out in Harris,
the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/1-122 et seq. (West 2016)) provides an avenue of
relief in cases where the record is inadequate for a reviewing court to assess a defendant’s as-
applied youth-based challenge to his sentence. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 48. We are, of course,
obliged to follow the supreme court’s holding in Harris. See People v. Leavitt, 2014 IL App (1st)
121323, ¶ 48. However, I do not believe Harris requires us to delay justice by refusing to consider
cases where the record is adequate to enable us to address a defendant’s claim on direct appeal.
¶ 39 In Harris, the defendant was convicted of a murder committed when he was 18 years and
3 months of age. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 1. At sentencing, the evidence in mitigation presented
by his counsel included evidence that the defendant had a supportive family and no prior criminal
history, and evidence that he had worked to obtain his GED and various educational achievement
certificates while he was in custody awaiting trial. Id. ¶ 16. On appeal, the supreme court rejected
the defendant’s contention that the record was sufficient to allow for direct appellate review of his
claim that the evolving science on brain development in juveniles and young adults made Miller
applicable to him. Id. ¶ 46. The supreme court found the record to be inadequate because it
contained “only basic information about [the] defendant” and no evidence about how the evolving
science of brain development underlying the Miller decision applied to the defendant’s
15 circumstances. Id. The supreme court also observed that the trial court did not make any factual
findings on these questions. Id.
¶ 40 The Harris court provided little guidance as to what evidence must appear in a record to
make it adequate for direct review. However, I find that the state of the record in this case stands
in stark contrast to that in Harris. Although defense counsel in this case did not ask the trial court
to make findings concerning the applicability of Miller to the defendant, the record contains ample
evidence from which the court could have made that determination at the sentencing hearing—
evidence the court could rely upon on remand. The PSI indicates that the defendant has a lengthy
history of treatment for multiple serious mental health conditions. Mental illness often lowers a
defendant’s functional age, thereby imbuing him with characteristics akin to those of a juvenile.
See, e.g., People v. Savage, 2020 IL App (1st) 173135, ¶ 67; People v. Franklin, 2020 IL App (1st)
171628, ¶ 64; People v. Bland, 2020 IL App (3d) 170705, ¶ 14. The PSI also includes evidence
that the defendant struggled with drug addictions, another factor that lends support to a defendant’s
claim that his brain is more like that of a juvenile than an adult. See People v. Ross, 2020 IL App
(1st) 171202, ¶ 26. It is also worth emphasizing that the defendant in this case did not act alone;
he acted as part of a group with five other people. Heightened susceptibility to peer pressure is one
of the characteristics of youth emphasized by the Miller Court in finding that juvenile defendants
are less culpable and more likely to be rehabilitated than adults. See Miller, 567 U.S. at 471 (citing
Roper, 543 U.S. at 569).
¶ 41 Where, as here, the record contains sufficient applicable evidence to allow us to evaluate a
young adult defendant’s youth-based sentencing challenge, holding that the challenge is premature
unnecessarily delays the defendant’s access to justice and imposes procedural hurdles he may or
may not be able to overcome. Here, there was evidence that the young defendant had diminished
16 mental capacity. Yet he must act on his own to initiate proceedings under the Post-Conviction
Hearing Act. In order to advance to the second stage of postconviction proceedings, a pro se
defendant must state the gist of a constitutional claim. People v. Gaultney, 174 Ill. 2d 410, 418
(1996). Although this is a very low threshold (id.), it may be difficult for a pro se defendant with
diminished capacity to meet.
¶ 42 A pro se defendant must also file the petition in a timely manner unless he can allege facts
demonstrating that his failure to do so was not due to his own culpable negligence. 725 ILCS
5/122-1(c) (West 2016). Although timeliness is an issue that may not be addressed until the second
stage of the proceedings (People v. Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d 89, 102 (2002)), when counsel is available
to help the defendant make the necessary allegations, this is of no help unless the untimeliness is,
in fact, not due to the defendant’s culpable negligence. Being unfamiliar with the time limits in the
Post-Conviction Hearing Act—as many pro se defendants are—does not establish a lack of
culpable negligence. People v. Johnson, 2015 IL App (2d) 131029, ¶ 27 (citing People v. Hampton,
349 Ill. App. 3d 824, 829 (2004)). Reliance on the erroneous advice of a “jailhouse lawyer” who
has no specialized knowledge of postconviction procedures likewise does not establish a lack of
culpable negligence. See People v. Lander, 215 Ill. 2d 577, 587-88 (2005).
¶ 43 Moreover, even if a defendant can get past these two hurdles, he is only entitled to the
reasonable assistance of counsel, not the constitutionally mandated effective assistance of counsel
applicable to trial court proceedings, including posttrial proceedings and sentencing hearings. See
People v. Owens, 139 Ill. 2d 351, 364 (1990). This standard is “significantly lower than the one
mandated at trial.” People v. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 30. A young defendant with mental health
concerns, like the defendant in this case, has a diminished capacity to assist his attorney. He
therefore needs the highest standard of legal representation, particularly when challenging his
17 sentence under the rapidly evolving law involving the sentencing of young “emerging adult”
defendants. Under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, he is instead entitled to a lesser standard of
representation, and even that right only attaches after he has overcome procedural hurdles with no
right to any assistance. While I recognize that this result is unavoidable in many cases, I believe
that where it is possible to decide a defendant’s claim without requiring him to resort to the Post-
Conviction Hearing Act, we should do so. To do otherwise is inconsistent with our obligation to
ensure fair and equal access to justice.
¶ 44 In the instant case, the defendant was 18 years old when he committed the offense at issue,
and there was substantial evidence in the PSI to indicate that his brain development may have been
more like that of a juvenile than that of a fully developed adult. As stated previously, appointed
counsel did not ask the court to consider whether this was the case, and as such, the court did not
consider whether it was necessary to address the Miller factors. The 55-year sentence imposed was
15 years longer than what our supreme court has determined amounts to a de facto life sentence.
See Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 41 (holding that a sentence that exceeds 40 years constitutes a
de facto life sentence). As applied to the defendant, I believe such a sentence violates the
proportionate penalties clause unless the trial court first examines the evidence before it and either
considers the Miller factors or determines that those factors do not apply. I believe that the most
appropriate course of action would be to vacate the defendant’s sentence and remand this matter
to the trial court for a new sentencing hearing at which the court would be able to fully consider
the mitigating evidence before it.
¶ 45 Finally, I note that the majority is concerned that the consequence of taking this approach
“would be to require trial courts to consider the Miller factors in all cases involving young adult
defendants even without any evidence or argument from the defendant that Miller applies.” Supra
18 ¶ 28 n.2. With all due respect, I disagree with this assessment. In this case, there was significant
evidence that the defendant was more like a juvenile than a fully developed adult when he
committed the offense with a group of his peers. Whether that was the case—and whether the
Miller factors must therefore be applied—is a determination for the trial court to make. I would
hold only that the record in this case was adequate to trigger that inquiry.
¶ 46 This conclusion is not altered by the fact that appointed counsel failed to ask the trial court
to make the relevant inquiry. I believe that by considering the sentencing challenges of young adult
defendants on direct appeal when it is feasible to do so, this court would not only provide young
defendants more meaningful access to justice, we also would provide much needed guidance to
courts and counsel in this important, rapidly evolving, and sometimes murky area of law. See
People v. Evans, 2021 IL App (1st) 172809, ¶ 14 (noting that the sentencing of young adult
defendants is a developing area of law); Ross, 2020 IL App (1st) 171202, ¶ 20 (explaining that
“our supreme court has not yet outlined the parameters of an as-applied, youth-based sentencing
challenge by a young adult offender”). We would also encourage courts and counsel to consider
this issue at sentencing in appropriate cases, thereby necessitating fewer collateral proceedings and
fewer appeals. As such, I do not believe that a holding consistent with this dissent would place an
undue burden on trial courts. For these reasons, I would vacate the defendant’s sentence and
remand for a new sentencing hearing.
19 No. 5-17-0259
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Madison County, No. 16-CF-85; the Hon. Neil T. Schroeder, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Ellen J. Curry, and Eun Sun Nam, of State for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant. Appellant:
Attorneys Thomas D. Gibbons, State’s Attorney, of Edwardsville (Patrick for Delfino, Patrick D. Daly, and Jennifer L. Camden, of State’s Appellee: Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.