OPINION OF THE COURT
Chief Judge Lippman.
Defendant stands convicted of manslaughter in the first degree. In a statement given shortly after the homicide, and at [131] trial, defendant admitted fatally stabbing her estranged boyfriend, Joseph Wilburn, but claimed that she had done so while attempting to defend herself. Mr. Wilburn, she said, appeared at her home early on the morning of February 2, 2007. Although she had an order of protection against him, she allowed him in and an argument ensued. She asked him to leave but he refused, and when she tried to call the police, he choked her and then came at her with a snow shovel, threatening to “bust [her] head open.” According to defendant, as Wilburn swung the shovel at her, she grabbed a knife and, with her eyes closed, lunged at him, hitting him once in the chest. After attempting without success to stanch the bleeding from Wilburn’s wound, defendant called 911 for emergency assistance and then panicked and ran from her house. She was eventually approached on the street near her house by one of the police officers responding to the homicide scene. He testified that when she was pointed out to him by a concerned pedestrian she was shivering, disheveled and apparently disoriented. Marks observed on defendant’s neck soon after she was taken by the police to the Monroe County Public Safety Building for questioning seemed to confirm that she had been recently choked, and a snow shovel with a plastic blade was found at the homicide scene near the victim’s left hand.
The trial evidence showed, and there is no dispute, that the 45-year-old defendant had been a frequent victim of sexual and other physical abuse since her early childhood. In connection, then, with her claim that she had swung the knife at Wilburn in self-defense, she urged, and presented expert testimony to show, that her perception of and response to Wilburn on the occasion of their final altercation was significantly and reasonably influenced by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and, somewhat more specifically, battered woman syndrome (BWS).
To rebut defendant’s claim of justification and her related contention that her understanding of and reaction to the situation resulting in the homicide had been eventuated by the psychiatric sequelae of her victimization, the prosecution presented its own psychiatric expert and, in a pretrial Molineux application, sought as well to introduce evidence of six uncharged incidents in which defendant reportedly resorted or threatened to resort to violence against men. Evidence as to two of these incidents was allowed in the People’s direct case over defendant’s opposition: the People were permitted to elicit testimony from the victim’s brother, Quinton, that the day before the homicide he heard defendant call out that she would stab Joseph [132] if he did not close the door to her house, which he had left open while he and his brother conversed; and the People were permitted to elicit from a social worker testimony that defendant, during a therapy session with her some 10 years before the Wilburn homicide, confessed that she had at some unspecified, necessarily more remote time stabbed an unidentified man in the thigh.
At trial, the social worker, who had no independent recollection of her professional interaction with defendant, testified from her notes that defendant had reported that “she stabbed a gentleman who had been [harassing] her, in the thigh,” and that she had in the course of her treatment stated that she was “very angry toward men” for all the abuse she had suffered.
In summation, the prosecutor argued that the fatal Wilburn stabbing had, like the stabbings1 by defendant predating it, been motivated by anger and not by a reasonably perceived need to resort to deadly force for self-protection. The court charged the jury that in assessing whether defendant reasonably believed that the use of deadly force was necessary to protect herself, it could take into account the evidence that defendant suffered from BWS.2
Defendant’s principal appellate contention has been that the social worker’s testimony as to defendant’s disclosure of the thigh stabbing should not have been received. That evidence, defendant has maintained, was not reliably probative of her state of mind on the occasion of the Wilburn stabbing more than a decade later, and introduced an unacceptable risk that defendant would be convicted on the basis of a perceived propensity on her part to knife merely bothersome men.
The Appellate Division addressed the Molineux issue only to the extent of rejecting defendant’s argument that the trial court did not engage in the required exercise of discretion (see People v Alvino, 71 NY2d 233, 242 [1987]) to weigh the probative worth of the prior bad act evidence against its potential for undue prejudice; it found that, although not memorialized on the record, the proper exercise of discretion was implicit (83 AD3d 1444, 1445 [4th Dept 2011]). The Court did not address whether [133] there was, in the first instance, a proper theory of relevance to support the introduction of the testimony respecting the thigh stabbing; it said, evidently inaccurately, that defendant had not argued the point.
A Judge of this Court granted defendant permission to appeal (18 NY3d 857 [2011]) and we now reverse and direct a new trial.
We have for some time recognized the broad principle that when there is an issue raised as to whether a defendant acted culpably it may be appropriate to permit the prosecution to respond by adducing evidence of uncharged conduct tending to show that the defendant possessed the mens rea necessary to guilt. In People v Santarelli (49 NY2d 241 [1980]), for example, we held that “evidence of uncharged criminal or immoral conduct may be admitted as part of the People’s case on rebuttal if it has a tendency to disprove the defendant’s claim that he was legally insane at the time of the crime” (id. at 248) and, recently, in People v Cass (18 NY3d 553 [2012]), we held proof of an uncharged prior homicide admissible to rebut a claim of extreme emotional disturbance. But, the receipt of evidence of uncharged bad acts, even when offered to prove a subjective element, is not exempt from the general prohibition against evidence actually probative only of criminal propensity. To be admissible, such evidence must be demonstrably relevant to the specific state of mind issue in the case and it must be found, on balance, more probative than prejudicial (see Santarelli, 49 NY2d at 249-250).
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OPINION OF THE COURT
Chief Judge Lippman.
Defendant stands convicted of manslaughter in the first degree. In a statement given shortly after the homicide, and at [131] trial, defendant admitted fatally stabbing her estranged boyfriend, Joseph Wilburn, but claimed that she had done so while attempting to defend herself. Mr. Wilburn, she said, appeared at her home early on the morning of February 2, 2007. Although she had an order of protection against him, she allowed him in and an argument ensued. She asked him to leave but he refused, and when she tried to call the police, he choked her and then came at her with a snow shovel, threatening to “bust [her] head open.” According to defendant, as Wilburn swung the shovel at her, she grabbed a knife and, with her eyes closed, lunged at him, hitting him once in the chest. After attempting without success to stanch the bleeding from Wilburn’s wound, defendant called 911 for emergency assistance and then panicked and ran from her house. She was eventually approached on the street near her house by one of the police officers responding to the homicide scene. He testified that when she was pointed out to him by a concerned pedestrian she was shivering, disheveled and apparently disoriented. Marks observed on defendant’s neck soon after she was taken by the police to the Monroe County Public Safety Building for questioning seemed to confirm that she had been recently choked, and a snow shovel with a plastic blade was found at the homicide scene near the victim’s left hand.
The trial evidence showed, and there is no dispute, that the 45-year-old defendant had been a frequent victim of sexual and other physical abuse since her early childhood. In connection, then, with her claim that she had swung the knife at Wilburn in self-defense, she urged, and presented expert testimony to show, that her perception of and response to Wilburn on the occasion of their final altercation was significantly and reasonably influenced by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and, somewhat more specifically, battered woman syndrome (BWS).
To rebut defendant’s claim of justification and her related contention that her understanding of and reaction to the situation resulting in the homicide had been eventuated by the psychiatric sequelae of her victimization, the prosecution presented its own psychiatric expert and, in a pretrial Molineux application, sought as well to introduce evidence of six uncharged incidents in which defendant reportedly resorted or threatened to resort to violence against men. Evidence as to two of these incidents was allowed in the People’s direct case over defendant’s opposition: the People were permitted to elicit testimony from the victim’s brother, Quinton, that the day before the homicide he heard defendant call out that she would stab Joseph [132] if he did not close the door to her house, which he had left open while he and his brother conversed; and the People were permitted to elicit from a social worker testimony that defendant, during a therapy session with her some 10 years before the Wilburn homicide, confessed that she had at some unspecified, necessarily more remote time stabbed an unidentified man in the thigh.
At trial, the social worker, who had no independent recollection of her professional interaction with defendant, testified from her notes that defendant had reported that “she stabbed a gentleman who had been [harassing] her, in the thigh,” and that she had in the course of her treatment stated that she was “very angry toward men” for all the abuse she had suffered.
In summation, the prosecutor argued that the fatal Wilburn stabbing had, like the stabbings1 by defendant predating it, been motivated by anger and not by a reasonably perceived need to resort to deadly force for self-protection. The court charged the jury that in assessing whether defendant reasonably believed that the use of deadly force was necessary to protect herself, it could take into account the evidence that defendant suffered from BWS.2
Defendant’s principal appellate contention has been that the social worker’s testimony as to defendant’s disclosure of the thigh stabbing should not have been received. That evidence, defendant has maintained, was not reliably probative of her state of mind on the occasion of the Wilburn stabbing more than a decade later, and introduced an unacceptable risk that defendant would be convicted on the basis of a perceived propensity on her part to knife merely bothersome men.
The Appellate Division addressed the Molineux issue only to the extent of rejecting defendant’s argument that the trial court did not engage in the required exercise of discretion (see People v Alvino, 71 NY2d 233, 242 [1987]) to weigh the probative worth of the prior bad act evidence against its potential for undue prejudice; it found that, although not memorialized on the record, the proper exercise of discretion was implicit (83 AD3d 1444, 1445 [4th Dept 2011]). The Court did not address whether [133] there was, in the first instance, a proper theory of relevance to support the introduction of the testimony respecting the thigh stabbing; it said, evidently inaccurately, that defendant had not argued the point.
A Judge of this Court granted defendant permission to appeal (18 NY3d 857 [2011]) and we now reverse and direct a new trial.
We have for some time recognized the broad principle that when there is an issue raised as to whether a defendant acted culpably it may be appropriate to permit the prosecution to respond by adducing evidence of uncharged conduct tending to show that the defendant possessed the mens rea necessary to guilt. In People v Santarelli (49 NY2d 241 [1980]), for example, we held that “evidence of uncharged criminal or immoral conduct may be admitted as part of the People’s case on rebuttal if it has a tendency to disprove the defendant’s claim that he was legally insane at the time of the crime” (id. at 248) and, recently, in People v Cass (18 NY3d 553 [2012]), we held proof of an uncharged prior homicide admissible to rebut a claim of extreme emotional disturbance. But, the receipt of evidence of uncharged bad acts, even when offered to prove a subjective element, is not exempt from the general prohibition against evidence actually probative only of criminal propensity. To be admissible, such evidence must be demonstrably relevant to the specific state of mind issue in the case and it must be found, on balance, more probative than prejudicial (see Santarelli, 49 NY2d at 249-250).
Applying these principles in Santarelli, we reversed a conviction resting upon evidence of prior uncharged behavior adduced to show that the defendant was not, as he claimed, temporarily insane at the time of the charged homicide, but merely given to explosive outbursts. We reasoned that the prior episodes upon which the People relied were presented without context and so could not be reliably characterized as probative precedent behavior (id. at 250-251). By contrast, in Cass, we held that detailed evidence of a prior homicide by the defendant had been shown relevant to rebut a claim of extreme emotional disturbance made with respect to the charged subsequent, very similarly targeted and committed homicide (Cass, 18 NY3d at 563); taken together, the two relatively closely spaced homicides tended to show premeditation incompatible with the defendant’s mitigating claim of extreme emotional disturbance (id.). In so holding, however, we reiterated that “evidence of bad acts [134] must have some logical relationship’ to, and a ‘direct bearing upon,’ the People’s effort to disprove [a state of mind defense],” and that an assertion of a state of mind defense “opens the door to bad acts evidence ‘only to the extent that such evidence has a natural tendency to disprove [a defendant’s] specific claim’ ” (id. at 562-563, quoting Santarelli, 49 NY2d at 249, 252). We also stressed, yet again, the obligation of trial courts to “take special care to ensure not only that the evidence bears some articulable relation to the issue, but also that its probative value in fact warrants its admission despite the potential for prejudice” (id. at 563, quoting Santarelli, 49 NY2d at 250 [internal quotation marks omitted]).
As the present case proceeded to trial it was clear that the undisputed facts raised an issue as to whether defendant had been justified in her resort to deadly force. There was, after all, objective evidence to support defendant’s claim that she had been choked by Wilburn and that Wilburn, the subject of an outstanding order of protection, then came after her with a shovel. There would, it appeared, also be evidence of defendant’s personal histoiy and knowledge of Wilburn relevant to the reasonableness of her claimed perception of imperilment (see People v Wesley, 76 NY2d 555, 559-560 [1990]). To meet their burden to disprove the defense of justification (Penal Law §§ 35.15, 25.00 [1]), the People would have to demonstrate that defendant did not actually believe that she was in mortal danger, or failing that, that her belief was not reasonable (Wesley, 76 NY2d at 559). While we do not think the trial court erred in permitting the People in the Molineux context to introduce on their direct case some evidence anticipatory of the elaborate justification claim defendant would imminently advance, any such evidence had to possess “a natural tendency to disprove [defendant’s] specific claim” as to her state of mind (Santarelli, 49 NY2d at 249). The proffered evidence of the thigh stabbing did not, in our view, have such probative value.
Defendant’s specific relevant claim was that at the time she swung her knife at Wilburn she reasonably believed that he was about to seriously harm her. That claim, premised in essential part on the particular objective circumstances attending the altercation and defendant’s knowledge of Wilburn, was not in any direct or logical way disproved by proof of the bare circumstance that defendant at some remote, indeterminate time had stabbed an unidentified man in the thigh. While that stabbing assertedly was in response to harassment, the nature [135] of the harassment was left entirely to the imagination. It is possible that the harassment was relatively minor, but it is at least equally possible that it was not. If defendant during the earlier incident used her knife to ward off a sexual or other serious assault, it would not logically show that her subsequent conduct was, as the prosecution contended, simply an expression of unbridled rage.
Given her history, defendant might very well have been angry at men, but anger and fear for one’s personal safety are not mutually exclusive, and defendant’s mere harboring of anger did not with any degree of reliability exclude the entirely plausible hypothesis that her use of force, in either the prior uncharged or the subsequent charged stabbing, had been justified. The absence of any context to shed light on the actual motivation for the thigh stabbing left the jury to speculate both as to the nature of defendant’s conduct on the occasion of that earlier stabbing and as to its possible relevance to the characterization of her conduct more than 10 years later when she plunged her knife into Wilburn’s chest. Without some better developed theory of relevance the two incidents were resonant solely for what they seemed to disclose about defendant’s violent propensity and the manner of its expression; the testimony as to the thigh stabbing did not in any reasonably disciplined way tend to disprove defendant’s claim that she had used the knife against Wilburn to defend herself from what she reasonably believed would be grievous personal harm.
Although the trial court did instruct the jury that the evidence of the earlier stabbing was not to be considered as evidence of criminal propensity, but only as it bore upon “the reasonableness of the defendant’s conduct with respect to the defense of justification and the defense claim that she suffers from battered wife [sic] syndrome,” given the ill-defined, indeed, on this record, purely speculative relevant relation between the two stabbings, this instruction would not, as a practical matter, have avoided the forbidden inference of propensity naturally set in motion by the incidents’ superficial similarity.
We do not minimize the strength of the prosecution’s case. The jury could quite reasonably have concluded that defendant was not particularly fearful of Wilburn, whom she had admitted to her home despite the order of protection barring him from being there, and that her evidently forceful knife thrust to the middle of Wilburn’s chest was not justified by Wilburn’s attack [136] with a plastic-bladed snow shovel.3 There was, in addition, significant evidence, not now challenged, suggesting that defendant’s use of knives against Wilburn was not confined to situations in which she was immediately imperiled, and that her relationship with Wilburn was mutually abusive. Nonetheless, given the extensive evidence of Wilburn’s abusive behavior, defendant’s lifelong history of victimization and PTSD diagnosis, and the objective corroboration of those portions of defendant’s narrative in which she stated that just prior to the fatal stabbing Wilburn choked her and then attacked her with a snow shovel, we do not think it possible to conclude that there would have been no significant probability of a different verdict if the disputed Molineux evidence had not been received. The jury’s understanding of this case could well have turned even on a small element of the People’s proof, and defendant’s admission to the prior stabbing, particularly as recounted by her former therapist in tandem with her non-contemporaneous but, as elicited, apparently motivationally relevant statements respecting her general, free floating anger towards men, were potentially extremely prejudicial.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed and a new trial ordered.