People v. Ayoubi

2020 IL App (1st) 180518

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: March 9, 2021
• Docket: 1-18-0518
• Status: Published

Opinion

2020 IL App (1st) 180518

No. 1-18-0518

Opinion filed September 29, 2020.

Second Division

______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 13 CR 0015301 ) FIRAS AYOUBI, ) The Honorable ) Garritt E. Howard and Jeffrey Defendant-Appellant. ) Warnick, ) Judges Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Pucinski concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Following a jury trial, defendant Firas Ayoubi was found guilty of aggravated criminal

sexual assault predicated on kidnapping and was sentenced to 28 years’ imprisonment. On

appeal, he challenges eyewitness identifications, the sufficiency of the evidence, the propriety of

the jury instructions, the prosecutor’s closing arguments, and the admission of historical cell site

data. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. No. 1-18-0518

¶2 I. Background

¶3 A. Pretrial Proceedings

¶4 Defendant was indicted with several charges pertaining to an assault against Y.L. shortly

after 8 a.m. on December 4, 2012, at Palm Beach Tan (5653 West Touhy Avenue). One count

alleged that defendant “committed the offense of aggravated criminal sexual assault in that he,

knowingly committed an act of sexual penetration upon [Y.L], to wit: [defendant] placed his

penis in [Y.L.’s] mouth, and the criminal sexual assault was perpetrated during the course of the

commission of any other felony, to wit, kidnapping, by [defendant].” Another count alleged that

defendant committed kidnapping when he “knowingly by force or threat of imminent force

carried [Y.L.] from one place to another with intent secretly to confine [Y.L.] against her will.”

See 720 ILCS 5/10-1(a)(2) (West 2012). Before trial, defendant moved to suppress photo array

and physical lineup identifications, arguing they were unduly suggestive.

¶5 At a hearing on the motion, Sergeant Alexopoulos testified that he met with witness

Joseph Reilley in the parking lot of Palm Beach Tan shortly after the incident. Reilley described

the offender as a dark-haired Caucasian or Hispanic man, with a light complexion, between 20

and 30 years of age. Reilley added that the offender, who was about 5’8” tall, wore layers of

clothing under a dark-colored hoodie and wore a bandana which partially covered his thin face.

Reilley said the man appeared to be dirty. Additionally, Y.L., who had gone to the hospital,

returned to Palm Beach Tan and described the offender as a Hispanic man between 18 years of

age and his early twenties. Y.L. told Sergeant Alexopoulos the offender was very thin and tall,

had dark hair and dark eyes, and wore a green hoodie with white lettering. He also wore black

pants, black cotton gloves, and a black cotton mask, which covered the bottom half of his face.

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¶6 Sergeant Alexopoulos testified that he created a photo array that included defendant as a

suspect. He chose other individuals with short, cropped hairstyles similar to the hairstyle worn in

defendant’s photograph, although neither witness had described the offender’s hairstyle.

Conversely, Sergeant Alexopoulos did not choose fillers based on their weight. The next day, he

read Y.L. a preprinted form stating that she was not required to make an identification from the

photo array and should not assume that the suspect was included. Y.L. signed the form and then

identified defendant from the photo array based on his eyes, eyebrows, “lower hairline” and

nose. Defendant was then arrested.

¶7 On December 6, 2012, Sergeant Alexopoulos, with assistance from other officers,

constructed a physical lineup. When choosing fillers, they tried to match “the physical

description of the defendant” as close as possible. Sergeant Alexopoulos also explained,

however, that because defendant was physically present when the lineup was constructed, the

police officers found fillers who they believed looked like defendant, rather than going off of a

description. The police tried to match defendant’s hairline, height, and weight as he appeared

that day to the best of their ability but did not weigh defendant before the lineup. While

defendant’s driver’s license showed he weighed 136 pounds, the lineup sheet showed three fillers

were heavier and one filler weighed 185 pounds. No one in the lineup, including defendant, had

a short, cropped-style haircut and one man was balding on top. All fillers had dark hair.

¶8 Each line up participant wore the same black shirt bearing the number of his place in the

lineup. Additionally, the police gave defendant clothes and black boots so he and the other lineup

participants would be similarly dressed. No one wore a mask. Furthermore, Sergeant

Alexopoulos orally instructed Y.L. and Reilley that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup, and

the two witnesses viewed the lineup separately before identifying defendant.

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¶9 The trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress, finding that all participants but one

appeared to be of a similar weight. Additionally, all participants appeared to be of a similar age

and had similar hair and complexions. The photo array was “very fair.” As for the physical

lineup, the men were similarly dressed, and all fillers were good except one. Two were

“remarkably good.” The court found the lineup was fair as a whole and stated, “you can’t get

clones for the defendant.” 1

¶ 10 B. Trial

¶ 11 At trial, Y.L. testified that after opening Palm Beach Tan at 8 a.m. on the day in question,

she went to the back of the salon to apply makeup and fold towels. Upon hearing the door chime,

she saw the back of someone entering the conference room. Because a meeting was scheduled

for 11 a.m., she believed it was the district manager and continued to fold towels. She then saw

defendant quickly approaching with his hand “ready to grab [her].” Despite his face being

covered from the bridge of his nose down, Y.L. could see defendant’s eyes, eyebrows, hairline,

bridge of his nose and some of his ears. He wore a light grass-green hoodie with white lettering;

a pair of black, fleece-like pants; and thin black cotton gloves. His hood was pulled over his

head, and he was approximately 5’10” tall.

¶ 12 Defendant grabbed Y.L. by her hair and forced her into the laundry room at the back of

the salon, shutting the door behind him. With one hand on her hair and one arm across her chest,

he walked her toward the laundry machine. He turned her around so that they were face to face.

Y.L. focused on defendant’s facial features to ascertain his intentions and to remember his

appearance. According to Y.L., she observed slightly large eyes that were “low and droopy” and

ears that were slightly pointy. His hair was dark brown and cut straight across. Additionally, his

1 Although Judge Garritt E. Howard presided over the motion to suppress hearing, Judge Jeffrey Warnick presided over the trial.

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eyebrows were dark but faint at the ends and the bridge of his nose was “not too big.” Y.L. later

acknowledged on cross-examination that she had been looking at defendant when describing his

eyes in court.

¶ 13 Y.L. testified that defendant pushed her head down and forced her to her knees. He

lowered his pants and boxers, revealing a condom on his erect penis, and kept one hand in his

pocket, leading Y.L. to believe he had a weapon. Defendant put his penis in Y.L.’s mouth for

“[a] couple of very long seconds, maybe in the tens, twenties,” but then pulled up his pants. He

walked Y.L. down the hallway, with one arm across her chest and the other holding her hair.

¶ 14 Upon observing that a customer had entered the salon, defendant said, “oh shit.” While

telling the customer to go into a side room, defendant let go of Y.L. The customer responded,

“Fuck you.” Y.L. then ran next door to Jewel-Osco, where someone called 911. Through the

Jewel-Osco’s window, she observed defendant leave the salon and walk toward the parking lot.

She lost sight of him, however. She did not recall seeing him drive a black SUV or enter a black

minivan. After Y.L.’s rape kit was completed at the hospital, a police officer returned her to

Palm Beach Tan, where she spoke to detectives. She described the offender as a very skinny

Hispanic man, between 18 and 20 years old, with black hair and dark eyes. She also described

his hairline and ears. She told police that she had pleaded in Spanish, but the offender did not

respond.

¶ 15 The next day, detectives showed Y.L. a photo array. Before doing so, they read her a

form stating that the suspect may or may not appear in the photo array and that she was not

required to identify anyone. Y.L. signed this form. When Y.L. looked at the photo array, she was

“1,000%” sure that defendant was the offender. She recognized him in the photo array because

of his “low droopy eyes,” although she did not recall whether she had told detectives that the

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offender’s eyes were droopy. Additionally, she covered the lower half of his face when looking

at his photo but did not feel the need to cover the lower half of any other filler’s face. At the

lineup the following day, the police told Y.L. that the suspect may or may not be present and that

she did not need to make an identification. Notwithstanding this admonishment, she identified

defendant. During her testimony, she also identified photographs of the pants and boxers

defendant wore during the assault.

¶ 16 The parties essentially stipulated that no semen was found on Y.L.’s clothes, that

fingernail scrapings and oral swabs did not contain sufficient male DNA for analysis, and that

defendant’s fingerprints were not found at Palm Beach Tan. Furthermore, forensic scientist

Wendy Gruhl testified that she found no semen or male DNA on the oral swabs taken from Y.L.

¶ 17 Reilley testified that when he parked outside Palm Beach Tan on the day in question, he

saw a small passenger car and a black SUV in the parking lot. He went inside at about 8 a.m. and

saw a tall thin man, who Reilley identified in court as defendant, wearing a hooded, light-green

sweatshirt and dark pants. Reilley thought it was strange for the man to be so bundled up given

the warm weather. After waiting five minutes for someone to assist him, Reilley saw defendant

approach the counter holding a young girl with his left arm. Defendant made eye contact with

Reilley and said, “oh shit.” The girl said, “help me sir. Please help me.” When defendant told

Reilley to enter a room, Reilley responded, “Fuck you.” After further demands and rebuffs, the

girl broke free, fleeing the salon. Defendant walked toward Reilley with his hand in his pocket,

leading Reilley to believe that defendant had a weapon. Although defendant wore his hood up

and “a scarf or something across his face,” Reilley focused on defendant’s cold, “lifeless” eyes to

predict his next move. Reilley could also see most of defendant’s nose.

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¶ 18 Reilley backed out of the salon, ran to his truck to get his cell phone, and saw defendant

exit the salon. While looking down to retrieve his phone, Reilley lost sight of defendant but the

black SUV that had been parked nearby suddenly spun its wheels and took off. Reilley assumed

defendant was in the SUV because he could not have been anywhere else, as “everything was

wide open for 500 to a thousand feet in every direction.” Reilley did not see defendant enter that

vehicle, however. Reilley followed the SUV, which left the parking lot and went through a red

light. He determined that the SUV’s Illinois license plate number contained three or four “ones,”

but he ultimately lost sight of the SUV. Additionally, Reilley acknowledged he did not actually

know the make and model of the vehicle he followed and only knew it was not made by Ford or

General Motors. During Reilley’s testimony, he identified camera footage of his truck following

the vehicle, which Reilley explained he believed to be an SUV “because it’s got the lower

tailgate and the upper glass. It would be either a car, an SUV or a pickup truck to me.”

¶ 19 Upon returning to the salon, Reilley told police the offender was between 20 and 30 years

old, skinny, 5’10” or 5’11” tall and possibly Caucasian or Hispanic. Reilley did not recall,

however, whether he told the police that the offender had distinct eyes. When Reilley

subsequently viewed the lineup, he was “instantly” able to identify defendant because his eyes

were etched into Reilley’s memory. Reilley also recognized defendant’s “body stature.” He was

the only lineup participant whose size matched the offender and who held himself like the

offender. No one else stood out to Reilley. Although Reilley believed that one person in the

lineup did not match the description he gave to the police, he had no doubt that defendant was

the offender.

¶ 20 Esteban Malapit, a Jewel-Osco employee, testified that at 8:10 a.m. on December 4,

2012, an upset, young woman entered the store and said she had been attacked. Through the

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window, Malapit watched a black Honda Odyssey with tinted windows, possibly year 2008,

quickly leave the parking lot and ignore stop signs and a red light. Malapit himself owned an

Odyssey. While he did not observe a truck following the Odyssey, he did not watch the Odyssey

for long.

¶ 21 Sergeant Alexopoulos’s testimony was largely consistent with his hearing testimony. He

added that Reilley had said the black SUV had tinted windows. Additionally, Malapit had

described a black 2008 or 2009 Honda Odyssey with tinted windows. By searching the police

database for a black Honda Odyssey with a male driver, Sergeant Alexopoulos found defendant,

whose photo and identifiers matched the offender’s description. The next day, Y.L. identified

defendant from the photo array. She used her hand to cover the lower half of defendant’s face but

did not do so for the other photo array fillers. Sergeant Alexopoulos acknowledged that

defendant was the only individual wearing a green sweatshirt in the photo array but testified that

he had attempted to crop the sweatshirt out of the photograph so it would not be suggestive. The

photo of defendant was the image for his driver’s license. Moreover, Sergeant Alexopoulos

acknowledged that Y.L. provided new details about the offender’s description after viewing the

photo array.

¶ 22 Sergeant Alexopoulos went to defendant’s residence, located three or four miles from

Palm Beach Tan, and saw a black Honda Odyssey with tinted windows bearing license plate

number 13111PT. When defendant was seen driving away in the Odyssey the following day,

officers detained him. The next morning, Sergeant Alexopoulos learned defendant’s cell phone

number. A Motorola cell phone found in the Odyssey rang when Sergeant Alexopoulos dialed

defendant’s phone number.

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¶ 23 Defendant chose his position in the physical lineup, and both Y.L. and Reilley identified

him. Sergeant Alexopoulos acknowledged that the lineup contained no skinny Hispanic men and

testified that it was difficult to assemble the lineup because he lacked access to a wide variety of

people. Additionally, Y.L. identified one of two pairs of boxer shorts defendant was wearing

when arrested as having been worn by her assailant. Similarly, Y.L. identified the pants

defendant wore during the offense. Conversely, Y.L. stated that several items of clothing

recovered from the Odyssey had not been worn by the assailant. Pursuant to a search warrant for

defendant’s phone, Sergeant Alexopoulos subsequently learned that a text containing the address

for Palm Beach Tan had been sent from defendant’s phone to defendant’s phone on November

25, 2012.

¶ 24 FBI Special Agent Joseph Raschke testified as an expert in historical cell site data, which

essentially involved the analysis of cell phone companies’ records of phone activity, including

which cell towers a phone communicated with. Additionally, Agent Raschke had been asked to

determine whether defendant’s phone was near Palm Beach Tan at the time of the offense.

According to Agent Raschke, no voice activity occurred on defendant’s phone between a call at

2:36 a.m. and a call at 8:55 a.m. The latter call used the tower closest to defendant’s residence.

Text messages received at 7:21 a.m. and 7:22 a.m., however, pinged off the cell tower nearest to

the crime scene and on the side of the tower facing the crime scene.

¶ 25 After the State rested, defendant rested without presenting evidence. The jury was

instructed, on among other things, aggravated criminal sexual assault based on kidnapping. In

contrast to the indictment alleging that defendant committed kidnapping via asportation with the

intent to confine Y.L. (see 720 ILCS 5/10-1(a)(2) (West 2012)), the court, without objection,

instructed the jury on kidnapping based on actual confinement (see id. § 10-1(a)(1)). The jury

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found defendant guilty of both of the aforementioned offenses and acquitted defendant of an

additional count of aggravated criminal sexual assault predicated on attempted aggravated

robbery as well as one count of attempted aggravated robbery. The trial court subsequently

denied defendant’s posttrial motion and found his kidnapping conviction merged into aggravated

criminal sexual assault predicated on kidnapping. The trial court imposed a single 28-year

sentenced for that offense.

¶ 26 II. Analysis

¶ 27 A. Photo Array and Lineup

¶ 28 On appeal, defendant first asserts that the trial court erroneously denied his motion to

suppress the photo array and lineup identifications because they were impermissibly suggestive.

¶ 29 Evidence of an identification, and any subsequent identification, must be excluded under

the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment only where the pretrial encounter resulting

in an identification was unnecessarily or impermissibly suggestive so that a very substantial

likelihood exists that the offender was irreparably misidentified. People v. Gabriel, 398 Ill. App.

3d 332, 348 (2010). Additionally, lineups and photo arrays need not “include near identical or

look alikes of the witness’s descriptions” (id.), although participants should not appear grossly

dissimilar to a suspect (People v. Ortiz, 2017 IL App (1st) 142559, ¶ 25; see also 725 ILCS

5/107A-2(f)(3)(B) (West 2014) (stating that “[t]he suspected perpetrator shall not be

substantially different in appearance from the fillers based on the eyewitness’s previous

description of the perpetrator or based on other factors that would draw attention to the suspected

perpetrator”)). Furthermore, “ ‘[i]t is a truism that individual facial features and hair styles and

lengths differ, and this makes precise correspondence of all subjects in a photo array [or lineup] a

practical impossibility.’ ” People v. Joiner, 2018 IL App (1st) 150343, ¶ 41. Differences between

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the size, age, and appearance of a defendant and other lineup participants generally “go to the

weight of the evidence, not necessarily its admissibility.” People v. Maloney, 201 Ill. App. 3d

599, 607 (1990).

¶ 30 Conversely, identification procedures have been found to be suggestive where (1) the

identifying witness knew everyone in the lineup but one person, (2) the other lineup participants

were grossly dissimilar in appearance to the suspect, (3) “only the suspect was required to wear

distinctive clothing which the culprit allegedly wore,” (4) the police told the witness that the

culprit was in custody and then brought the culprit before the witness alone or showed the

witness the culprit in jail, (5) the suspect was pointed out prior to or during a lineup, and (6) the

participants were asked to try on an article of clothing which fit only the suspect. United States v.

Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 233 (1967).

¶ 31 Moreover, the defendant has the burden of proving that a pretrial identification was

impermissibly suggestive. Ortiz, 2017 IL App (1st) 142559, ¶ 22. The State, however, may rebut

a defendant’s showing by providing clear and convincing evidence that the witness’s

identification is based on her independent recollection of the incident. People v. Corral, 2019 IL

App (1st) 171501, ¶ 95. Courts must examine the totality of circumstances in determining

whether an identification violated due process. Gabriel, 398 Ill. App. 3d at 348. A trial court’s

finding that an identification procedure was not unduly suggestive must be upheld unless it is

against the manifest weight of the evidence (Ortiz, 2017 IL App (1st) 142559, ¶ 21), whereas we

review the trial court’s ultimate suppression ruling de novo (People v. Faber, 2012 IL App (1st)

093273, ¶ 50). In affirming the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, reviewing courts may

consider evidence presented at both the suppression hearing and trial. People v. Johnson, 2019

IL App (1st) 161104, ¶ 12.

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¶ 32 Here, the trial court’s determination that the photo array and lineup were appropriate was

not against the manifest weight of the evidence, and the court properly denied defendant’s

motion to suppress.

¶ 33 Reilley described the offender as either Hispanic or Caucasian, with a light complexion,

whereas Y.L. described the offender as being Hispanic. Reilley described him as being 20 to 30

years old, and Y.L. described him as being between 18 years of age and his early twenties. In

short, the witnesses described a young adult. Both Reilley and Y.L. described the perpetrator as

having dark hair. Additionally, Reilley noticed the perpetrator’s thin face, and Y.L. described

him as being very thin. Y.L. added that the offender had dark eyes.

¶ 34 After determining that defendant was a suspect, Sergeant Alexopoulos tried to find other

fillers for the photo array that looked like defendant. To that end, every witness the police

included in the photo array had a short, cropped hairstyle. The record supports the court’s finding

that the participants had similar hair and complexions and that they seemed to be of a similar

age. We further observe that the individuals had similar eye shapes, notwithstanding defendant’s

argument to the contrary. While one participant seemed to be heavier set, the remaining photo

array fillers appeared to be of a similar weight. We disagree with defendant’s assertion that he

was the only person photographed who could have been “very skinny,” as Y.L. described the

perpetrator to be. We also observe that defendant ignores Reilley did not state that the perpetrator

was very skinny.

¶ 35 Defendant nonetheless argues that the photo array was suggestive because defendant was

the only photo array participant wearing a green hoodie, similar to the description of the

perpetrator. Yet, it is not at all clear from the photo that the green area of the photo is a hoodie,

rather than part of the background or mere discoloration. While the area is green, we also

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question whether it could be fairly characterized as “grass green,” the color reportedly worn by

the perpetrator. Moreover, the police did not make defendant wear a green hoodie for the

photograph, and defendant has failed to cite to a page of the record supporting his assertion that

the police had access to other photographs of defendant in which he was not wearing a green

hoodie. Even if it was clear that defendant was photographed in a green hoodie, this alone did

not render the photo array suggestive, particularly considering that Sergeant Alexopoulos

advised Y.L. that the perpetrator might not be pictured. The record supports the trial court’s

finding that the photo array was “very fair.” See Faber, 2012 IL App (1st) 093273, ¶¶ 55-57

(finding that the lineup was not unduly suggestive where the defendant was the only person

shown both in the photo array and the lineup, the defendant was the only person wearing

clothing described by the witnesses, and his muscular physique stood out); Gabriel, 398 Ill. App.

3d at 348 (finding that “[w]hile the men had on different colored shirts or had lighter facial hair,

these factors are relevant only within the context of the totality of circumstances,” and the

participants shared many similar features).

¶ 36 Sergeant Alexopoulos also testified that when choosing fillers for the lineup, the police

were not limited to the witnesses’ description and sought out fillers who looked like defendant.

Specifically, the police tried to match defendant’s hairline, height, and weight by just looking at

him. As the trial court found, the lineup participants were similarly dressed. While defendant

argues that the fillers’ actual weight varied significantly from defendant’s actual weight, that was

not obvious from the loose-fitted black T-shirts the participants were given to wear.

Additionally, Sergeant Alexopoulos acknowledged that none of the fillers had a short, cropped

haircut but testified that defendant did not have one either. Thus, this would not have made the

lineup suggestive. Cf. Maloney, 201 Ill. App. 3d at 606-07 (finding the lineup procedure was

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unnecessarily suggestive where (1) the defendant was unkempt and disheveled while other

participants were well dressed and well groomed, (2) the defendant’s weight differed from other

participants, (3) the differences in appearance were extreme, and (4) the police “all but hung a

sign saying ‘pick me’ around defendant’s neck”). Moreover, Sergeant Alexopoulos advised Y.L.

and Reilley that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup.

¶ 37 Defendant further contends that he was the only lineup participant who looked Hispanic.

Indeed, both Reilley and Y.L., who we note identifies as being Puerto Rican, testified that they

still thought defendant could be Hispanic upon seeing him in court. Yet, based on the lineup

photographs included in our record on appeal, we see no basis for defendant’s bald assertion that

the other lineup fillers unequivocally did not look Hispanic. See also Joiner, 2018 IL App (1st)

150343, ¶ 41 (stating that “[w]hile defendant’s skin tone appears to be darker than the other four

individuals, it is not extraordinarily so”). Additionally, defendant ignores that Reilley said the

perpetrator could be Caucasian rather than Hispanic. Defendant’s contention is particularly

disingenuous considering that defendant has never identified himself Hispanic. We note that the

presentence investigation report states that defendant was born in Tripoli, Lebanon. Cf. Corral,

2019 IL App (1st) 171501, ¶¶ 5, 98 (finding, where the defendant was only one of three lineup

participants who matched the witness’s description of a “ ‘younger male Hispanic,’ ” and where

a fourth lineup participant was 30 years old and heavyset, that the lineup procedure was not

suggestive).

¶ 38 Moreover, defendant makes too much of Reilley’s testimony about body statute. After

Reilley testified that one filler did not match the characteristics Reilley described for the police,

the following colloquy ensued:

“Q. Did you even have to give that guy a [second] look?

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A. No. I didn’t give really any of them a second look. I started at the left, I

scanned across, I picked out the body stature and when I made contact with his eyes, I

knew it.

Q. And you stated that you made a look to see the body stature of the individuals

that were inside the lineup; is that correct?

A. Right.

Q. And with respect to the body statures, the only person’s body stature that

matched what you saw inside of that tanning salon was Mr. Ayoubi, correct?

A. That’s correct.

Q. The other individuals didn’t match the body characteristics of whom you saw

inside the tanning salon, correct?

A. In my opinion, that’s correct.” (Emphasis added.)

We categorically reject defendant’s assertion that this shows defendant’s height and weight was

the basis for identifying defendant and, thus, the difference between defendant’s stature and the

fillers’ stature led Reilley to misidentify defendant. On the contrary, this testimony showed only

that Reilley’s confidence in identifying defendant made it obvious to him that the others were not

a match. Furthermore, Reilley clearly testified that defendant’s eyes, not his stature, made

Reilley certain.

¶ 39 Here, the trial court found that two fillers were good and two were “remarkably good.”

Although one filler was heavier, older, and balding, the record supports the court’s finding that,

as a whole, the lineup was fair.

¶ 40 B. Kidnapping

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¶ 41 Defendant raises two challenges pertaining to the predicate kidnapping offense

underlying the aggravated criminal sexual assault conviction. Section 10-1(a) of the Criminal

Code of 2012 recognizes three forms of kidnapping:

“(a) A person commits the offense of kidnapping when he or she knowingly:

(1) and secretly confines another against his or her will;

(2) by force or threat of imminent force carries another from one place to

another with intent secretly to confine that other person against his or her will; or

(3) by deceit or enticement induces another to go from one place to

another with intent secretly to confine that other person against his or her will.”

720 ILCS 5/10-1(a) (West 2012).

Thus, a defendant can commit kidnapping by confinement, asportation, or inducement. People v.

Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213, 225 (2009).

¶ 42 Here, defendant was indicted for aggravated criminal sexual assault based on kidnapping

and kidnapping based on asportation with the intent to confine (720 ILCS 5/10-1(a)(2) (West

2012)). While the jury was instructed on aggravated criminal assault based on kidnapping, the

kidnapping instruction was based on actual confinement (id. § 10-1(a)(1)), not asportation with

the intent to confine as alleged in the indictment. This distinction informs our consideration of

both kidnapping related contentions.

¶ 43 i. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 44 Defendant contends on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction

for aggravated criminal sexual assault predicated on kidnapping because confinement and

asportation were inherent in the sexual assault of Y.L. While the jury was not asked to consider

asportation, we find the evidence was sufficient to establish both forms of kidnapping. See also

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People v. Maxwell, 148 Ill. 2d 116, 137-38 (1992) (stating that Illinois law recognizes a single

murder offense, “which may be committed in a variety of ways,” that the method of the murder

need not be specified in the indictment, and that no reversible error occurred where the defendant

was charged under two methods and the evidence supported the court’s decision to submit an

instruction on a third method).

¶ 45 The State has the burden of proving each element of an offense beyond a reasonable

doubt. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d at 224. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must

determine whether, considering all evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational

trier of fact could have found the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. 2

¶ 46 Under the Levy-Lombardi doctrine (see People v. Levy, 204 N.E.2d 842 (N.Y. 1965);

People v. Lombardi, 229 N.E.2d 206 (N.Y. 1967)), a defendant cannot be convicted of

kidnapping if asportation or confinement of the victim was incidental to another crime. People v.

Johnson, 2015 IL App (1st) 123249, ¶ 24. This is because “there is an inequity inherent in

permitting kidnapping prosecutions of those who, in reality, committed lesser or different

offenses, of which temporary seizure, asportation, or detention played an incidental part.” People

v. Smith, 91 Ill. App. 3d 523, 528 (1980). To determine whether asportation or confinement is

merely ancillary to another offense, courts consider (1) the duration of asportation or

confinement; (2) whether asportation or confinement occurred during a separate offense;

(3) whether asportation or confinement is inherent in that separate offense; and (4) whether

asportation or confinement created a significant danger independent of the danger posed by the

2 To the extent defendant’s reply brief attempts for the first time to analogize sentencing jurisprudence to his claim that the evidence was insufficient, we find this contention is forfeited. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. May 25, 2018) (stating that “[p]oints not argued are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply brief”).

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separate offense. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d at 225-26. Whether asportation or confinement

constitutes kidnapping depends on the specific facts and circumstances of a case. People v.

Ware, 323 Ill. App. 3d 47, 54 (2001).

¶ 47 As to duration, defendant moved Y.L. only a short distance into the laundry room. Yet,

this does not alone preclude a kidnapping conviction. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d at 226. The

period of confinement was similarly brief, but a jury could find this brevity was only on account

of defendant discovering Reilley’s presence in the salon. To the extent defendant suggests that

Y.L. was not secretly confined at all where defendant did not lock the door to the salon, disable

the door chimes, lock the laundry room door, or turn off the light, defendant clearly confined her

when he closed the laundry room door, particularly where he gave the appearance of having a

weapon. He had no need to lock the door to prevent Y.L. from leaving.

¶ 48 The second factor is satisfied when the asportation or confinement occurred before, rather

than during, the sexual assault. See id; Johnson, 2015 IL App (1st) 123249, ¶ 24; People v.

Lloyd, 277 Ill. App. 3d 154, 164 (1995). Here, rather than confining Y.L. where she stood, he

moved her to another room and confined her by closing the door prior to the assault.

¶ 49 Furthermore, neither the asportation nor means of confinement that occurred here were

inherent in the offense or necessary to accomplish the assault. See People v. Thomas, 163 Ill.

App. 3d 670, 678 (1987); see also Lloyd, 277 Ill. App. 3d at 164 (stating that forced movement

of the victim is not inherent in criminal sexual assault). He could have accomplished the act

when and where he first encountered Y.L. Cf. People v. Young, 115 Ill. App. 3d 455, 469-70

(1983) (finding that the defendant’s act of grabbing the victim and throwing her against the wall

was insufficient to sustain kidnapping as a prerequisite to aggravated kidnapping where the

detention marked the beginning of the struggle culminating in rape, was only long enough to

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accomplish the rape, and was inherent in the rape itself because the victim had to be restrained to

accomplish the rape).

¶ 50 Finally, both the asportation and confinement created a significant danger independent of

that posed by the sexual assault. Defendant manhandled Y.L. during asportation, grabbing her by

her hair and placing his arm across her chest. This created an independent risk of injury.

Additionally, it is well-settled that the privacy of a final destination poses a significant danger

independent of that created by criminal sexual assault. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d at 226; Ware,

323 Ill. App. 3d at 56 (finding the difficulty in signaling for help and the diminished likelihood

that a passerby would observe the victim constituted an independent danger). Here, the evidence

was sufficient to demonstrate that the asportation and confinement of Y.L. were not merely

incidental to the sexual assault.

¶ 51 ii. Jury Instructions

¶ 52 Defendant also asserts that error occurred where the kidnapping instruction tendered to

the jury was based on actual confinement but the indictment alleged kidnapping by asportation

with the intent to secretly confine. Specifically, defendant contends that the jury instructions

were “erroneous and contradictory” and affected his conviction for aggravated criminal sexual

assault predicated on kidnapping. Defendant failed to preserve this issue but urges us to review it

as plain error. The plain error doctrine permits a reviewing court to consider a forfeited error

affecting substantial rights where either (1) the evidence is closely balanced, making it possible

that the guilty verdict resulted from the forfeited error, or (2) the error is so serious as to deny the

defendant a substantial right and, consequently, a fair trial. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167,

178-79 (2005). Courts must first determine whether clear or obvious error occurred. People v.

Radford, 2020 IL 123975, ¶ 24.

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¶ 53 Jury instructions are intended to convey the correct, applicable legal principles so that the

jury may arrive at a correct conclusion under the law and the evidence. People v. Robinson, 2016

IL App (1st) 130484, ¶ 40. Additionally, a trial court must instruct the jury as to the offense’s

elements. Id. Providing conflicting jury instructions on an essential element constitutes

prejudicial error. People v. Jenkins, 69 Ill. 2d 61, 66 (1977). We review de novo whether jury

instructions accurately conveyed the law, but we review the trial court’s decision to give a

particular instruction for an abuse of discretion. People v. Dorn, 378 Ill. App. 3d 693, 698

(2008).

¶ 54 Here, the jury was instructed that “[a] person commits the offense of aggravated criminal

sexual assault when he commits criminal sexual assault and the criminal sexual assault is

perpetuated [sic] during the course of the commission of the offense of kidnapping.” See Illinois

Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 11.57(a)(4) (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter IPI Criminal 4th).

Additionally, the jury was instructed that “[a] person commits the offense of kidnapping when he

knowingly and secretly confines another person against their will.” See IPI Criminal 4th No.

8.01. Furthermore, “[t]o sustain the charge of kidnapping, the State must prove the following

propositions: First proposition, that the defendant acted knowingly; and, second proposition, that

the defendant secretly confined [Y.L.] against her will.” See IPI Criminal 4th No. 8.02. These are

accurate statements of law that set forth the complete elements of an offense recognized in this

state. See 720 ILCS 5/10-1(a)(1) (West 2012). Moreover, because the jury was not instructed on

any other form of kidnapping, there can be no contradiction in the instructions. According to

defendant, “[w]hile the instructions given were technically legally correct IPI instructions, the

jury was not accurately instructed on the law as it related to the offense charged in the

indictment.”

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¶ 55 We question whether defendant’s assertion would be more accurately characterized as a

challenge to the charging instrument. “A criminal defendant has a fundamental right to be

informed of the nature and cause of criminal accusations made against him.” People v. Carey,

2018 IL 121371, ¶ 20; see also 725 ILCS 5/111-3 (West 2012). This applies to the predicate

offense of the crime charged and protects the defendant against being required to speculate as to

the elements or nature of the underlying offense. Carey, 2018 IL 121371, ¶ 20. Here, defendant’s

purported challenge to the jury instructions essentially asserts that the jury was instructed, and he

was found guilty of an offense that could not be discerned from the charging instrument.

¶ 56 In any event, defendant relies heavily on Robinson. There, the defendant was charged, in

pertinent part, with kidnapping and aggravated kidnapping in that he knowingly, by deceit or

enticement, induced the victim “to go from one place to another with intent secretly to confine

her against her will.’ ” Robinson, 2016 IL App (1st) 130484, ¶ 3. The defendant argued on

appeal that the jury was given erroneous, contradictory instructions on kidnapping and

aggravated kidnapping because “the aggravated kidnapping instruction was predicated on a

confinement theory, but the charges in the indictment and the kidnapping instruction were

predicated on an inducement theory.” (Emphasis added.) Id. ¶ 37. The State agreed that the

aggravated kidnapping instruction was improper because the indictment was based on

inducement but argued that the variance between the instructions and indictment did not require

reversal because the jury instructions did not misstate the law, prejudice the defendant, or expose

him to double jeopardy. Id. ¶¶ 43-44.

¶ 57 The reviewing court found that the aggravated kidnapping instruction based on actual

confinement omitted an element of the offense, specifically, that defendant induced the victim to

go from one place to another by deceit or enticement with the intent to secretly confine her. Id.

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¶ 43. Not only did the aggravated kidnapping instruction on actual confinement not align with

the charges, but it did not align with the evidence or the parties’ arguments. Id. ¶ 51.

Additionally, the instructions presented a discrepancy “between two statutory subdivisions of the

same offense, i.e., aggravated kidnapping predicated on actual confinement or deceit and

enticement.” Id. “Although the aggravated kidnapping instruction was a legally correct IPI

instruction, it did not accurately state the law as related to the charged offense in this case.” Id.

¶ 52. Finally, the reviewing court found second-prong plain error occurred because there was a

serious risk that the jury erroneously convicted the defendant due to a misunderstanding of

applicable law. Id. ¶¶ 46, 54.

¶ 58 To the extent that the Robinson jury was actually instructed on multiple forms of

kidnapping, it is clearly distinguishable from the present case. Additionally, the jury in Robinson

was instructed on a form of kidnapping, actual confinement, that was not supported by the

evidence or the arguments. In contrast, here, the evidence and arguments addressed both

asportation and actual confinement. Indeed, defendant concedes that “the State argued that the

kidnapping charge was established under the theory of ‘actual secret confinement.’ ” See also

Maxwell, 148 Ill. 2d at 137-38 (stating that the method of the murder need not be specified in the

indictment, and that no reversible error occurred where the defendant was charged under two

methods and the evidence supported the court’s decision to submit an instruction on a third

method). Furthermore, neither asportation, confinement, nor intent to confine were truly at issue.

Rather, defense counsel focused on identification. While we question whether Robinson’s

discussion of the variance between the indictment and the instruction may have been better

characterized as an attack on the sufficiency of the indictment rather than as an attack on an

inaccurate instruction, that distinction would not ultimately affect the outcome here.

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¶ 59 Errors in giving or refusing to give instructions do not always justify reversal if the

evidence of the defendant’s guilt is so clear and convincing as to preclude a reasonable jury from

acquitting the defendant. People v. Jones, 81 Ill. 2d 1, 9 (1979). Even an instruction that is

erroneous as to an element of an offense does not automatically constitute reversible error under

the second prong of plain error analysis. People v. Carter, 405 Ill. App. 3d 246, 252, 254 (2010).

Additionally, when a defendant attacks a charging instrument for the first time on appeal, the

instrument “is sufficient if it notified the defendant of the precise offense charged with enough

specificity to allow the defendant to (1) prepare his or her defense and (2) plead a resulting

conviction as a bar to future prosecution arising out of the same conduct.” Carey, 2018 IL

121371, ¶ 22.

¶ 60 Here, the evidence was not closely balanced. Two eyewitnesses confidently identified

defendant as the perpetrator. Texts messages from defendant’s phone to defendant’s phone

before the incident set forth the address of the crime scene. Additionally, defendant’s phone

pinged off the tower nearest to the crime scene shortly before the crime. Furthermore, Y.L.’s

uncontradicted testimony showed that defendant not only moved her with the intent to confine

her but actually did confine her. The lack of physical evidence at the crime scene does little to

undermine the strength of the State’s case.

¶ 61 Moreover, any error that occurred here was not so serious as to deny defendant a

substantial right or a fair trial. Beginning with opening statements, defendant and the jury were

made aware of the State’s theory that defendant actually confined Y.L. Defendant concedes that

the prosecutor also homed in on actual confinement while questioning Y.L. and in making

closing arguments. There was simply no confusion here. As stated, defense counsel primarily

focused on the identification of the perpetrator, not whether Y.L. was confined or whether

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defendant intended to confine her. Compare People v. Rexroad, 2013 IL App (4th) 110981, ¶ 24

(finding the erroneous instruction on intent as to indecent solicitation of a child was not second-

prong plain error where the issue at trial was identity), with People v. Ogunsola, 87 Ill. 2d 216,

221-23 (1981) (finding plain error where jury instructions omitted the intent element of

deceptive practices, and “[t]he principal contested issue relevant to defendant’s culpability was

whether he had the intent to defraud”).

¶ 62 Defendant has not identified what defense counsel would have done differently had the

indictment referred to actual confinement or had the State only argued asportation with the intent

to confine Y.L. See Carey, 2018 IL 121371, ¶ 30 (noting that the defendant had not identified

what actions he could have taken had the indictment been different). Additionally, defendant

overlooks that his attorney may have strategically agreed to have the jury instructed on actual

confinement as opposed to asportation with the intent to confine because he believed it improved

his chances, however slim, of achieving an acquittal. See IPI Criminal 4th No. 8.02, Committee

Note (stating that “intent to confine is not an issue when the evidence tends to show that the

defendant did confine the victim”). To be clear, however, no reasonable jury could have found

that defendant did not, by force or imminent threat thereof, move Y.L. from one place to the

other with the intent to secretly confine her. See People v. Eddington, 117 Ill. App. 3d 953, 962

(1983) (finding any error in jury instructions as to kidnapping was harmless where evidence of

guilt was overwhelming). We find that plain error did not occur here.

¶ 63 C. Closing Arguments

¶ 64 Defendant further asserts the prosecutor improperly bolstered the eyewitnesses’

credibility during closing argument. Yet, defendant failed to preserve this issue and cannot

establish plain error.

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¶ 65 The trial court has discretion over the style and substance of closing argument. People v.

Meeks, 382 Ill. App. 3d 81, 84 (2008); see also People v. Herndon, 2015 IL App (1st) 123375,

¶ 37 (recognizing a conflict between whether improper remarks should be reviewed under the

de novo or abuse of discretion standard). Additionally, prosecutors are generally afforded

considerable latitude during closing and rebuttal arguments. People v. Shief, 312 Ill. App. 3d

673, 677 (2000). The prosecutor may comment on characterizations of the evidence made by the

defense. People v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 225 (2004). The prosecutor cannot comment on a

witness’s credibility, however, unless the comment is based on fair inferences made from the

evidence. Shief, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 678. Furthermore, a prosecutor may not suggest that evidence

of guilt exists but will not be heard by the jury because it is inadmissible. Id. at 679. That being

said, a defendant cannot complain that the prosecutor’s remark denied him a fair trial where

defense counsel provoked a response. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d at 225. In reviewing allegations of

prosecutorial misconduct, courts examine arguments made by the prosecutor and the defense in

their entirety and place comments in their proper context. Meeks, 382 Ill. App. 3d at 84.

¶ 66 During closing argument, defense counsel relied heavily on omissions from the police

reports. Counsel argued that while Sergeant Alexopoulos testified he believed Reilley had told

him there were “ones” in the license plate of the car he followed, Sergeant Alexopoulos had not

included that in his general progress report (GPR). Counsel added:

“The black SUV turns into a black Honda Odyssey, turns into a black Honda

Odyssey that has a bunch of ‘1s’ in there. And a bunch of ‘1s’ that come in there we have

no idea where they came from.

The police introduced in this case a black Honda Odyssey. He said so much in the

way he created that report. The report is generated talking about one thing and then

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December 9th, he does the supplemental report. He’s the lead detective on this case and

he wants to tell you about what is possibly heard or written down by the person that he’s

training? You didn’t hear from that person, did you? You never heard anything about that

person talking to Mr. [Reilley] and Mr. [Reilley] putting down a bunch of ‘1s.’ ”

¶ 67 In response, the State addressed defense counsel’s challenge to the credibility of Reilley’s

testimony that there were multiple “ones” in the license plate:

“And counsel’s arguing about the report and the reports. These reports are

summaries. If they were evidence, which they’re not, I would come to you and hand each

one of you a set of all of the police reports and I’d say, read this and make your

determination. I don’t do that because police reports aren’t evidence. You don’t get them

in the back. You’re not shown them. You’re not going to get them in the back so counsel

can argue about police reports all he wants but that’s not the evidence.

The evidence is what you heard from the stand. The evidence is what you heard

from the witnesses.” (Emphases added.)

¶ 68 Defendant argues that with these comments the prosecutor bolstered the witnesses’

credibility, told the jurors to disregard the police reports as well as defense counsel’s use of those

reports, and thereby created substantial prejudice. Defendant concludes that those “remarks

played a significant factor” in defendant’s conviction because the conviction rested greatly on

eyewitness credibility.

¶ 69 First, we find defense counsel invited a response by emphasizing the report’s omission of

Reilley’s reference to “ones.” The prosecutor’s response did not constitute improper bolstering

of Reilley’s credibility. In this context, we are also at a loss to see how this could have

conceivably bolstered Y.L.’s credibility, as defendant suggests. Additionally, while the

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prosecutor told jurors to disregard the reports themselves, the prosecutor did not tell jurors to

disregard testimony about the reports. Indeed, the prosecutor told jurors to consider the

witnesses’ testimony. Furthermore, the prosecutor’s comments were entirely consistent with the

well-settled rule that police reports can be used for impeachment, rather than as substantive

evidence, but that they are only summaries. See People v. Sutton, 260 Ill. App. 3d 949, 961

(1994) (finding the argument that reports are not “evidence” but only summaries correctly

represented that police reports could be used for impeachment, not as substantive evidence, and

that the prosecutor’s statements properly responded to defense counsel’s impeachment of police

testimony by noting omissions from police reports).

¶ 70 Defendant’s reliance on Shief is misplaced. There, the prosecutor argued:

“ ‘Let’s talk about something because there is something [defense counsel] talked

about that we didn’t show. Let’s talk about police reports. Guess how many police reports

you’re going to get with you when you go back to that jury room?

***

You’re not getting any. You know why[?]

They’re not evidence. You see if I had my way, I would hand you all these police

reports and say you go back in there and say he’s guilty[.]’ ” Shief, 312 Ill. App. 3d at

677-78.

¶ 71 The reviewing court found these statements improperly inferred that defense counsel

intentionally kept reports from the jury and that the reports “contained information that would

have unequivocally established defendant’s guilt and made a trial unnecessary.” Id. at 679-80.

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Additionally, the prosecutor’s statements were not invited by defense counsel’s comments about

the police reports. Id.

¶ 72 Unlike Shief, the prosecutor’s comments here did not insinuate that police reports would

unequivocally demonstrate that defendant was guilty. Instead, the prosecutor insinuated, if

anything, that the police reports had limited value. Additionally, the prosecutor emphasized the

importance of evidence, rather than diminishing the necessity of trial. We also reiterate our

finding that defense counsel’s comments invited the prosecutor’s remarks.

¶ 73 Even assuming error occurred, it would not amount to plain error or reversible error.

We reiterate that the evidence was not closely balanced. Defendant’s conviction did not rest

solely on the victim’s identification but rested on the identification made by a second witness as

well as defendant’s text messages containing the crime scene address and evidence that he was in

the vicinity shortly before the crime. Cf. id. at 680 (finding that the prosecutor’s remarks required

reversal where the evidence was not overwhelming and the State’s case rested primarily on the

credibility of, and identification made by, the victim); see also Evans, 209 Ill. 2d at 224-25

(finding that “[w]hile the prosecutor’s comments were ill-advised,” they were not reversible

error). The result would not have been different here absent the challenged remarks.

Furthermore, error in closing argument generally does not fall into the type of error recognized

as structural. People v. Cosmano, 2011 IL App (1st) 101196, ¶ 78. Defendant has not shown that

the comments precluded his right to a fair trial.

¶ 74 D. Historical Cell Site Data

¶ 75 Finally, defendant asserts that the historical cell site data and Agent Raschke’s testimony

regarding such data should have been excluded because it was obtained without a search warrant.

See Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. ___, ___, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2221 (2018) (holding that

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the government generally must obtain a warrant supported by probable cause before acquiring

cell-site location information). Defendant acknowledges that he failed to preserve this issue but

concludes that “[t]rial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress or object to Agent Raschke’s

testimony on this basis constituted plain error, warranting reversal and remand for a new trial.”

¶ 76 Ineffective assistance of counsel claims overlap with claims of plain error because a

successful claim that counsel was ineffective would necessarily establish second-prong plain

error. People v. Wood, 2014 IL App (1st) 121408, ¶ 56. Ineffective assistance of counsel claims,

however, require the defendant to show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that this

deficiency resulted in prejudice. People v. Snowden, 2011 IL App (1st) 092117, ¶ 69. More

specifically, defendant in this instance must show he was prejudiced in that a motion to suppress

would have been granted and the outcome of trial would have been different as a result of that

suppression. See id.

¶ 77 Even if Agent Raschke had not testified about the historical cell site data placing

defendant in the vicinity of the assault, the result would not have been different where two

eyewitnesses independently identified defendant as the perpetrator and defendant’s text

messages, retrieved via a search warrant, included the salon’s address. Thus, defendant cannot

establish prejudice necessary to show that counsel was ineffective, and defendant cannot rely on

the ineffective assistance of counsel to establish second-prong plain error. Moreover, defendant

has not identified any other manner in which this amounted to plain error.

¶ 78 III. Conclusion

¶ 79 For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial court properly declined to suppress the

photo array and lineup identifications. Additionally, the evidence was sufficient to establish that

defendant kidnaped Y.L. as a predicate offense to aggravated criminal sexual assault.

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Furthermore, defendant has not demonstrated that reversible error occurred with respect to the

jury instructions, closing arguments, or the admission of testimony on historical cell site data.

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in its entirety.

¶ 80 Affirmed.

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Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-CR- 0015301; the Hon. Garritt E. Howard and the Hon. Jeffrey Warnick, Judges, presiding.

Attorneys Jodi L. Garvey, of Blegen & Garvey, of Chicago, for appellant. for Appellant:

Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. for Spellberg, Janet C. Mahoney, and Tyler D. Michals, Assistant Appellee: State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

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