2025 IL App (2d) 240604-U No. 2-24-0604 Order filed December 8, 2025
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of Kane County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 07-CF-2986 ) MARK A. DOWNS, ) Honorable ) Donald Tegeler, Jr., Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court. Justices McLaren and Hutchinson concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: Procedural default bars our consideration of whether appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance because the issue is raised for the first time on appeal. The trial court correctly dismissed defendant’s postconviction petition at the second stage because (1) an impeachment witness known but not called to testify would have only testified to collateral and nonmaterial issues, and (2) trial counsel was not ineffective due to an actual conflict of interest.
¶2 This case returns to us for the sixth time, 1 and this appeal concerns defendant Mark A.
Downs’s appeal of the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County dismissing his postconviction
1 People v. Downs, 2012 IL App (2d) 100755-U (Downs I) (appeal of first-stage dismissal of
posttrial claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel (see People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984))); 2025 IL App (2d) 240604-U
petition at the second stage. Defendant argues that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to
argue that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction, that trial counsel was ineffective
for failing to call a known impeachment witness, and that trial counsel was operating under an
actual conflict of interest. We affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 The facts of this case have been fully presented in our previous dispositions, and we provide
only a salient outline of the offense and summarize the facts pertinent to this appeal. In 1996,
Ruben Davila switched his allegiance from the Latin Home Boys gang to the Almighty Ambrose
gang. Davila had been close friends with Robert Saltijeral, a high-ranking Latin Home Boy gang
member, and there was evidence that Davila retained friendly feelings toward Saltijeral even after
he switched gangs. Saltijeral was also the uncle of the victim in this case, six-year-old Nico
Contreras.
¶5 Early in November 1996, Davila was shot at, but uninjured, in the driveway of his mother’s
home; his car was damaged in the incident. Davila recognized that Latin Home Boy members shot
at him, and there was evidence that he identified Saltijeral as a shooter, but at trial, Davila denied
People v. Downs, 2014 IL App (2d) 121156 (Downs II) (appeal of jury question regarding reasonable doubt
and Krankel counsel’s conduct of hearing); People v. Downs, 2015 IL 117934 (Downs III) (reversing
Downs II on reasonable-doubt issue); People v. Downs, 2016 IL App (2d) 121156-B (Downs IV) (appeal
considering representation of Krankel counsel); People v. Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-C (Downs V)
(following supervisory vacation of Downs IV, again considering representation of Krankel counsel); People
v. Downs, 2022 IL App (2d) 200280-U (Downs VI) (procedural direct appeal, substantive appeal of outcome
of Krankel hearing following a full evidentiary hearing).
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Saltijeral participated. Davila reported the shooting to the Ambrose, and after a meeting with
various gang members, was instructed to retaliate by shooting at Saltijeral.
¶6 On November 10, 1996, Davila, defendant, and Elias Diaz drove to Saltijeral’s house where
Davila was to “take care of business,” and perform the retaliatory shooting. Davila and defendant
approached the rear of the house, and Davila argued with defendant that Saltijeral had not been
the gang member who shot up his car. Defendant remained insistent that Davila shoot Saltijeral,
and the impasse continued for approximately 15 minutes. Defendant finally took Davila’s gun and
claimed that he would perform the shooting as a favor to Davila because of all Davila had done
for the Ambrose. 2 Davila claimed to have turned away, heard gunshots, and he and defendant ran
back to the car where Elias was waiting for them.
¶7 In the morning, Davila learned that Saltijeral had not been killed, but Contreras had been.
Alejandro Solis, at the time, the second-in-command of the Ambrose, was outraged that his gang
was responsible for killing a child and resolved to kill Davila, who had been assigned to shoot at
Saltijeral. At a meeting between Solis, defendant, and Davila, he realized that defendant had been
the shooter and had killed the child. He decided to spare them because he felt he would have to
kill defendant, his friend, Davila, and his driver. Solis also testified that, in the years following
the Contreras murder, defendant spiraled downward, unable to keep jobs and having relationship
2 Davila had been involved in numerous gang shootings on behalf of the Ambrose, including the
execution-style murder of Tony Yepiz; in exchange for his testimony against defendant and others, Davila
received plea deal in which he would not be charged with the murders of Yepiz or Contreras, he would be
recommended for a boot camp program and, if he did not complete the boot camp, would serve an eight-
year term of imprisonment. Additionally, Davila received nearly $39,000 for expenses and to support his
family in Mexico.
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problems. At a party, Solis told defendant his young daughter was cute, and defendant broke
down, confessing to Solis that he had recurrent nightmares about the Contreras murder in which
he could see the bullets going through the window before they struck the child.
¶8 Solis also received a favorable plea deal. He had become a paid informant for law
enforcement, and, while he denied there was a quid pro quo deal for his testimony in this case,
immediately after its conclusion, Solis had a 30-month sentence of imprisonment vacated and a
new 30-month sentence of parole imposed instead. Solis also received over $8,000 from the
authorities, some of which was paid for his information about the Contreras murder.
¶9 At trial, Davila was heavily and thoroughly impeached. Billie Mireles and Angelica
Gonzalez each testified that Davila told them, at separate events, that he had been the shooter and
had killed the child. The State eventually identified over 20 instances of effective impeachment
presented against Davila.
¶ 10 Notwithstanding Davila’s extensive impeachment, the jury returned a guilty verdict, and
defendant was sentenced to a 70-year term of imprisonment. Defendant filed a pro se motion
following trial pursuant to People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984) claiming that trial counsel had
been ineffective, and the fits and starts in this postverdict proceeding occupied the pages of Downs
I – V. In Downs V, we ordered that the Krankel hearing finally proceed to conclusion. In Downs
VI, defendant appealed the results of the Krankel hearing, even though, procedurally, the matter
was ripe for an appeal of all issues arising from the trial, along with any infirmities left from the
Krankel hearing. We affirmed the trial court’s judgment in Downs VI, 2022 IL App (2d) 200280-
U, ¶ 52, that trial counsel had not provided ineffective assistance.
¶ 11 On February 28, 2024, defendant filed his amended postconviction petition. The amended
petition alleged that trial counsel had an actual conflict of interest related to his previous
representation of Frank Aquino rendering his representation ineffective because Aquino’s
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information was not investigated, whose claims that Davila confided to him that he was the shooter
in the Contreras murder were not investigated, that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to
raise the Aquino conflict-of-interest issue, and that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
interview and utilize Roberto Ramirez, who would have impeached Davila about the location of
the meeting during which Davila was instructed to retaliate against Saltijeral. The State moved to
dismiss the amended postconviction petition.
¶ 12 On September 20, 2024, the trial court granted the State’s motion to dismiss. The court
expressly determined that Davila had been so thoroughly impeached at trial that any additional
impeachment that Aquino or Ramirez could have provided would have had no impact on the
outcome of the case. The court determined that defendant had suffered no prejudice resulting from
the alleged instances of ineffective assistance, and that the issues were also forfeited and barred by
the doctrine of res judicata.
¶ 13 Defendant timely appeals. 3
¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 15 On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erroneously dismissed his postconviction
petition. Specifically, defendant contends that he made a substantial showing that direct appellate
3 During this appeal, defendant has been represented by the Exoneration Project, and specifically,
the two postconviction attorneys who filed his postconviction and amended postconviction petitions. On
March 13, 2025, the Exoneration Project moved for leave to allow the two postconviction attorneys to
withdraw and to substitute another Exoneration Project appellate attorney in their stead. The new attorney
explained that she brought the motion to allow her the ability to raise an unreasonable-assistance-of-
postconviction-counsel claim, should that be required. On March 21, 2025, we granted the motion to
withdraw.
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counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence in the direct appeal.
Defendant also contends that he made a substantial showing that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to investigate and call a known witness who would have further impeached Davila, and,
related, that trial counsel was operating under an actual conflict of interest regarding the
impeachment witness.
¶ 16 A. Postconviction Claim Framework
¶ 17 We begin with the familiar procedural framework of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act
(Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2024)). The Act allows a convicted defendant to challenge
his or her conviction by alleging it was due to the substantial denial of federal or state constitutional
rights, or both. People v. Cotto, 2016 IL 119006, ¶ 28. The Act creates a three-stage process for
adjudicating claims. Id. In the first stage, the trial court is obligated to determine whether the
defendant’s petition is frivolous or patently without merit. Id. If the petition is not dismissed at
the first stage, it is advanced to the second stage. Id.
¶ 18 At the second stage, the defendant must make a substantial showing of a constitutional
violation. Id. ¶ 28. The trial court may appoint counsel to represent the defendant, and counsel
must amend the petition as necessary to present the defendant’s claims; likewise, at this stage, the
State may file a motion to dismiss, or it may file an answer to the petition. Id. ¶ 27. The petition
will be dismissed if the defendant is unable to make the necessary showing; otherwise, it will be
advanced to the third-stage evidentiary hearing for adjudication. Id. ¶ 28.
¶ 19 Turning to the second-stage consideration of a postconviction petition, a trial court takes
as true all well-pleaded allegations that are not positively rebutted by the record in making its
determination whether the defendant made a substantial showing of a constitutional violation.
People v. Mischke, 2024 IL App (2d) 240031, ¶ 28. The issue, therefore, is purely a legal one, and
our review of the trial court’s determination is de novo. Id.
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¶ 20 The overriding purpose of a postconviction proceeding is to allow inquiry into
constitutional infirmities involved in the defendant’s conviction and sentence that were not, and
could not have been, adjudicated in a direct appeal. People v. English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 22.
Thus, issues that were raised and adjudicated on direct appeal are barred by the doctrine of res
judicata, and issues that could have been, but were not, raised on direct appeal are forfeited. Id.
Nevertheless, the doctrines of res judicata and forfeiture will be relaxed where required by
considerations of fundamental fairness, where the forfeiture arises from appellate counsel’s
ineffective assistance, or where the facts relating to the issue do not appear on the face of the direct
appellate record. Id.
¶ 21 B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
¶ 22 Defendant first contends that appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing
to include a claim that the evidence was insufficient to convict in defendant’s direct appeal. As an
initial matter, the State contends that the claim is forfeited because it could have been raised in the
direct appeal, but was not. See id. (issues that could have been raised on direct appeal, but were
not, are forfeited). The State argues that, by not raising sufficiency of the evidence in his
postconviction petition, the issue is procedurally defaulted in this appeal because it cannot be
raised for the first time on appeal. People v. Jones, 213 Ill. 2d 498, 505 (2004) (“a claim not raised
in a petition cannot be argued for the first time on appeal”). We agree. Defendant’s postconviction
appeal raised three issues: (1) trial counsel was ineffective because he had an actual conflict of
interest related to Aquino, (2) appellate counsel was ineffective for not raising the actual conflict
issue on direct appeal, and (3) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present
Ramirez’s testimony. Absent from the postconviction petition is any claim that the evidence was
insufficient to support defendant’s conviction. Accordingly, because the claim of sufficiency of
the evidence was not included in the postconviction petition and is presented for the first time on
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appeal, it must be deemed procedurally defaulted, and we are without authority to address it. See
id. at 508 (intermediate reviewing court cannot relax procedural default through exercise of
supervisory power because only the supreme court possesses such supervisory authority).
¶ 23 Defendant argues that a party need only preserve an issue, such as ineffective assistance of
counsel, to avoid a procedural default on appeal because only the claim must be preserved, not the
actual arguments made in support. We disagree with how defendant frames this contention. While
ineffective assistance of counsel is certainly a claim, it is only generic and conclusory without a
specific action or omission by the attorney to round out the claim. See People v. Williams, 2024
IL 127304, ¶ 22 (to establish ineffective representation of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate
that the attorney’s performance was deficient, and the defendant was prejudiced from the deficient
performance). The deficient act or omission is not simply an argument underlying the claim of
ineffective assistance; it is part and parcel of the ineffective assistance claim. Defendant’s framing
misses the mark.
¶ 24 Additionally, the authority on which defendant relies for this framing is distinguishable.
Defendant argues that 1010 Lake Shore Ass’n v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co., 2015 IL
118372, ¶ 18, and Brunton v. Kruger, 2015 IL 117663, ¶ 76, both stand for the proposition that
only the claim need be preserved; arguments on appeal are not limited to those made in the court
below. In 1010 Lake Shore, 2015 IL118372, ¶ 18, our supreme court held that, while the argument
about canons of statutory construction had not been presented in the courts below, the issue of the
proper interpretation of the Condominium Construction Act had been consistently disputed. Id.
By contrast, here, the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence had not been raised before, so that
issue was unpreserved for our consideration. In Brunton, 2015 117663, ¶ 76, our supreme court
held that the issue of whether accountant-client privilege had been waived due to a disclosure had
been preserved where the waiver issue was consistently placed in issue in the courts below, and
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that the reason for avoiding waiver of the privilege was only an argument in support of the party’s
position. By contrast, here, the issue of sufficiency of the evidence simply had not been raised
until defendant argued for the first time in this case in this appeal. Defendant also relies on People
v. Rodriguez-Aranda, 2022 IL App (2d) 200715, ¶ 5, for the proposition that arguments and
authorities utilized in an appeal are not strictly limited to those used in the trial court. Here,
because an issue of ineffective assistance requires specific identification of the defect in
performance and the resulting prejudice, the failure to have raised the sufficiency of the evidence
means that the claim was not raised in the trial court, and Rodriguez-Aranda is therefore
distinguishable.
¶ 25 Defendant argues that postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance by failing
to include allegations concerning appellate counsel’s failure to raise the issue of the sufficiency of
the evidence. This approach is unavailing. Following the resolution of the Krankel hearing,
defendant appealed, and we issued our decision in Downs VI, which stood, procedurally, as the
direct appeal of defendant’s conviction and sentence. Defendant, through retained counsel, the
Exoneration Project, filed his postconviction petition and amended postconviction petition. The
individual attorneys responsible for defendant’s postconviction petition filed his notice of appeal,
and, on March 11, 2025, they filed an initial brief. On March 13, 2025, the Exoneration Project
sought the withdrawal of the original individual attorneys because it and defendant had identified
a possible issue of unreasonable assistance of the individual attorneys in their postconviction
representation of defendant. On March 20, 2025, pursuant to the State’s motion, defendant’s initial
appellate brief was stricken, and on March 21, 2025, the individual attorneys from the Exoneration
Project were allowed to withdraw. Thereafter, on April 22, 2025, defendant, represented by new
individual counsel (albeit still associated with the Exoneration Project), filed his amended initial
appellate brief. Before us, defendant argues that the original individual postconviction counsel
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provided unreasonable assistance because they did not include the issue of the sufficiency of the
evidence in the postconviction petition.
¶ 26 Jones, 213 Ill. 2d at 505, squarely precludes our ability to address this issue as well. It
states, flatly, that an issue not raised in the postconviction petition cannot be addressed for the first
time on appeal. We understand Jones to apply to the postconviction process as well: if the issue
was not broached during the proceedings, either by including it in the postconviction petition, any
amended postconviction petition, or orally during any hearings on the postconviction petition, then
it is procedurally foreclosed from our review because it simply cannot be raised for the first time
on appeal. Id.
¶ 27 Defendant argues that we should nonetheless address his claim of unreasonable assistance
of postconviction counsel because it is plainly evident from the face of the record, citing People v.
Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 406, 413-14 (1999). Turner is unavailing because it was a death-penalty case
over which our supreme court had jurisdiction and the appellate court could not hear. Id. at 408.
Moreover, to address such a claim despite the procedural default would require supervisory
authority, and only our supreme court possesses such authority. Jones, 213 Ill. 2d at 507-08.
¶ 28 Defendant’s reliance on other unreasonable assistance of postconviction counsel cases is
also unavailing. Defendant cites People v. Delgado, 2022 IL App (2d) 210008, ¶ 34, for the
proposition that postconviction may have provided unreasonable assistance for failing to raise a
potentially meritorious issue. However, in Delgado, the postconviction petition included a
challenge to the defendant’s “mandatory sentence” but was otherwise inadequately framed and
presented. Id. ¶¶ 11-13. The Delgado court, therefore, could address the unreasonable assistance
claim because the claim underlying postconviction counsel’s deficient performance had been
raised in the postconviction proceedings.
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¶ 29 Similarly, in People v. Kirk, 2012 IL App (1st) 101606, ¶ 36, the court reversed the
dismissal of the defendant’s postconviction petition where it determined postconviction counsel
had been deficient for failing to amend the defendant’s pro se postconviction petition to include a
claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. However, that claim of ineffective assistance
was raised orally during the hearing before the trial court. Therefore, it was, however imperfectly,
before the trial court and, therefore, postconviction counsel’s unreasonable assistance could be
addressed by the court without running afoul of the prohibition in Jones.
¶ 30 Likewise, in People v. Schlosser, 2012 IL App (1st) 092523, ¶ 26, the court determined
that postconviction counsel provided unreasonable assistance because counsel did not amend the
defendant’s postconviction petition, violating his duties under the Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff.
Dec. 1, 1984). The court noted that postconviction counsel had orally argued that appellate counsel
was ineffective for failing to raise the claim of insufficient evidence but did not amend the
defendant’s postconviction petition to include that claim, leading the trial court to conclude that
the issue had been forfeited. Id. ¶ 25. Thus, in Schlosser, too, the issue had been raised, albeit
imperfectly, and the appellate court’s decision to address whether postconviction counsel rendered
unreasonable assistance did not contradict the requirement of Jones.
¶ 31 Jones is categorical: in the postconviction setting, a claim not included in the defendant’s
postconviction petition may not be raised for the first time on appeal absent the exercise of
supervisory powers which, as an intermediate court of review, we do not possess. Jones, 213 Ill.
2d at 505. Similarly, we hold that a claim of unreasonable assistance of postconviction counsel
may not be addressed for the first time on appeal unless the underlying defect in the representation
has, in some way, even if imperfectly, been presented to the trial court. In the cases defendant
relies upon here, either the supreme court could exercise its supervisory authority to address the
unreasonable assistance claim on appeal (Turner), or the underlying defect had been presented to
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the trial court allowing the appellate court to be able to address the unreasonable assistance claims
(Delgado, Kirk, and Schlosser). Accordingly, absent an exercise of supervisory authority,
defendant cannot here circumvent the bar of procedural default to allow us to address the merits
of his claim that appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance for failing to raise the issue of
the sufficiency of the evidence.
¶ 32 Defendant is not without recourse. Procedural default may be relaxed in certain instances,
including where required by fundamental fairness. Id. Fundamental fairness in the context of
postconviction proceedings, however, is narrowly defined as satisfying the cause-and-prejudice
test necessary to be satisfied when seeking to file a successive postconviction petition. Id.
Defendant is free to pursue such relief if he chooses.
¶ 33 Procedural default from raising the sufficiency issue for the first time on appeal aside, we
also note that we have previously passed upon the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence, albeit
in the context of whether the evidence was closely balanced for purposes of a plain error analysis.
Downs II, 2014 IL App (2d) 121156, ¶ 30 (“the evidence presented in this case was sufficient to
prove defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, we do not believe that it was overwhelmingly
in favor of the State”). We did not at that time elaborate on our reasoning, and we remedy that
lack now.
¶ 34 It is well settled that, when a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the
reviewing court must determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond
a reasonable doubt. People v. Cline, 2022 IL 126383, ¶ 25. All reasonable inferences from the
evidence must be drawn in favor of the prosecution. Id. The reviewing court will not disturb the
trial court’s judgment unless the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that
there is a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt. Id.
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¶ 35 Davila provided a reasonable account of the circumstances that led up to the shooting as
well as an account of the shooting itself that was neither inherently improbable or implausible nor
physically impossible. See People v. Ortiz, 196 Ill. 2d 236, 267 (2001) (evidence is insufficient if
it is improbable, unconvincing, or contrary to human experience). Davila explained he was friends
with Saltijeral before he switched his allegiance to the Ambrose and tried to resist naming Saltijeral
as the person who had shot at him, triggering the events that culminated in the Contreras murder.
Despite his efforts, at a gang meeting, Davila was ordered to carry out the retaliation. Davila was
taken to the Saltijeral house by defendant and Diaz, and he and defendant exited the car to perform
the shooting. Davila claimed that, at the house, he tried to dissuade defendant, but defendant
insisted he shoot at the house. Davila claimed he refused, and defendant took the gun and
performed the shooting himself, with Davila characterizing this as defendant giving him a break
due to his service to the Ambrose (Davila had murdered Yepiz and had performed numerous other
shootings on the gang’s behalf). Nothing about this testimony is inherently implausible or contrary
to human experience.
¶ 36 Solis testified that, as a high-ranking gang member, he was outraged about the killing of
the Contreras child, and he decided to kill Davila, whom he disliked and distrusted because of his
switch in gang allegiances. Defendant brought Davila to the meeting with Solis, but Davila would
not enter the car where Solis and his driver awaited. Defendant entered and explained this to Solis.
Eventually, defendant entered the car, and Solis confronted him about the child’s murder.
Defendant interceded, placing his hand upon Solis’s shoulder and stating, “we didn’t know,” at
which point Solis realized he would have to kill not only Davila, but his friends—defendant and
the driver. Solis relented. Solis also described the effects of the Contreras murder in the years that
followed, noting that defendant could not hold a job or maintain relationships. Solis further related
that, at a party, defendant broke down emotionally in front of him, describing the nightmares he
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was having about the murder of the Contreras child and seeing the bullets entering the child’s
window. This testimony supports defendant’s direct involvement in the murder and is likewise
neither inherently implausible nor contrary to human experience.
¶ 37 We also note that the jury was well aware that Davila and Solis were accomplices, that they
had been thoroughly impeached both by the deals with the State for their testimony as well as by
other witnesses offering contradictory testimony, and that the jury had been properly instructed
about the scrutiny and caution to be applied to such testimony. Notwithstanding the infirmities,
the jury, as fact finder, can accept some parts of a witness’s testimony and reject other parts; it is
the jury’s responsibility to determine how the flaws in part of the testimony impact the credibility
of the whole. People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 283 (2004). We further note the
longstanding principle that, despite the distrust of accomplice testimony, a single accomplice’s
testimony, whether corroborated or not, is sufficient to sustain a conviction if it convinces the jury
of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Young, 128 Ill. 2d 1, 48 (1989).
This evidence, which was neither implausible, improbable, nor contrary to human experience, if
believed by the jury, was sufficient to support defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and
undergirds our conclusion in Downs II, 2014 IL App (2d) 121156, ¶ 30.
¶ 38 Accordingly, for the reasons above, we hold that the procedural default of raising
defendant’s claim that appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance bars us from considering
this issue on appeal.
¶ 39 C. Known Davila Impeachment Witness
¶ 40 Defendant argues that the trial court erred in rejecting his claim that trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance by failing to interview and present Ramirez to impeach Davila about the
meeting at which Davila claimed to have been assigned to shoot Saltijeral. According to
defendant, Ramirez was known to trial counsel and willing to testify. Ramirez would have denied
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that he was living at the location Davila testified the retaliation meeting took place in 1996, and,
according to defendant, Ramirez would have denied that the meeting even occurred.
¶ 41 We can resolve this issue on grounds of prejudice. First, Ramirez averred that, in
November 1996, he was not living in the Tall Oaks apartments and did not begin living there until
some time in 1997, when he lived there with his sister. Ramirez also averred that no November
1996 meeting happened at the Tall Oaks apartment because he did not live there until 1997.
Ramirez further averred, “I also was never present for any discussion related to a retaliatory
shooting.”
¶ 42 Ramirez’s affidavit does undercut Davila’s claim that the retaliation meeting occurred at
Ramirez’s apartment. However, he does not state that there was no meeting about retaliation, only
that he was not invited to and did not participate in such a meeting, which is a distinct statement
from no such meeting ever occurred. Had Ramirez averred that no meeting took place, instead of
simply averring that he did not participate in one, we might have a different situation. The location
of the meeting may go to Davila’s general credibility, but, given the extensive impeachment
provided at trial, we cannot say that this testimony would have provided the final straw to break
the camel’s back. We can discern no prejudice accruing from the omission of Ramirez’s account
at trial. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court correctly rejected this postconviction claim.
¶ 43 Defendant argues that, at the second stage, we must accept as true affidavits and well-
pleaded allegations in the postconviction petition not directly rebutted by the record. People v.
Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 35. However, even accepting as true that the retaliation meeting
could not have taken place at Ramirez’s apartment, he fails to deny that the meeting took place.
Thus, at best, Ramirez would have further impeached Davila on a wholly collateral issue and not
disputed any of Davila’s testimony on the material issues related to the circumstances which
caused his and defendant’s presence during the Contreras murder. Thus, the trial court could
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properly determine that even more impeachment on a collateral issue would only have been
cumulative, especially since, according to the State, Davila had been impeached in more than 20
other instances during the trial.
¶ 44 D. Trial Counsel’s Conflict of Interest
¶ 45 Defendant last argues that that trial counsel acted under an actual conflict of interest.
Defendant argues that trial counsel did not investigate Aquino’s claims regarding statements
Davila made to him in which Davila claimed responsibility for being the shooter in the Contreras
murder. Specifically, Aquino provided an affidavit in which he averred that, in August 2008, he
wrote to trial counsel to inform counsel of this information. Aquino averred that he was never
contacted by counsel. Defendant argues that trial counsel’s failure to investigate and call Aquino
stemmed from his prior representation of Aquino and constituted an actual conflict of interest. We
disagree.
¶ 46 It is well established that the right to effective assistance of counsel includes the right to
conflict-free representation. People v. Ayala, 2022 IL App (1st) 192484, ¶ 115. Two types of
conflict have been recognized in Illinois law: per se and actual. Id. To demonstrate an actual
conflict, a defendant must show that counsel actively represented conflicting interests. People v.
Moore, 189 Ill. 2d 521, 539 (2000). A defendant need not demonstrate that the conflict contributed
to his conviction, but the defendant must demonstrate a specific defect in counsel’s strategy,
tactics, or decisions attributable to the conflict. Id.
¶ 47 Here, the trial court determined that the very experienced 4 trial counsel’s decision
regarding Aquino was a matter of strategy and that counsel had otherwise effectively represented
4 We note that, at the time of defendant’s trial, trial counsel had been an attorney for about 25 years,
had served as the public defender for about 15 years, had participated in hundreds of trials, with
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defendant at trial. We agree. Aquino averred that he wrote to trial counsel and informed him that
Davila had claimed responsibility for performing the shooting in the Contreras murder. Thus,
counsel was aware, generally, of what benefit to defendant’s case Aquino might offer. Counsel
had previously represented Aquino, and, at the first iteration of the Krankel hearing, counsel
testified that he used this knowledge to assess Aquino’s general credibility in determining whether
the benefit to defendant’s case would be outweighed by the potential harm. Counsel believed that,
because Aquino was serving a life term of imprisonment for murder, he had nothing to lose should
he testify and could therefore lie with impunity. The court concluded from this record that counsel
had simply made the strategic decision that the potential harm to defendant’s case in calling
Aquino far outweighed any benefits that could be attained. Moreover, two disinterested witnesses,
Mireles and Gonzalez, provided testimony on defendant’s behalf that defendant informed them he
was the shooter. Thus, counsel was able to introduce the same information through less risky
sources than a convicted murderer serving a life sentence.
¶ 48 We also note that defendant does not demonstrate how Aquino’s interests conflicted with
defendant’s, so defendant is unable to show that there is even a conflict—only that before he
represented defendant, trial counsel happened to represent Aquino. Aquino himself averred that
he stood to gain nothing beyond the satisfaction of seeing “justice to be served to the families of
the victim and of the wrongfully accused and convicted.” We further note that Aquino’s
prosecution had been resolved before defendant’s, and Aquino was already imprisoned. We
therefore cannot conclude that Aquino had any intersecting interest that may have conflicted with
approximately 50 murder trials of which about half were capital murder trials. Additionally, counsel was
a member of the capital litigation bar as a first-chair attorney and was sworn in with the initial group of
litigators.
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defendant’s interests in the case. It is axiomatic that, for an actual conflict to exist, there must first
be some conflict of interest or some inconsistent obligation to someone other than the client that
dilutes counsel’s allegiance to that client. People v. Speitzer, 123 Ill. 2d 1, 13-14 (1988). There
is simply nothing apparent in the record from which we can conclude that counsel based his
decision on anything more than a straightforward cost-benefit analysis of the possible effect of
providing this information to the jury through a witness such as Aquino.
¶ 49 Finally, we note that trial counsel’s determination of Aquino’s likely credibility and effect
was likely colored by his previous representation. However, because counsel had previous
interactions in a completed previous representation does not translate to the type of situation in
which we would necessarily conclude that counsel’s allegiance to defendant was somehow
compromised. If, for example, counsel had interviewed Aquino and come away with the
impression that Aquino was a bad and untruthful potential witness, we see no effective difference
in reaching this impression after such an interview than from reaching it after the course of the
earlier representation. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in dismissing
defendant’s claim that counsel acted under an actual conflict of interest.
¶ 50 Defendant maintains that trial counsel possessed an actual conflict, pinning his argument
to two sentences from Ayala. First, to “show an actual conflict of interest, a defendant must point
to “ ‘some specific defect in his counsel’s strategy, tactics, or decision making attributable to [a]
conflict.’ ” Ayala, 2022 IL App (1st) 192484, ¶ 126 (quoting People v. Morales, 209 Ill. 2d 340,
349 (2004)). Second, the “decision not to call [a witness] may certainly constitute a ‘specific
defect’ in counsel’s trial strategy.” Id. ¶ 127. While the “specific defect” language in the first
sentence accurately states how a court is to measure an actual conflict, the second sentence is too
slender a reed to support defendant’s contention. First, we note that the second sentence does not
state a general rule; rather, it is applying the specific defect concept to the particular facts in that
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case. Id. More importantly, however, the decision not to utilize a witness may constitute a specific
defect sufficient to support a finding of an actual conflict, meaning that, depending on the context,
it may also not constitute a specific defect in counsel’s representation. Id. Moreover, Ayala
determined first that the defendant’s counsel may have operated under a per se conflict because he
represented a prosecution witness who was also an alternate suspect in the same crime as the
defendant. Id. ¶ 124. The actual conflict analysis was an alternate analysis for the trial court to
employ when conducting an evidentiary hearing for the defendant’s postconviction petition
depending on whether the per se conflict was able to be substantiated. Id. ¶ 126. Thus, while the
general rule given in Ayala accords with our discussion above, it is factually distinct and does not
bear the weight of reliance defendant places upon it.
¶ 51 Defendant argues that he made a substantial showing of a specific defect—not
investigating Aquino’s claims—and this specific defect was caused by trial counsel’s prior
representation of Aquino. To the contrary, Aquino averred that he wrote to defendant’s trial
counsel that Davila had confided to him that he was the shooter in the Contreras murder twice,
relating the times and circumstances when Davila made the two statements, so counsel clearly, by
Aquino’s own words, knew at least the contours and the timing of the purported statements. The
record also demonstrates that the basic information was not unknown to counsel, who was able to
introduce evidence that Davila told Mireles and Gonzalez that he had been the shooter in the
Contreras murder, and neither Mireles nor Gonzalez carried the heavy criminal baggage that
Aquino carried. Additionally, defendant does not explain how the decision not to meet with
Aquino about already-known information was attributable to their previous attorney-client
relationship, or how the decision not to call Aquino was also attributable to their previous attorney-
client relationship rather than a cost-benefit assessment considering the risks of placing the
murderer Aquino on the stand versus introducing the same information through the more anodyne
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sources of Mireles, Gonzalez, and the police officer who interviewed them. By not closing that
loop, defendant’s argument fundamentally fails because he does not show that counsel’s
challenged action resulted from his prior representation of Aquino.
¶ 52 Defendant contends that the trial court imposed a requirement that he must show actual
prejudice resulting from the conflict of interest. We disagree. Defendant’s argument fails because
he has not demonstrated the existence of a conflict of interest in that he has not argued how not
investigating Aquino’s claims or not calling Aquino as a witness benefited Aquino at defendant’s
expense. In short, as discussed above, defendant simply has not demonstrated that counsel’s prior
representation constituted a conflict of interest. Effectively, defendant appears to concede that he
must demonstrate an actual conflict of interest but expects it to be treated as a per se conflict. See
id. ¶¶ 115-16 (a “per se conflict arises when the attorney had or has ‘a tie to a person or entity’
that would benefit from a verdict unfavorable to the client;” a per se conflict arises in three
circumstances: (1) when counsel has a prior or contemporaneous association with the victim, the
prosecution, or an entity assisting the prosecution, (2) when counsel contemporaneously represents
a prosecution witness, and (3) when counsel was a former prosecutor personally involved in
prosecuting the defendant). Thus, defendant asserts that trial counsel’s prior relationship with
Aquino, standing alone, explains the specific defects of not investigating Aquino’s claims or
calling Aquino as a witness. Because defendant has conceded that the trial counsel’s relationship
with Aquino constitutes an actual conflict, not a per se conflict, he is foreclosed from relying on
the fact of the relationship alone.
¶ 53 Defendant argues that the trial court erred by determining that he forfeited this claim or
that it was barred by res judicata. Because we have rejected defendant’s contention on its merits,
we need not address whether the trial court could also rely on forfeiture or res judicata.
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¶ 54 Similarly, defendant argues that the trial court erroneously deemed that this actual conflict
claim was simply a recharacterization of the ineffective assistance issues already addressed in the
earlier appeals. As we have addressed its merits, we need not further consider the trial court’s
framing of the issue.
¶ 55 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 56 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County.
¶ 57 Affirmed.
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