2016 IL App (2d) 140792 No. 2-14-0792 Opinion filed May 16, 2016 _____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of Du Page County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 06-CF-3801 ) DEVEER D. BUFFKIN, ) Honorable ) George J. Bakalis, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Hutchinson and Zenoff concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Deveer D. Buffkin, appeals from the dismissal of his postconviction petition.
However, he does not assert any error in that dismissal; instead, for the first time, he raises two
claims attacking certain financial aspects of his sentence. The State confesses error. We accept
that confession and grant the requested relief, though the precise grounds on which we may do so
on his second claim require an explanation that neither party provides.
¶2 On October 2, 2007, defendant pleaded guilty to aggravated discharge of a firearm (720
ILCS 5/24-1.2(a)(2) (West 2006)) and was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment, with credit for
279 days served. The trial court also imposed various fines and fees. On January 24, 2012,
defendant filed a pleading that the trial court treated as a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The 2016 IL App (2d) 140792
trial court denied the pleading, but on appeal we held that the trial court should have treated it as a
postconviction petition. We thus remanded the cause. People v. Buffkin, 2013 IL App (2d)
120261-U. On remand, the trial court dismissed the petition. Defendant appealed.
¶3 On appeal, defendant raises, for the first time, two claims directed at his sentence: (1) under
section 110-14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West
2006)), his time in presentencing custody entitles him to full credit against two fines, which total
$60; and (2) under People v. Marshall, 242 Ill. 2d 285, 291 (2011), he is entitled to the vacatur of
his DNA analysis fee (730 ILCS 5/5-4-3 (West 2006)), which is successive. The State confesses
error on both claims, which, at least substantively, are correct. Our concern is whether,
procedurally, we may grant them at this late stage.
¶4 Defendant’s first claim does not detain us long. In People v. Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d 79, 88
(2008), noting that section 110-14 of the Code permits the award of credit merely “upon
application of the defendant” (725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 2006)), the supreme court held that a
defendant could apply for the credit “at any time and at any stage of court proceedings, even on
appeal in a postconviction proceeding.” Thus, here, we face no impediment in granting defendant
the credit he seeks.
¶5 Defendant’s second claim, though, is a different matter. In Marshall, the supreme court
vacated the defendant’s successive DNA analysis fee. In doing so, although the defendant had
raised the issue for the first time on appeal, the court ruled that the claim could be raised at any
time. Specifically, as the successive fee was statutorily unauthorized, it was void. Marshall, 242
Ill. 2d at 302 (citing People v. Rigsby, 405 Ill. App. 3d 916, 920 (2010), citing People v. Arna, 168
Ill. 2d 107, 113 (1995)).
-2- 2016 IL App (2d) 140792
¶6 After Marshall, however, the supreme court decided People v. Castleberry, 2015 IL
116916, abolishing Arna’s rule that a statutorily unauthorized sentence is void. Under
Castleberry, when a sentencing court has jurisdiction—which the trial court here obviously did—a
statutorily unauthorized sentence is merely voidable, and is not subject to collateral attack. See
id. ¶ 11. Thus, here, as defendant’s DNA analysis fee is merely voidable, he may not collaterally
attack it.
¶7 Deprived of any assertion of voidness, 1 defendant cites no authority that establishes our
ability to reach this claim. He cites Caballero, where the supreme court did say that we may grant
an application for credit under section 110-14, raised for the first time on collateral appeal, in the
“ ‘interests of an orderly administration of justice.’ ” Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d at 88. However, this
statement was premised on the court’s acknowledgement that section 110-14 specifically permits
the award of credit “upon application of the defendant” (725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 2006)), without
any limit as to time. Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d at 88. Thus, the court did not suggest that we may
reach any sentencing claim on collateral appeal where the interests of justice so require, a
suggestion that would deprive Castleberry of virtually all of its preclusive force. Rather, the
court ruled that, in the interests of justice, we may reach any claim that may be raised at any time.
Unlike section 110-14, the statute authorizing only one DNA analysis fee does not give a
1 Defendant does not argue that Castleberry should apply only prospectively. The
supreme court is soon to address that question. People v. Price, No. 118613 (Ill. May 27, 2015).
In the meantime, this court has assumed that Castleberry applies retroactively. See People v.
Brown, 2016 IL App (2d) 140458, ¶ 9.
-3- 2016 IL App (2d) 140792
defendant an unlimited ability to attack a successive one. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4-3 (West 2006).2
As a result, we may not reach this claim under Caballero.
¶8 Defendant also cites People v. Owens, 129 Ill. 2d 303, 317 (1989), in which the supreme
court held that, “[w]here fundamental fairness requires, the rule of [forfeiture] will not be applied
in postconviction proceedings.” However, as the court went on to explain, “ ‘fundamental
fairness’ requires courts to review procedurally defaulted claims in collateral proceedings only
when a defendant shows cognizable ‘cause’ for his failure to make timely objection, and shows
‘actual prejudice’ flowing from the error now complained of.” Id. (citing Wainwright v. Sykes,
433 U.S. 72 (1977)). To the extent that Owens holds that a claim meeting the cause-and-prejudice
test may be raised for the first time on collateral appeal, defendant does not attempt to satisfy that
test. Certainly, we can imagine no “cause” for his having failed to raise this issue directly.
¶9 Finally, defendant cites Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(1) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967), which
permits us to “modify the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken,” as limited by Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(4) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967), which permits us to “reduce the punishment
imposed by the trial court.” See Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 24. But this is precisely the
point: defendant did not take this appeal from the sentencing order; instead he took it from the
2 We observe that the Caballero court drew an analogy to cases holding that a defendant
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2016 IL App (2d) 140792 No. 2-14-0792 Opinion filed May 16, 2016 _____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of Du Page County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 06-CF-3801 ) DEVEER D. BUFFKIN, ) Honorable ) George J. Bakalis, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Hutchinson and Zenoff concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Deveer D. Buffkin, appeals from the dismissal of his postconviction petition.
However, he does not assert any error in that dismissal; instead, for the first time, he raises two
claims attacking certain financial aspects of his sentence. The State confesses error. We accept
that confession and grant the requested relief, though the precise grounds on which we may do so
on his second claim require an explanation that neither party provides.
¶2 On October 2, 2007, defendant pleaded guilty to aggravated discharge of a firearm (720
ILCS 5/24-1.2(a)(2) (West 2006)) and was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment, with credit for
279 days served. The trial court also imposed various fines and fees. On January 24, 2012,
defendant filed a pleading that the trial court treated as a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The 2016 IL App (2d) 140792
trial court denied the pleading, but on appeal we held that the trial court should have treated it as a
postconviction petition. We thus remanded the cause. People v. Buffkin, 2013 IL App (2d)
120261-U. On remand, the trial court dismissed the petition. Defendant appealed.
¶3 On appeal, defendant raises, for the first time, two claims directed at his sentence: (1) under
section 110-14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West
2006)), his time in presentencing custody entitles him to full credit against two fines, which total
$60; and (2) under People v. Marshall, 242 Ill. 2d 285, 291 (2011), he is entitled to the vacatur of
his DNA analysis fee (730 ILCS 5/5-4-3 (West 2006)), which is successive. The State confesses
error on both claims, which, at least substantively, are correct. Our concern is whether,
procedurally, we may grant them at this late stage.
¶4 Defendant’s first claim does not detain us long. In People v. Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d 79, 88
(2008), noting that section 110-14 of the Code permits the award of credit merely “upon
application of the defendant” (725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 2006)), the supreme court held that a
defendant could apply for the credit “at any time and at any stage of court proceedings, even on
appeal in a postconviction proceeding.” Thus, here, we face no impediment in granting defendant
the credit he seeks.
¶5 Defendant’s second claim, though, is a different matter. In Marshall, the supreme court
vacated the defendant’s successive DNA analysis fee. In doing so, although the defendant had
raised the issue for the first time on appeal, the court ruled that the claim could be raised at any
time. Specifically, as the successive fee was statutorily unauthorized, it was void. Marshall, 242
Ill. 2d at 302 (citing People v. Rigsby, 405 Ill. App. 3d 916, 920 (2010), citing People v. Arna, 168
Ill. 2d 107, 113 (1995)).
-2- 2016 IL App (2d) 140792
¶6 After Marshall, however, the supreme court decided People v. Castleberry, 2015 IL
116916, abolishing Arna’s rule that a statutorily unauthorized sentence is void. Under
Castleberry, when a sentencing court has jurisdiction—which the trial court here obviously did—a
statutorily unauthorized sentence is merely voidable, and is not subject to collateral attack. See
id. ¶ 11. Thus, here, as defendant’s DNA analysis fee is merely voidable, he may not collaterally
attack it.
¶7 Deprived of any assertion of voidness, 1 defendant cites no authority that establishes our
ability to reach this claim. He cites Caballero, where the supreme court did say that we may grant
an application for credit under section 110-14, raised for the first time on collateral appeal, in the
“ ‘interests of an orderly administration of justice.’ ” Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d at 88. However, this
statement was premised on the court’s acknowledgement that section 110-14 specifically permits
the award of credit “upon application of the defendant” (725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 2006)), without
any limit as to time. Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d at 88. Thus, the court did not suggest that we may
reach any sentencing claim on collateral appeal where the interests of justice so require, a
suggestion that would deprive Castleberry of virtually all of its preclusive force. Rather, the
court ruled that, in the interests of justice, we may reach any claim that may be raised at any time.
Unlike section 110-14, the statute authorizing only one DNA analysis fee does not give a
1 Defendant does not argue that Castleberry should apply only prospectively. The
supreme court is soon to address that question. People v. Price, No. 118613 (Ill. May 27, 2015).
In the meantime, this court has assumed that Castleberry applies retroactively. See People v.
Brown, 2016 IL App (2d) 140458, ¶ 9.
-3- 2016 IL App (2d) 140792
defendant an unlimited ability to attack a successive one. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4-3 (West 2006).2
As a result, we may not reach this claim under Caballero.
¶8 Defendant also cites People v. Owens, 129 Ill. 2d 303, 317 (1989), in which the supreme
court held that, “[w]here fundamental fairness requires, the rule of [forfeiture] will not be applied
in postconviction proceedings.” However, as the court went on to explain, “ ‘fundamental
fairness’ requires courts to review procedurally defaulted claims in collateral proceedings only
when a defendant shows cognizable ‘cause’ for his failure to make timely objection, and shows
‘actual prejudice’ flowing from the error now complained of.” Id. (citing Wainwright v. Sykes,
433 U.S. 72 (1977)). To the extent that Owens holds that a claim meeting the cause-and-prejudice
test may be raised for the first time on collateral appeal, defendant does not attempt to satisfy that
test. Certainly, we can imagine no “cause” for his having failed to raise this issue directly.
¶9 Finally, defendant cites Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(1) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967), which
permits us to “modify the judgment or order from which the appeal is taken,” as limited by Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(4) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967), which permits us to “reduce the punishment
imposed by the trial court.” See Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 24. But this is precisely the
point: defendant did not take this appeal from the sentencing order; instead he took it from the
2 We observe that the Caballero court drew an analogy to cases holding that a defendant
may seek, at any time, sentencing credit under section 5-8-7(b) of the Unified Code of Corrections
(730 ILCS 5/5-8-7(b) (West 2006)). However, those cases were based on the fact that, in essence,
such a request is a motion to amend the mittimus, which, indeed, may be made at any time. See
Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d at 84 (quoting People v. Wren, 223 Ill. App. 3d 722, 731 (1992)). A request
to reduce the sentence itself (as opposed to a request for credit against it) is not a motion to amend
the mittimus.
-4- 2016 IL App (2d) 140792
dismissal of his postconviction petition. This is a collateral appeal, and, beyond the dismissal
itself, defendant is strictly limited in what he may raise. He may raise any claim that may be
raised at any time. But he may not collaterally attack his sentence as statutorily unauthorized.
See id. ¶ 11.
¶ 10 It thus is clear that defendant may attack his DNA analysis fee only directly. His problem,
of course, is that the time to directly attack his sentence is long past. Defendant filed a timely
notice of appeal from the dismissal of his postconviction petition, giving us jurisdiction of that
judgment. But, because the time to directly appeal from his sentence expired nearly a decade ago,
ordinarily we would lack jurisdiction of that judgment. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 606(b) (eff. Sept. 1,
2006); In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d 338, 346 (2006).
¶ 11 The State, however, has confessed error. Thus, the State has “revested” the courts with
jurisdiction of defendant’s sentence. For that reason only, we may reach defendant’s claim.
¶ 12 The revestment doctrine provides that, after a court’s jurisdiction of a judgment has lapsed,
the parties may restore the court’s jurisdiction of that judgment so that it may address “ ‘[s]pecial
circumstances *** in which the interests of finality are lessened.’ ” People v. Bailey, 2014 IL
115459, ¶ 12 (quoting People v. Bainter, 126 Ill. 2d 292, 304-05 (1989)). “[F]or the revestment
doctrine to apply, both parties must: (1) actively participate in the proceedings; (2) fail to object to
the untimeliness of the late filing; and (3) assert positions that make the proceedings inconsistent
with the merits of the prior judgment and support the setting aside of at least part of the judgment.”
(Emphases in original.) Id. ¶ 25. Although generally the revestment doctrine is applied to a late
attack in a trial court (see id. ¶ 8), we see no basis for holding that it cannot be applied to a late
attack in this court.
-5- 2016 IL App (2d) 140792
¶ 13 And, indeed, the criteria of the doctrine are satisfied here. Despite the finality of
defendant’s sentence, both parties have actively participated in this appeal; the State has failed to
object to the untimeliness of defendant’s attack on his sentence; and both parties have agreed to set
aside the DNA analysis fee. Thus, we shall do so.
¶ 14 In the wake of Castleberry, we expressed our concern that defendants serving statutorily
unauthorized sentences will be unable to obtain relief therefrom. See Brown, 2016 IL App (2d)
140458, ¶ 9. As this case demonstrates, however, the revestment doctrine provides a “safeguard”
against Castleberry’s effects. See Bailey, 2014 IL 115459, ¶ 12. 3 As has often been noted, the
State’s duty is to see that justice is done, not only for the public but also for the defendant. In re
Derrico G., 2014 IL 114463, ¶ 107. Even where the defendant’s attack on his statutorily
unauthorized sentence is otherwise precluded, we urge the State to “support the setting aside of at
least part of the judgment.” Bailey, 2014 IL 115459, ¶ 25.
¶ 15 Here, we accept the State’s confession of error and remand the cause for the circuit court of
Du Page County to (1) apply a $60 credit against defendant’s fines; (2) vacate defendant’s DNA
analysis fee; and (3) recalculate the assessments outstanding and the fee for collection.
¶ 16 Remanded with directions.
3 There might also be others, of course. In Brown, we acknowledged that the Castleberry
court had suggested the possible availability of mandamus. Brown, 2016 IL App (2d) 140458, ¶ 9
(citing Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶¶ 26-27). However, the Castleberry court declined to
explore that potential remedy in the absence of a petition for it. Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916,
¶ 27. Here, we shall follow suit.
-6-