2015 IL App (4th) 130799 FILED August 3, 2015 Carla Bender NO. 4-13-0799 4th District Appellate Court, IL IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) Vermilion County STANLEY A. DYE, ) No. 13CF90 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) Craig H. DeArmond, ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE APPLETON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Pope and Justice Steigmann concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION ¶1 In a bench trial, the trial court found defendant, Stanley A. Dye, guilty of
threatening a public official (720 ILCS 5/12-9 (West 2012)). The court sentenced him to
imprisonment for three years. He appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. We
reverse the trial court's judgment because when we look at the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, we conclude it would be impossible for any rational trier of fact to
find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant made a "true threat" within the meaning of
Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 359-60 (2003). His threat, " 'I'm gonna get you,' " was
ambiguous as to whether the intended meaning was violent retribution or nonviolent retribution,
and nothing about the context of the threat could reasonably resolve the ambiguity. ¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 On February 7, 2013, defendant had an appointment with his attorney, Jacqueline
Lacy, the Vermilion County public defender. The appointment was in her office, on the third
floor of the courthouse. In their meeting, Lacy told him she had some bad news: because he had
been less than forthright with her, she had subpoenaed some documents, and as a result, she had
inadvertently uncovered evidence that was harmful to his case. The State would receive a copy
of the subpoenaed documents. Evidently, the documents pertained to the chemical testing of a
crack pipe.
¶4 Defendant became irate and demanded that Lacy have the crack pipe retested.
She declined to do so. He raised his voice. She raised her voice. He threatened to complain
about her to Judge DeArmond and request a different attorney. She said to go ahead, but she
predicted that Judge DeArmond would decline to appoint him a different attorney. He accused
her of selling him out and working for the State. She told him he "needed to" leave her office.
He did so.
¶5 As he was exiting through the waiting room, defendant told Lacy, two or three
times, " 'I'm gonna get you.' " He pointed at her or at the floor as he said those words. Lacy
asked him, " 'Are you fucking threatening me?' " According to defendant's testimony, he replied,
" 'No, no. I ain't threatening you.' " A paralegal who worked in the public defender's office,
Andrew Bower, had stepped between defendant and Lacy because of "the way [defendant] was
standing, his mannerisms, how aggressive he was with his speech, his posture." Bower put his
hand on defendant's shoulder, to guide him out the door and into the hall. Defendant ignored
him and left.
¶6 Lacy, who was scared, trembling, and on the verge of tears, called the police.
-2- ¶7 II. ANALYSIS
¶8 Various statutes, including section 12-9 of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS
5/12-9 (West 2012)), criminalize the making of threats. From the Supreme Court's decision in
Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705, 708 (1969), the appellate court has derived the rule that if
the State charges the defendant with making a threat of violence, the threat must be a "true
threat," or else the prosecution would violate the first amendment (U.S. Const., amend. I), made
applicable to the states by the fourteenth amendment (U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Black, 538 U.S.
at 358). People v. Sucic, 401 Ill. App. 3d 492, 502-03 (2010) (citing Watts, 394 U.S. at 708);
People v. Diomedes, 2014 IL App (2d) 121080, ¶ 30 (citing Sucic, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 502-03).
¶9 In Black, the Supreme Court described a "true threat" as follows:
" 'True threats' encompass those statements where the
speaker means to communicate a serious expression of an intent to
commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or
group of individuals. [Citations.] The speaker need not actually
intend to carry out the threat. Rather, a prohibition on true threats
protect[s] individuals from the fear of violence and from the
disruption that fear engenders, in addition to protecting people
from the possibility that the threatened violence will occur.
[Citation.] Intimidation in the constitutionally proscribable sense
of the word is a type of true threat, where a speaker directs a threat
to a person or group of persons with the intent of placing the
victim in fear of bodily harm or death." (Emphases added and
internal quotation marks omitted.) Black, 538 U.S. at 359-60.
-3- ¶ 10 Thus, a "true threat" requires intentionality (id.), in contrast to section 12-9(a)(1)
(720 ILCS 5/12-9(a)(1) (West 2012)), which, by its terms, requires merely knowledge
("knowingly"). Because we must interpret section 12-9 (720 ILCS 5/12-9 (West 2012)) "within
the confines of the first amendment" (Diomedes, 2014 IL App (2d) 121080, ¶ 30); and because
the first amendment allows a state to punish an alleged threat of violence only if it is a "true
threat" (id.; Sucic, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 502-03); and because a "true threat" is intentional, not
merely knowing (Black, 538 U.S. at 359-60), we interpret section 12-9 as requiring
intentionality. See also Elonis v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2012 (2015)
(the government had to prove conscious wrongdoing, not merely that a reasonable person would
regard the communications as threats). (In his brief, defendant does not appear to attack the
constitutionality of section 12-9. He does not contend that because section 12-9, by its terms,
requires only knowledge instead of intent, the statute violates the first amendment. Instead, he
takes the position that, when assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we should substitute
intent for knowledge as the required mental state. He argues, for example: "There is no
evidence that [defendant] intended for his statement to threaten Lacy.")
¶ 11 Obviously, no witness had direct sensory access to defendant's mind and intent.
Therefore, the trier of fact could determine what he intended only by drawing inferences from his
conduct, including what he said. See People v. Ybarra, 156 Ill. App. 3d 996, 1002 (1987).
Looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, would it be possible for
any rational trier of fact to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant intended to physically
threaten Lacy? See People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 278 (2004). He told her repeatedly,
" 'I'm gonna get you.' " He did not thereby say he necessarily was going to harm her physically.
To "get" someone means to "[p]unish, injure, or kill" someone, "especially as retribution." The
-4- New Oxford American Dictionary 712 (2001).
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2015 IL App (4th) 130799 FILED August 3, 2015 Carla Bender NO. 4-13-0799 4th District Appellate Court, IL IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) Vermilion County STANLEY A. DYE, ) No. 13CF90 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) Craig H. DeArmond, ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE APPLETON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Pope and Justice Steigmann concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION ¶1 In a bench trial, the trial court found defendant, Stanley A. Dye, guilty of
threatening a public official (720 ILCS 5/12-9 (West 2012)). The court sentenced him to
imprisonment for three years. He appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence. We
reverse the trial court's judgment because when we look at the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, we conclude it would be impossible for any rational trier of fact to
find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant made a "true threat" within the meaning of
Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 359-60 (2003). His threat, " 'I'm gonna get you,' " was
ambiguous as to whether the intended meaning was violent retribution or nonviolent retribution,
and nothing about the context of the threat could reasonably resolve the ambiguity. ¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 On February 7, 2013, defendant had an appointment with his attorney, Jacqueline
Lacy, the Vermilion County public defender. The appointment was in her office, on the third
floor of the courthouse. In their meeting, Lacy told him she had some bad news: because he had
been less than forthright with her, she had subpoenaed some documents, and as a result, she had
inadvertently uncovered evidence that was harmful to his case. The State would receive a copy
of the subpoenaed documents. Evidently, the documents pertained to the chemical testing of a
crack pipe.
¶4 Defendant became irate and demanded that Lacy have the crack pipe retested.
She declined to do so. He raised his voice. She raised her voice. He threatened to complain
about her to Judge DeArmond and request a different attorney. She said to go ahead, but she
predicted that Judge DeArmond would decline to appoint him a different attorney. He accused
her of selling him out and working for the State. She told him he "needed to" leave her office.
He did so.
¶5 As he was exiting through the waiting room, defendant told Lacy, two or three
times, " 'I'm gonna get you.' " He pointed at her or at the floor as he said those words. Lacy
asked him, " 'Are you fucking threatening me?' " According to defendant's testimony, he replied,
" 'No, no. I ain't threatening you.' " A paralegal who worked in the public defender's office,
Andrew Bower, had stepped between defendant and Lacy because of "the way [defendant] was
standing, his mannerisms, how aggressive he was with his speech, his posture." Bower put his
hand on defendant's shoulder, to guide him out the door and into the hall. Defendant ignored
him and left.
¶6 Lacy, who was scared, trembling, and on the verge of tears, called the police.
-2- ¶7 II. ANALYSIS
¶8 Various statutes, including section 12-9 of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS
5/12-9 (West 2012)), criminalize the making of threats. From the Supreme Court's decision in
Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705, 708 (1969), the appellate court has derived the rule that if
the State charges the defendant with making a threat of violence, the threat must be a "true
threat," or else the prosecution would violate the first amendment (U.S. Const., amend. I), made
applicable to the states by the fourteenth amendment (U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Black, 538 U.S.
at 358). People v. Sucic, 401 Ill. App. 3d 492, 502-03 (2010) (citing Watts, 394 U.S. at 708);
People v. Diomedes, 2014 IL App (2d) 121080, ¶ 30 (citing Sucic, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 502-03).
¶9 In Black, the Supreme Court described a "true threat" as follows:
" 'True threats' encompass those statements where the
speaker means to communicate a serious expression of an intent to
commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or
group of individuals. [Citations.] The speaker need not actually
intend to carry out the threat. Rather, a prohibition on true threats
protect[s] individuals from the fear of violence and from the
disruption that fear engenders, in addition to protecting people
from the possibility that the threatened violence will occur.
[Citation.] Intimidation in the constitutionally proscribable sense
of the word is a type of true threat, where a speaker directs a threat
to a person or group of persons with the intent of placing the
victim in fear of bodily harm or death." (Emphases added and
internal quotation marks omitted.) Black, 538 U.S. at 359-60.
-3- ¶ 10 Thus, a "true threat" requires intentionality (id.), in contrast to section 12-9(a)(1)
(720 ILCS 5/12-9(a)(1) (West 2012)), which, by its terms, requires merely knowledge
("knowingly"). Because we must interpret section 12-9 (720 ILCS 5/12-9 (West 2012)) "within
the confines of the first amendment" (Diomedes, 2014 IL App (2d) 121080, ¶ 30); and because
the first amendment allows a state to punish an alleged threat of violence only if it is a "true
threat" (id.; Sucic, 401 Ill. App. 3d at 502-03); and because a "true threat" is intentional, not
merely knowing (Black, 538 U.S. at 359-60), we interpret section 12-9 as requiring
intentionality. See also Elonis v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2012 (2015)
(the government had to prove conscious wrongdoing, not merely that a reasonable person would
regard the communications as threats). (In his brief, defendant does not appear to attack the
constitutionality of section 12-9. He does not contend that because section 12-9, by its terms,
requires only knowledge instead of intent, the statute violates the first amendment. Instead, he
takes the position that, when assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we should substitute
intent for knowledge as the required mental state. He argues, for example: "There is no
evidence that [defendant] intended for his statement to threaten Lacy.")
¶ 11 Obviously, no witness had direct sensory access to defendant's mind and intent.
Therefore, the trier of fact could determine what he intended only by drawing inferences from his
conduct, including what he said. See People v. Ybarra, 156 Ill. App. 3d 996, 1002 (1987).
Looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, would it be possible for
any rational trier of fact to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant intended to physically
threaten Lacy? See People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 278 (2004). He told her repeatedly,
" 'I'm gonna get you.' " He did not thereby say he necessarily was going to harm her physically.
To "get" someone means to "[p]unish, injure, or kill" someone, "especially as retribution." The
-4- New Oxford American Dictionary 712 (2001). "Getting" someone can mean injuring or killing
that person, but alternatively it can mean punishing that person in a nonviolent way. The New
Oxford American Dictionary gives this example: " '[W]ait until Dad comes home, then you'll get
it!' " (Emphasis omitted.) Id. "Get," in this context, probably does not mean injury or death.
Likewise, the victim of a prank or of Machiavellian office politics might tell the perpetrator, "I'll
get you for this," without intending to be understood that the retribution will be physical. The
Internal Revenue Service will get you if you lie in your income tax return.
¶ 12 "Get" is just as apt a word for nonviolent punishment as violent punishment, and
some additional facts, beyond the mere utterance, would be necessary to infer, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that "I'm going to get you" was intended as a threat of violence. Did defendant
intend to be understood as making a physical threat? See Black, 538 U.S. at 360 ("Intimidation
in the constitutionally proscribable sense of the word is a type of true threat, where a speaker
directs a threat to a person or group of persons with the intent of placing the victim in fear of
bodily harm or death."). Answering that question would be like flipping a coin. We should draw
only reasonable inferences in favor of the prosecution; we should not make random speculations
in favor of the prosecution. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 280. When reviewing the record, we see
no evidence justifying a reasonable inference that when defendant told Lacy, " 'I'm gonna get
you,' " he intended to convey the idea of violent retribution as opposed to nonviolent retribution.
Granted, defendant was shouting, as was Lacy, and Bower described defendant's "speech" and
"posture" as "aggressive." When people are angry, however, they tend to become loud and tense
and to make vigorous gestures—even when threatening to do something nonviolent. Defendant
had just got done warning Lacy he was going to complain about her to Judge DeArmond. That
cannot be a pleasant prospect for a public defender. Another way to "get back" at a reputedly
-5- disloyal attorney would have been to report the attorney to the Attorney Registration and
Disciplinary Commission. On the record before us, we do not see how it would be possible for
any rational trier of fact to infer, beyond a reasonable doubt, that when defendant told Lacy,
" 'I'm gonna get you,' " he meant violent retribution as opposed to these forms of nonviolent
retribution—one of which he had just got done discussing with her. In the absence of any
evidence that could justify a finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant's threat was a
"true threat," we reverse his conviction on the ground that it violates the first amendment, made
applicable to the states by the fourteenth amendment. See Black, 538 U.S. at 359 (" 'True threats'
encompass those statements where the speaker means to communicate a serious expression of an
intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group of individuals.").
¶ 13 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 14 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court's judgment.
¶ 15 Reversed.
-6-