2020 IL App (1st) 170295 No. 1-17-0295
SIXTH DIVISION September 11, 2020
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of ) Cook County Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 99 CR 4956 ) HAROLD BLALOCK, ) ) Honorable Vincent M. Gaughan, Defendant-Appellant ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE GRIFFIN delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Harris and Connors concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant Harold Blalock was tried for and convicted of first-degree murder for shooting
and killing Veronica Riley. During an interrogation, Blalock confessed to shooting Riley,
claiming that he was trying to shoot someone else and shot her accidentally. He filed an
unsuccessful appeal and two unsuccessful postconviction petitions. Blalock has since filed a
third postconviction petition, which is at issue now. In his current petition, Blalock alleges that
his confession was the product of improper physical coercion by detectives. The circuit court
denied defendant leave to file this third postconviction petition. We conclude that the circuit
court did not err when it denied defendant leave to file the operative postconviction petition and,
accordingly, we affirm. No. 1-17-0295
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 On January 22, 1999, Veronica Riley was shot and killed outside a convenience store in
Chicago. Chicago Police Officer Jeff Carter and his partner were on patrol in the area of the
shooting when they heard the gunshots and responded to the scene. The officers found Ms. Riley
on the floor of the convenience store. She had been shot in the back, and the bullet caused
damage to her lungs and aorta which led to her death.
¶4 Tara Coleman spoke to investigators and told them that she was with her young sons at a
barbershop near the scene of the shooting on the day Ms. Riley was shot and killed. Ms.
Coleman told investigators that defendant Harold Blalock came into the barbershop. Ms.
Coleman knew defendant well because they had gone to school together. Soon after defendant
arrived, two or three other men came into the barbershop and began arguing with defendant.
Those men left the barbershop, and defendant left soon thereafter. Ms. Coleman saw defendant
get into the passenger side of a black Pontiac when he left the barbershop. A few minutes later,
Coleman heard gunshots. When she looked outside, she saw defendant in the passenger seat of
the same black Pontiac he had entered minutes earlier and he had his hands out of the window,
holding a gun. Ms. Coleman did not see anyone else in the area with a gun. She identified
defendant in a photo array and also in a physical line up. An Assistant State’s Attorney took
down a handwritten statement from Ms. Coleman, and Ms. Coleman signed each page of her
statement averring to its accuracy.
¶5 Defendant was interviewed by police officers and gave a handwritten statement.
Defendant indicated in his written statement that he got into an argument at the barbershop with
men he knew as Rasu and Banks. The argument concerned a prior shooting with which
defendant’s brother was reportedly involved. After the argument, defendant left the barbershop
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with Marcus Carpenter and got into Carpenter’s car. Carpenter gave him a gun. As they drove,
defendant saw Banks, and defendant fired at him. Banks was near the convenience store where
Riley was killed. Defendant saw three women near the store at the time of the shooting.
Defendant claimed that he was not trying to kill anyone. Defendant’s statement indicates that he
was treated well by the police, that he was not threatened or promised anything in return for his
statement, and that the statement was given freely and voluntarily.
¶6 Once the detectives had Marcus Carpenter’s name from defendant’s confession, they
went to his residence to arrest him. Parked outside of Carpenter’s residence was a two-door
Pontiac Sunbird. Tara Coleman identified the vehicle from outside Carpenter’s residence as the
same vehicle that she saw used in the shooting.
¶7 Before trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress the inculpatory statements he made to
investigators. Defendant alleged that the detectives “slapped, yelled at, threatened [him], and cut
his fingernails.” He argued that his confession was involuntary as a product of physical coercion
and that it should not be permitted to be introduced at trial.
¶8 At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Detective John Murray testified that defendant
confessed to the shooting after questioning. Detective Murray denied that any improper coercion
was involved. Detective Murray testified that after defendant confessed to the detectives, the
detectives summoned an Assistant State’s Attorney to memorialize the statement. Assistant
State’s Attorney Clarissa Palermo accompanied defendant while he provided a confession. She
administered Miranda rights to defendant before he gave the statement, and defendant gave his
statement in the presence of Palermo and the detectives. Palermo recorded defendant’s statement
and then defendant signed it. Detective Murray testified that he never saw anyone abuse or
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threaten defendant nor did anyone yell at him. The trial court denied the motion to suppress the
inculpatory statements.
¶9 At trial, defendant testified that after the argument at the barbershop with Rasu and
Banks, he was in his own car, a red Cadillac, when he drove a few friends to a Chinese
restaurant. He was parked near the convenience store when he saw Rasu heading towards him on
foot. Defendant testified that he tried to drive away, but Rasu was firing a gun at him. Defendant
returned fire with a gun he had in his vehicle as he drove away. Defendant kept a gun in his car
because he was shot 14 times in an incident two years earlier. Defendant testified that, after the
shootout, he left his car in a parking lot with the gun still inside the vehicle. Defendant stated that
the car and the gun were both destroyed by a fire while it was parked in that parking lot.
¶ 10 Defendant admitted during his testimony that he did make the confessional statement that
was introduced as evidence, but he denied that the statement was an accurate representation of
what occurred. He testified that he tried to tell the detectives that he shot in self-defense, but that
he eventually relented because the detectives and the Assistant State’s Attorney refused to
believe him. Because the detectives would not accept his version of the events, defendant gave
the statement that he shot at Rasu from Carpenter’s car—but he left out of his statement that he
was returning fire in self-defense. Defendant testified that the officers did not tell him what to
say in the statement, but he testified that he was persuaded into telling the officers what they
wanted to hear because they would not believe the version of events he was trying to provide to
them. Defendant acknowledged in his trial testimony that no one threatened him to get him to
say anything that was included in his statement.
¶ 11 Tara Coleman testified at trial. She testified inconsistently with the statement that she had
given investigators shortly after the shooting. Ms. Coleman denied seeing who fired the
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gunshots, denied identifying defendant as the shooter, and otherwise recanted the statement she
made to the Assistant State’s Attorney and the detectives.
¶ 12 Nikki Goodman also testified for the defense. Ms. Goodman said she saw Rasu standing
in the middle of an intersection firing a gun at defendant. She saw defendant return fire and drive
away. Ms. Goodman testified that Rasu was firing at defendant as defendant drove away, and
that she then saw a lady hit the wall outside of the convenience store. She was not sure whether
defendant or Rasu fired first. Ms. Goodman also stated that she and defendant briefly dated in the
past.
¶ 13 A jury found defendant guilty of first-degree murder. The court sentenced defendant to
40 years in prison. Defendant appealed. On direct appeal, we affirmed defendant’s conviction
and sentence. People v. Blalock, 331 Ill. App. 3d 1126 (2002) (No. 1-10-2685, June 24, 2002)
(unpublished order under Ill. S. Ct. R. 23). Defendant did not seek leave to appeal from the
Illinois Supreme Court.
¶ 14 Defendant filed a postconviction petition a year after his appeal was unsuccessful. In his
postconviction petition, defendant alleged that he was actually innocent, that the State violated
Brady v. Maryland for not disclosing the existence of a potential eyewitness, and that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to present mitigating evidence during sentencing. The trial
court dismissed defendant’s postconviction petition, holding that the petition presented a claim
of self-defense—a claim that was already presented to, and rejected by, the jury. Defendant did
not appeal the dismissal of his postconviction petition.
¶ 15 Defendant filed a second postconviction petition in 2009. In his second postconviction
petition, defendant argued that he was denied effective assistance of counsel in the presentation
of his first postconviction petition because his counsel failed to file an appeal. The trial court
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denied defendant leave to file his successive petition. Defendant appealed, and we affirmed.
People v. Blalock, 2014 IL App (1st) 102685-U, ¶ 35. The Illinois Supreme Court denied
defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. People v. Blalock, 21 N.E.3d 715 (Table) (No. 118294)
(November 26, 2014).
¶ 16 Defendant filed a third postconviction petition in 2016. His third postconviction petition
is the petition now at issue. In his third petition, defendant alleges for the first time since before
his trial that his confession was involuntary as it was the result of physical coercion. Defendant
alleges that the detectives physically and mentally abused him, in that: they yelled at him,
slapped him in the head, beat and kicked him, bent and split his fingernails, and put a gun to his
head, among other things. Defendant also points out that the detectives that conducted his
interrogation, Detectives James O’Brien, John Halloran, and John Murray, have been accused of
misconduct in several other investigations. Defendant attached to his petition affidavits from
other alleged victims of these detectives, a report from a Special State’s Attorney that
investigated allegations against these officers, a Chicago Tribune article about the detectives, and
police department internal affairs memoranda.
¶ 17 The trial court denied defendant leave to file his third postconviction petition. The trial
court held that defendant’s claims failed to satisfy the “cause and prejudice test”—the test that
courts use to determine whether belated claims made in a successive postconviction petition
should receive review (725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018)). Defendant now appeals the trial
court’s denial of his motion for leave to file a third postconviction petition.
¶ 18 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 19 Defendant argues that his claim that his confession was coerced satisfies the “cause and
prejudice test” therefore meeting the criteria to go forward on a successive postconviction
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petition. Thus, defendant contends, the trial court should not have denied him leave to file a third
postconviction petition.
¶ 20 The Post–Conviction Hearing Act provides a method by which defendants may assert
that, in the proceedings which resulted in their convictions, there was a substantial denial of their
federal or state constitutional rights. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 9 (2009). Postconviction
proceedings are not a substitute for an appeal, but rather, constitute a collateral attack on a final
judgment. People v. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 13. A postconviction proceeding allows inquiry
only into constitutional issues that were not and could not have been adjudicated on direct
appeal. People v. Williams, 394 Ill. App. 3d 236, 246 (2009). Therefore, where a petitioner has
previously taken an appeal from a judgment of conviction, the ensuing judgment of the
reviewing court will bar, under the doctrine of res judicata, postconviction review of all issues
actually decided by the reviewing court, and any other claims that could have been presented to
the reviewing court will be deemed waived. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21; see also
725 ILCS 5/122–3 (West 2018) (“Any claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not
raised in the original or an amended [postconviction] petition is waived.”).
¶ 21 Under the Illinois Code of Criminal Procedure, petitioners are entitled to file only one
postconviction petition and any subsequent petitions are allowed only with leave of court. 725
ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018). Leave of court may be granted only if a petitioner demonstrates
cause for his or her failure to bring the claim in his or her initial post-conviction proceedings and
prejudice results from that failure. Id.
¶ 22 For purposes of deciding whether leave to file a successive postconviction petition should
be granted, a petitioner shows “cause” by “identifying an objective factor that impeded his or her
ability to raise a specific claim during his or her initial post-conviction proceedings.” Id. A
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petitioner shows “prejudice” by “demonstrating that the claim not raised during his or her initial
post-conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or sentence violated
due process.” Id.
¶ 23 Successive postconviction petitions are disfavored by Illinois courts. People v. Edwards,
2012 IL 111711, ¶ 29. A petitioner must meet a higher burden to go forward on a successive
postconviction petition than he must meet at the first stage of original postconviction
proceedings. Id. at ¶¶ 25-29. We review de novo whether a petitioner has sufficiently alleged
cause and prejudice so as to be entitled to file a successive petition. People v. Womack, 2020 IL
App (3d) 170208, ¶ 12.
¶ 24 Defendant argues that his allegations of police misconduct, along with the evidence
attached to his petition that the detectives involved in his interrogation have been accused of
misconduct in other cases, meet the threshold for going forward on a successive postconviction
petition. Defendant contends that he demonstrated “cause” for not raising the issue of a coerced
confession in his original postconviction petition because the evidence he has submitted in
support of his current petition was not available at the time that he filed his first postconviction
petition. Defendant argues that he demonstrated “prejudice” because the confession was
introduced as substantive evidence at trial, and the use of a coerced confession against a
defendant necessarily deprives that defendant of due process.
¶ 25 As to the “cause” prong of the test to determine whether a successive postconviction
petition should be allowed, defendant argues that the evidence he now uses to support his claim
was not available when he filed his original postconviction petition. However, defendant did not
even make the claim that his confession was coerced in his original petition. Defendant’s current
allegations demonstrate that he was aware of the facts giving rise to his coercion claim when he
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filed his original postconviction petition. Despite his awareness of these alleged facts, defendant
made no mention of a coerced confession in his original petition. In fact, defendant did not raise
the issue at trial, on direct appeal, in his first postconviction petition, or in his second
postconviction petition. Defendant did not raise the issue of a coerced confession for 16 years
after he was convicted. Nothing prevented defendant from raising such a claim at any of those
stages. Regardless of the availability of the corroborating evidence he now uses, the claim itself
was clearly available to defendant, but he did not assert it.
¶ 26 Defendant maintains that the “corroborating evidence” was either not yet in existence or
that he did not have knowledge of it when he filed his first postconviction petition, so he has
established “cause” under the cause and prejudice test. But to establish “cause” in the successive
postconviction context, a petitioner is required to “identify[] an objective factor that impeded his
or her ability to raise a specific claim during his or her initial post-conviction proceedings.” 725
ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018) (Emphasis added). The statute discusses not when the
documentation to support a claim becomes available, but whether the claim itself can be made.
Defendant could have made the claim of a coerced confession at any time—he was obviously
aware of the facts that might give rise to such a claim. No objective factors impeded defendant’s
ability to raise the claim of a coerced confession in his direct appeal, or in his first or second
postconviction petition. See People v. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 55.
¶ 27 Defendant is not arguing that the now-available evidence would have corroborated the
claims he made in his original petition; he is instead arguing that he would have made different
claims. So even though defendant has established “cause” for not providing at least some of the
evidence he now relies upon, he has not established any cause for failing to make the claim
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altogether. Defendant has not provided any explanation regarding why he did not or could not
have argued that his confession was coerced in any of the prior proceedings.
¶ 28 A petitioner does not need to be aware of all possible existing evidence that might
support a constitutional claim in order to have been obligated to raise the claim in an initial
postconviction petition. People v. Williams, 394 Ill. App. 3d 236, 242 (2009). Here, as in
Williams, “[t]he lack of the supporting documentation did not prevent the defendant from raising
these claims in his original postconviction petition.” Id. at 263; 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2018).
Neither the factual nor the legal basis of the claim defendant now raises was unavailable to him
when he filed his initial postconviction petition.
¶ 29 As defendant tacitly acknowledges, not only would he have been aware of his own
allegations of coercion, much of the evidence he now uses to support his claims was available
when he filed his first or second postconviction petition. Defendant could well have supported
his current claim of coercion based on evidence that was available at the time. People v.
Anderson, 375 Ill. App. 3d 990, 1001-05 (2007). Defendant has failed to demonstrate cause for
failing to raise the issue of a coerced confession for 16 years following his conviction and he has
failed to demonstrate any basis to avoid the application of waiver and res judicata principles.
People v. Orange, 168 Ill. 2d 138, 154 (1995).
¶ 30 In addition, defendant had a hearing on the issue of a coerced confession before trial. The
trial court assessed the credibility of the detective that defendant called to testify and, at the
conclusion of the evidence, the circuit court found defendant’s claim of coercion was
“disproved.” Defendant appealed his conviction. He could have raised the issue of a coerced
confession or the denial of his motion to suppress his confession on direct appeal, but he did not.
This issue clearly could have been adjudicated on direct appeal. See Williams, 394 Ill. App. 3d at
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246. Without something more than generalized allegations of abuse in other cases, the same
arguments already raised and rejected by the court and not raised in an appeal do not state an
adequate basis for going forward on a successive postconviction petition. Orange, 168 Ill. 2d at
154-55; People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 445 (2005).
¶ 31 Defendant also testified at trial. The circumstances of his confession were a major topic
at trial. But defendant never stated that he was tortured or that he was otherwise coerced into
giving the statement that he gave. He instead testified under oath that he made the statement at
issue to detectives and that no one threatened him to get him to say what he said. Defendant
testified that he made the statement, not because he was tortured, but because the detectives
would not accept his narrative, so he told them what they wanted to hear. Defendant testified
that, as for his version of events, the detectives were “[not] trying to hear that part of the story
there” and that what he told the detectives, “it was a story, I was just, you know, lying about [it],
and they [were] going to go along with it.” Defendant further testified at trial that he was left
alone with the Assistant State’s Attorney when she asked him how he was treated by the
detectives and when he related to her that he had been treated well by the detectives. Defendant
explicitly testified at trial that he was not abused for the purposes of obtaining his statement and
that no one threatened him to make him say any part of his statement.
¶ 32 Defendant made clear at trial that the motivation he had for giving the confession was not
because he was tortured, but that he gave the statement that he did give because the detectives
were not willing to accept his narrative of the events. Because the detectives were not accepting
his story, he made up the version that was memorialized. At trial, defendant testified that the
statement he gave to police was a fabrication, but he made clear that the reason for the
fabrication was to appease the investigators and, according to defendant’s own trial testimony,
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not because he was abused. Defendant’s current claims are rebutted by his own admissions in the
record, which defendant made under oath. See People v. Jefferson, 345 Ill. App. 3d 60, 75-76
(2003); People v. Shotts, 2015 IL App (4th) 130695, ¶¶ 69-71.
¶ 33 Unlike the petitioners in some other cases in which our courts have grappled with belated
claims of police coercion in an interrogation, defendant has not been consistent in claiming that
he was the victim of police misconduct. See, e.g., People v. Patterson, 192 Ill. 2d 93, 145 (2000).
Instead, defendant raises the claim now for the first time in 16 years, after having several
available proceedings in which he could have raised it. Again, defendant provides no explanation
for not raising the issue itself in either his direct appeal or his original postconviction, other than
to say that some of the corroborating evidence only became available after his original petition
was filed.
¶ 34 Defendant points to our decision in People v. Wrice, 406 Ill. App. 3d 43 (2010) (affirmed
as modified by People v. Wrice, 2012 IL 111860) to support his argument that “cause” has been
established for his coercion claim. However, in Wrice, the petitioner had alleged consistently in
each of his postconviction filings that his confession was the product of police torture. Wrice,
406 Ill. App. 3d at 52. Defendant has not. So like in Wrice, we agree with defendant that he has
established cause for not presenting some of his evidentiary material at a prior time (see supra
¶ 27). But defendant has not established cause for failing to raise the claim altogether in several
prior filings in the circuit court and in this court.
¶ 35 Defendant’s position boils down to a claim that any petitioner who alleges that he was
interrogated by the same detectives that are accused of misconduct in other cases has stated a
colorable claim for constitutional relief, regardless of the procedural posture of the case. But that
is not the standard. Merely supplying evidence that detectives involved in defendant’s
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interrogation have been accused of misconduct in other cases does not demonstrate that
defendant’s statement was, in fact, coerced, especially in light of the entire record in this case.
See Anderson, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 1001-03; People v. Gonzalez, 2016 IL App (1st) 141660, ¶ 58.
The trial court did not err in denying defendant leave to file a third postconviction petition on his
claim that his confession was coerced.
¶ 36 As to defendant’s claim for a violation of Brady v. Maryland, defendant argues that the
State violated the dictates of that case when it failed to disclose to defendant the detectives’
history of abuse. In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963) the Supreme Court of the United
States announced a rule that the suppression of evidence by the government that is favorable to a
defendant violates due process. That rule has been expounded upon by Illinois courts and is
expressed in Illinois Supreme Court Rule 412 which, among other things, requires the State to
“disclose to defense counsel any material or information within its possession or control which
tends to negate the guilt of the accused as to the offense charged or which would tend to reduce
his punishment therefor.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(c) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001) (West 2018). Defendant argues
that the State should have disclosed evidence of the allegations of misconduct against Detectives
O’Brien and Halloran before trial because such evidence would have been favorable to his
defense.
¶ 37 Defendant acknowledges that our supreme court rejected the same argument he now
raises in its decision in People v. Orange, 195 Ill. 2d 437 (2001). Defendant nonetheless
contends that, in light of recent revelations of widespread police misconduct related to
confessions, “that case should no longer be followed.” What defendant fails to acknowledge is
that we are bound by decisions of the supreme court. See Yakich v. Aulds, 2019 IL 123667,
¶ 13 (“circuit and appellate courts are bound to apply this court’s precedent to the facts of the
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case before them under the fundamental principle of stare decisis” and failing to do so is “serious
error.”); see also People v. Mitchell, 2012 IL App (1st) 100907, ¶ 72. Furthermore, which is
applicable again, defendant did not raise the claim he now raises in his original petition even
though the claim itself and at least some of the supporting evidence was discoverable. Anderson,
375 Ill. App. 3d at 1011; Williams, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 242.
¶ 38 Defendant’s Brady claim is essentially that he would have provided different trial
testimony had he known about the allegations of misconduct against the detectives—that, had he
been provided evidence of the allegations against the detectives, instead of trying to persuade the
jury that he fired in self-defense, he would have made the case that his confession was coerced.
That is not the purpose of Brady. Defendant’s trial testimony stands in direct contradiction of the
claims he asserts here. Defendant testified that he crafted a fabricated statement to the police
because it was what they wanted to hear. And he affirmatively testified that he was not
threatened to make any particular statement. The trial court did not err in denying defendant
leave to file a third postconviction petition on the basis of a violation of Brady v. Maryland.
¶ 39 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 40 Accordingly, we affirm.
¶ 41 Affirmed.